See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/335000893

(Print) www.rjptonline.org 0974-360X (Online) Impact of Nanoparticulate Drug

Delivery System of Herbal Drug in Control of Diabetes Mellitus

Article  in  Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology · April 2019

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00282.8

CITATION READS

1 102

2 authors:

V. Ravichandiran Swarna Priya B

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University
38 PUBLICATIONS   384 CITATIONS    17 PUBLICATIONS   4 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Formulation and evaluation of budenoside loaded PLGA nanoparticles View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Swarna Priya B on 06 August 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(4): April 2019

ISSN 0974-3618 (Print) www.rjptonline.org

0974-360X (Online)

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impact of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System of Herbal Drug in

Control of Diabetes Mellitus
Dr. Senthilnathan. B1, Dr. Vivekanandan. K2, Dr. Bhavya. E3*, Dr. Masilamani1,
Swarna Priya. B1
1
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jaya College of Paramedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy.
2
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute,
Deemed to be University, Maduravoyal, Chennai-6000095
3.
Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, VISTAS.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: vivekmpharm17@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Aim: The main objective of the current study is to organize and evaluate polymeric nanoparticles for the selected
drug Gymnemic acid, improve the bioavailability of poorly bioavailable gymnemic acid, enhance the anti-
diabetic activity of Gymnemic acid, reduce the dose size of Gymnemic acid by reducing the particle size.
Method and procedure: Gymnemic acid nanoparticles was prepared through emulsion-droplet coalescence
method, by using chitosan polymer (GNP1-GNP5). Based on the invitro drug release profile of Gymnemic acid
nanoparticles formulations (GNP1-GNP5) formulation GNP3 is selected as the best preparation in which the
particle size was 195 nm[1]. Since from ancient times the naturopathic treatment for diseases has been explored
widely and in advance momentum in the present situation, and has several pharmacological significance. Nano
particulate drug delivery systems symbolize a promising drug delivery system [2] in recent years for its prescribed
and targeted drug release. They exists as with a size choice of 10-1000nm, in which the drug or dissolved active
ingredient, encapsulated, entrapped, absorbed or attached to the matrix system. The present research is a
development of nanoparticulate[3,4] drug delivery system for Gymnema sylvestre by ionic gelation method. The
formulation is characterized by particle size, zeta potential, particle morphology and best formulation was
selected for the further studies. Result: The Gymnemic acid nanoparticles [1] were formulated and evaluated for
its invitro drug release profile. The results showed that the in vitro drug release for GNP1, GNP2, GNP3, GNP4
and GNP5 were found 99.55± 0.89, 99.51± 0.34, 99.57± 0.31,78.82± 0.82 and 65.73± 0.62 respectively at the
end of 24hrs. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the newly formulated controlled release nanoparticulate drug
delivery[32] systems of Gymnemic acid may be ideal and effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus by
allowing the drug to release continuously for 24 hrs.

KEYWORDS: Zeta potential, diabetes mellitus, gymnema sylvestre, phytochemicals.

INTRODUCTION: They exist as particulates or globular dispersions with a

Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems signify a
promising drug delivery system of controlled and
targeted drug release. They are especially designed to
release the drug in the surrounding area of goal tissue.
Received on 20.11.2018 Modified on 31.12.2018
Accepted on 25.01.2019 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(4): 1688-1694.
DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00282.8
size in the series of 10-1000nm. In nano drug delivery
systems, the drug or active component is dissolved,
entrapped, encapsulated, adsorbed or attached to the
matrix system.
Nano sized materials[5,6] have more advantages over
other dosage forms with larger particle size, as it can
provide more surface area and increased solubility. It
also provides the facility to control the drug release
along with the ability to deliver the entrapped therapeutic
agents to the desired site of action. Nano drugs are
widely investigated for the oral delivery of drugs. Oral

