Button:

 In clothing and fashion design, a button is a small disc.

 Typically round object usually attached to an article of clothing in order to secure an
opening, or for ornamentation.
 Functional buttons work by slipping the button through a fabric or thread loop, or by
sliding the button through a reinforced slit called a buttonhole.
 Buttons may be manufactured from an extremely wide range of materials, including
natural materials such as antler, bone, horn, ivory, shell, vegetable ivory and wood; or
synthetics such as glass, metal and plastic.
 Button is a trimming which is used to close or open the apparel parts.
 In modern times, it is used for not only opening or closing purpose but also used as a
fashion.
 Various types of fashions are produced on the surface of the button.
 Shape of the button is varied according to the buyer requirements.
 In apparel manufacturing, button hole sewing machine and other sewing machine are
used to sew the button with the apparel.

Classification of Button:

On the basis of material:

On the basis of the material which is used for making the button, button is classified as below:
1) Horn button,
2) Pearl button,
3) Wooden button,
4) Bone button,
5) Leather button,
6) Chalk button,
7) Polyester button,
8) Nylon button,
9) Metal button,
10) Rubber button etc.
On the basis of hole:
Button hole is another factor to classify button. On the basis of hole, button is classified as
below-
1) 2 hole button and
2) 4 hole button.

On the basis of function:

1) Shank button and
2) Snap button.

2-hole button 4-hole button

Snap button Shank button

Button Sizes | Size of the Button
 The size of the button depends on its use.
 Shirt buttons are generally small and spaced close together, whereas coat buttons are
larger and spaced further apart.
 Buttons are commonly measured in lignes (abbreviated L), with 40 lignes equal to 1 inch.
 For example, some standard sizes of buttons are 16 lignes (10.16 mm, standard button of
men's shirts) and 32 lignes (20.32 mm, typical button on suit jackets).
Button Size Measurement Method in Readymade Garments Sector:

To measure the button size, we have to use ligne.

Button Ligne (L),

Example:
If the button diameter is 15mm then what will be the size of button?

Solution:
Here,

Button diameter = 15mm,

So,

Button Ligne (L)

= 23.62
= 24 L

So, Button size stands at 24L.

Zipper:

 A zipper or zip fastener is a popular device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric.
 It is used in clothing (e.g. jackets and jeans), luggage and other bags, sporting goods,
camping gear (e.g., tents and sleeping bags), and other daily use items.
 It is a fastening device operated by means of two parallel rows of plastic or metal teeth on
either side of a closure that are interlocked by a sliding tab is called zipper.
 Here, the teeth are carried in two zip fastener tapes which run the length of the zip and
which are usually stitched into apparel and other textile products.
 It is an essential part of garments which is widely used in garments manufacturing sector.
 It can be used in functional or decorative purposes.
 It may be different in types and sizes. The function of one zipper is different from
another.

Figure: Zipper Construction.

1) Slider Body:

The portion of the zipper that connects to the teeth and is what actually zips the teeth open or
apart.

2) Pull Tab:

The portion of the zipper that is attached with the slider what the user pulls on to move the slider
up or down.
3) Top or Bottom Stop:

The bottom or top part of the zipper that prevents the slider from pulling off the teeth.

4) Teeth:

On either side of the zipper tape, the teeth connect together to close the zipper.

5) Tape:

The textile portion of the zipper that holds the teeth; this portion of the zipper is sewn into the
garment or product. For a seperating zipper, instead of a bottom stopper there is a box and pin
mechanism which closes the zipper and slides it open.

Types of Zippers based on Element/Teeth Material:

There are 3 main categories of zippers which are based on 3 different types of materials
as below:

1. Metal Zippers:

Metal zipper is most basic original zipper first produced. The first zipper was made of
metal around 1917 and 1920s. When slider slides up in a zipper the elements get tightly
interlocked to keep zipper shut.

Metal zippers are usually made in a variety of finishes, such as golden brass, antique
brass, antique silver, silver etc. These finishes are achieved by chemical treatment of the
zipper chain and matching plating of the sliders and end stops.
Generally, metal zippers are available in various finishes, but most commonly used
zipper finishes are as below:

o Aluminium: Elements are constructed using aluminium.

o Brass: Elements are constructed using a brass alloy, typically a
combination of copper and zinc.
o Antique Brass: Elements made from brass that is chemically treated to
give a worn-out brass appearance.
o Black Oxidized: Elements are made from brass that is chemically treated to
a black matte finish.

2. Moulded Plastic Zippers:

These plastic zippers have individually injected moulded teeth, fused directly on to
the tape of the zipper. The High-performance resins used to manufacture moulded
plastic elements are incredibly strong and make zippers that are durable, strong
and flexible. These zippers are ideal for outerwear and heavyweight garments or
any outdoor application.

Types of Zippers based on Functionality:

Zippers are always measured from “component to component” (end stops), regardless of zipper
style.

1. Closed-end zippers:
 Closed-end zippers are non-separating and are normally opened and closed with a slider.
The bottom stop is made up of a single part and doesn’t allow complete separation of the
chain. These zippers are used on trousers, jeans, bags, boots, etc.

2. Open-end (separating) zippers:

Open-end (separating) zippers have separated ends. The ending part is joined by a box
and pin mechanism provided on the lower end of the zipper. The zippers are closed using
sliders and are normally used on jackets and other outerwear.

