CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY

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Signalling Causes

 (cause) caused (effect)

 as/since (cause), (effect)

 (cause) is the reason for (effect)

 (cause) is responsible for (effect)

 the first cause of (effect) is (cause)

 (cause) is directly related to (effect)

 (cause) has resulted in/led to (effect)

 (cause) is one of the causes of (effect)

 another reason for (cause) may be due to (effect)

  because/as a consequence/as a result of (cause), (effect)

Signalling Effects

 (effect) is due to (cause)

 (effect) began from (cause)
 (effect) is caused by (cause)
 (effect) is because of (cause)
 (effect) affects/causes (cause)
 another result of (cause) is (effect)
 the first effect of (cause) is (effect)
 (effect) is often attributed to (cause)
 (effect) is a result/consequence of (cause)
 consequently/therefore/thus/hence (effect)

Cause
 The first cause of (Y) is (X)
 The next reason is (X)
 Because of (X), (Y)
 As a result of (X), (Y)
 As a consequence of (X), (Y)
 because/since/as (X)
 to result from (X)
 (X) results in (Y)
 to be the result of (X)
 (Y) is due to (X)
 Owing to (X), (Y)
 (Y) is because of (X)
 (Y) is the effect of (X)
 (Y) is the consequence of (X)

Examples
 Worsening pollution levels in cities are due to the increased use of
cars.
 Because of the increased use of cars, pollution levels in cities are
worsening.
 As a result of the increased use of cars, pollution levels in cities
are worsening.
 The effect of the increased use of cars is a worsening of pollution
levels in cities.
Effect
 The first effect of (X) is (Y)
 Another result of (X) is (Y)
 As a result, (Y)
 As a consequence, (Y)
 Consequently (Y)
 Therefore, (Y)
 Thus (Y)
 Hence (Y)
 (X) results in (Y)
 (X) causes (Y)
 (X) has an effect on (Y)
 (X) affects (Y)
 (X) is one of the causes of (Y)
 (X) is the reason for (Y)

MODEL ESSAY

Nowadays the number of overweight people is constantly increasing. This essay

will discuss the main reasons of this epidemic and then describe the possible
effects of the problem.

In my opinion, the foremost causes of obesity are inactive lifestyle and

unhealthy eating habits. Today more and more people rely on cars instead of
walking, have less physical demands at work and prefer inactive leisure
activities. This results in burning less calories and gaining weight. Moreover, the
problem is accentuated by the growing number of people, who eat irregularly
and consume large portions of high-calorie food. For example, about 50% of the
adult population in Europe with so-called disordered eating suffer from obesity.

The possible effects of this problem include physical health problems and loss of
productivity. First of all, obesity results in incorrect functioning of the human
body and contributes to the risk of developing some chronic illnesses. For
example, as body fat percentage increases, the person’s metabolism worsens,
which in turn may result in diabetes or heart diseases. Secondly, overweight
people are very unhealthy and often suffer from stress and tiredness. This
lessens their work capacity and results in lower productivity. For example, it has
been proven that an obese person needs to put more effort to complete some task
than a person with normal weight.
To sum up, obesity is a big problem that affects a lot of people nowadays. It’s
mainly caused by inactive lifestyle and eating disorders and results in severe
health problems and loss of productivity.

(251 words)

BÀI 2

As the prevalence of overweight among children is increasing at an alarming

rate, affecting low-  and middle-income countries the most,  childhood obesity
has come to be seen  as one of the most serious public health challenges of the
21st century.  It is felt that this disturbing trend  mainly comes as a result
of modern lifestyle. Alarmingly, unless measures are taken to curb swelling
obesity rate, the consequences might be dire.

It has long been recognized by general practitioners that lifestyle issues – poor

eating habits and  lack of physical activity –  are the main contributors
to childhood obesity.  Indeed, numerous studies link regular consumption of
high-fat, high-sugar  foods to weight gain. These include fast foods, baked and
deep-fried goods, and vending machine snacks which are readily available in
schools and are highly affordable, making them a popular go-to choice among
children. Not less important is the fact that children nowadays spend
significantly more time in sedentary activities compared to the previous
generation. As a result, they do not burn off the calories from food they
consume. This is corroborated by  research such as that conducted by the
American Academy of Pediatrics which  reaffirmed that children who are less
physically active between  the ages of 9 and 12 are more likely to become
overweight by  12 than are their peers who engage in regular  exercise.

What makes childhood obesity particularly troubling are dire

consequences that it can entail. The extra pounds often start children on the
path to health issues that used to be considered adult problems, including
but not limited to diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  This in
turn, can shorten life spans of the current generation  of children, a concern
which has been voiced frequently in the United States after similar claims were
made in The New England Journal of Medicine. Moreover, research indicates
that children and adolescents who carry too many extra pounds often suffer
from low self-esteem and depression. Indeed, there is evidence to suggest
that overweight children are more likely to be teased, bullied, ridiculed by their
peers, and excluded from friendship groups. As a result, such children tend to
have less confidence in their social skills and appearance and have a more
negative self-image than normal-weight peers. Therefore, extra pounds are
both, health and emotional hazard.

To conclude, childhood obesity, which partially comes as a results of poor

lifestyle and nutrition choices, is an alarming trend since overweight children
are  prone to incurable chronic diseases and low self-esteem . Thus,  unless
the multiple factors that create the obesogenic world are addressed, life
expectancy as well as quality of life are likely to decline the world over.