3. Two-way Zippers:

These zippers are made from usually plastic moulded and metal. The major applications
are outerwear and luggage.

o Two-Way head to head zippers has two sliders at the centre of the chain when
the zippers are closed. Head to head zippers can be open-end by pulling the
sliders towards the stops, but cannot be separated because the ending parts have
two stops that cannot be divided. These zippers are mainly used for bags,
backpacks, and luggage.
 o Two-way tail to tail (back to back) zippers has sliders on opposite ends when
the zipper is closed. These zippers can be opened by pulling the sliders towards
each other, but cannot be separated. They are used for overalls and anything else.

Lining:

 Lining is one kind of trimmings which is used underside of garments and use in next to
skin.
 Linings are generally a functional part of a garment.
 They are used variously to maintain the shape of a garment, to improve the hang and
comfort by allowing it to slide over other garment. 
 Linings are joined to main garment by sewing and for this normal sewing machines are
enough.
 The method of attaching lining to outer garments depends on the garment type and on
whether it is fully or partially bagged out.
 In sewing and tailoring, a lining is an inner layer of fabric, fur, or other material inserted
into clothing, hats, luggage, curtains, handbags and similar items.
 Linings are typically made of solid colors to coordinate with the garment fabric.
 Lining

Label:
 Label is an important part of a garment.
 A label is more than just a piece of fabric, which directly communicates with the
customer.
 It’s something like that drawing the full attention of the customer.
 Also describes what the product quality actually is in. on the basis of label, customer
decides whether he/ she buys the garments or not.
 So, a label has a great importance on selling the garment.
 A garment label is a communicator between the buyer and product.
 A garment label contains various types of information of that garments, such as buyer name, country
of origin, types of fabric, types of yarn, fabric composition, garments size, special instruction about
care etc.
 Without any types of label a garment cannot be sold in the foreign market.

Types of Label used in Garments:

There are mainly two types of label and these are-

 Main Label,
 Sub Label.
Those are discussed in the below:

A. Main Label:

Main label contains the Brand name or Brand logo of buyer such as H&M, American Eagle,
Nautica etc. Brand name is the important factor for any product. Because the customers are
targeted the Brand during buying any product. A Brand name is the mental satisfaction about the
product from the customer’s point of view. A main label is totally certified the right quality of
the brand.

Main label

B. Sub Label:

Sub Label is not a label by itself but it includes different types of label. These are in the
following:

1. Care Label,
2. Size Label,
3. Price Label,
4. Composition Label,
5. Special Label.

All kinds of Sub Labels are discussed in the following:

1. Care Label:

Care label is another important types of label for the garments. It assists the customers to know
how the product should be cared. It indicates different types of care instruction about the
garments such as Washing, Bleaching, Drying, Laundering and Ironing, if it can be maintained in
directed way, then the garments will achieve higher durability and garments shade will be perfect
for its highest period of time.

Care label

2. Size Label:

Size label indicates the size of the garments. Size labels are indicated as S, M, L, XL, where S
for small, M for medium, L for large and XL for extra large.

Size label
3. Price Label:

Price label indicates the price of the garments.

Price label

4. Composition Label:

Composition label indicates the fabrication and composition percentage of any garments. That
means, it indicates which fabrication (Cotton Sub denim, Cotton Regular denim etc.) and
composition percentage (95% Cotton 5% Spandex, 100% Cotton etc.) have followed during its
manufacturing.

Composition label
5. Special Label:

Sometimes the buyer advised to use special label in the garments to attract the customers on their
items. Special labels are 100% silk, 100% Cotton and 100% Leather etc.

Special label

7. Batch Mark Label: 

A label that indicates which sewing line or batch had made the particular garment. This label
normally is not asked by buyers or brands. Few garment manufacturers add this label to the
internal quality inspection process and rectify which line had made the garment and which
checker had checked the same. This label is normally attached at side seam under wash care
label.

Motif:

 Motif is a trimming which is used to increase the attraction and make fashionable of the
garments.
 Motif contains the country name or brand name.
 In most cases, motifs are designed by embroidery where some cases by printing design.

Motif
Difference between Label and Motif:

The main difference between label and motif are mentioned in the below table:

Label Motif

Label is a must needed part of any garments. Motif is an optional part of any garments.
It is used in all types of garments. It is used only for fashionable garments.
It is used for functional purposes. It is used for decorative purposes.

It is made by woven fabric or paper. It is made by embroidery or by printing design.

It contains the garments size, manufacturing

country name, care instruction etc. It contains the country name or brand name.

Lace:

 Lace, ornamental, openwork fabric formed by looping, interlacing or twisting threads.

 Lace is a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open web like pattern, made by
machine or by hand.
 Lace is often made with cotton thread, although linen and silk threads are still available.

Lace

Braid:

 A cord or ribbon having usually three or more component strands forming a regular
diagonal pattern down its length.
 A braid (also referred to as a plait) is a complex structure or pattern formed by
interlacing three or more strands of flexible material such as textile yarns.
 Braid
Elastic:

 One type of lace which is capable of recovering size and shape.

 It is extensively used in the waist belt, sleeve to fit the garments.

Elastic