1688
 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(4): April 2019
drug delivery is the much favored route of drug 1. Nanospheres, which are polymeric matrix systems
administration[7] due to expediency, better patient
fulfillment and cost-effectiveness. This system has been
also used to increase bioavailability of drugs having poor matrix system provides effective control of the
bioavailability. However, due to the small size, extensive loaded drugs.
research was carried out on administration of these 2. Nanocapsules[8] are those systems containing
systems by various parenteral routes like intravenous,
intra muscular and subcutaneous routes. The drugs
loaded in nano drug delivery system were also reported
to exhibit improved shelf life and stability.
MERITS OF NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:
1. They can be enabled with site specific delivery of
drugs.
2. Site specific delivery of drugs facilitates enhanced
therapeutic response and reduction in adverse effects.
3. Drug degradation by enzymatic action can be
prevented.
4. Active and passive targeting of drug can be achieved
by manipulating the particle size and surface
characteristics.
5. Suitable for incorporation of wide range of
therapeutic agents ranging from inorganic, organic,
synthetic, semi-synthetic compounds, lipids and
proteins.
6. They can be utilized for administration by oral, nasal,
parenteral and ocular routes.
7. Controlled release of drug can be achieved
8. Surface modification using ligands can be made to
improve the specificity of drug targeting.
DEMERITS:
1. Aggregation of particles due to their small size and
huge surface area, however, this problem can be
overcome by adjustment of surface charge (zeta
potential) of the nanoparticles by addition of suitable
surface active agents.
2. Difficult to handle in liquid forms (nanosuspensions).
Freeze drying (lyophyllisation) had facilitated the
maintenance of nanoparticles in dry form with
enhanced stability.
3. Due to their ultra-small size they have limited drug
loading capacity.
4. These are susceptible to bursting and leakage of
drugs.
5. Scaling up problems due to the equipment’s used in
the preparation and need for maintenance of uniform
ultrafine size.
TYPES:
Nano drug delivery systems are classified based on the
morphological characters, structure, composition as well
as the arrangement of drug and polymer in the
formulation:
1. Polymeric Nanoparticles:
The polymeric nanoparticles can be further classified
into two types:
1689
which consist of the drug that is dispersed physically
and uniformly. The polymeric nano sized spherical
vesicle’s in which the preparation is restrained to a
cavity enclosed by a polymer membrane. In
nanocapsules, the polymeric membrane encapsulates
the core material, usually a drug.
Gymnemic acid was cut off from the leaves of
Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae). They are
sweetness inhibitors. Once the leaves were eaten, sugar
solutions sugar taste similar to water.
Chemically, they are triterpenoid glycosides. The
fundamental configuration is the aglycone
gymnemagenin (C30H50O6). This is decked through a
sugar for example glucuronic acid and by means of
assorted ester groups. These variations give rise to the
different gymnemic acids. More than 20 homologs of
gymnemic acid are known.
Gymnemic acid it have the uppermost anti-sweet
property. It suppresses the sweetness of mainly of the
sweeteners as well as strong synthetic sweeteners like
aspartame and natural sweeteners such as thaumatin, a
sweet protein. The anti-sweet activity is reversible, but
sugarinessrevival on the tongue can acquire more than
10 minutes.
The mechanism of the drug is during stimulus in insulin
secretion beginning pancreas. It also exerts a parallel
effect by delay the glucose assimilation in the blood.
Chitosan polymer is used here, which exhibit
Biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, anti-microbial
and soluble in wide range of solvents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Gymnemic acid, chitosan, poloxamer, ethanol,
potassium dihydrogen phosphate, orthro phosphoric
acid.
METHODS:
1. Preformulation studies:
Calibration graph for Gymnemic acid:
Preparation of calibration curve in pH 1.2, pH 7.4
and pH 6.8 buffers:
Weigh 100mgs of Gymnemic acid and dissolve it in a
small volume of buffer solutions in 3 100ml volumetric
flask and the volume is made up to 100ml with 1.2 pH
buffer solution in volumetric flask numbered 1, in
2ndvolumetric flask 7.4 pH buffer solution was used and
in the third one 6.8 pH buffer was used to make up the
 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(4): April 2019

volume. A categorization of standard containing the Particle size and Surface charge:
concentration ranges from 10 to 50 µg/ml of Gymnemic Using Malvern-Zeta size the zeta- potential is calculated
acid were prepared for 1.2 pH buffer, 7.4 pH buffer and the significance in surface charge of adhesion and
solution and 6.8 pH buffer solution individually, interaction of particle with cells is noted. The prepared
absorbance were calculated at 290nm and calibration nanoparticles[16,17] was evaluate for their particle size and
graph was plotted by means of concentration against surface charge by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS)
absorbance. by means of zeta sizer and diluted to 1:1000 with the
aqueous phase of the formulation to obtain a suitable
2. Drug-excipient compatibility study by DSC: kilo counts per second (kcps) and then it is analyzed at
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): 25°C with an angle of detection of 90° six replicates was
Samples of individual components in addition to each in use for the measurement.
drug-excipient be weighed (Mettler Electronic balance)
unswervingly in pierce aluminum crucible pans (5-10 Drug content: [18]
mg) and scanned in the 50-300°C range below static air, Weigh 1gm of gymnemic acid nanoparticles exactly
with heating rate of 10ºC/min, using Shimadzu DSC-60 transfer into a 25ml volumetric standard flask and
equipment. dissolve 5 ml with pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution
then dilute 1 ml to 25 ml of buffer solution and Then the
METHOD OF PREPARATION [9-14] usual and sample absorbance was measured at 290 nm
Table 1. Formula used for the preparation of Gymnemic acid using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The percentage
nanoparticles of drug content was calculated.
S. FORMULA- DRUG CHITOSAN TWEEN
NO TION (mg) (%V/V) (%V/V)
1. GNP-1 100mg 0.5 5
2. GNP -2 100mg 1.0 5
3. GNP -3 100mg 1.5 5
4. GNP -4 100mg 2.0 5
Entrapment efficiency:
5. GNP -5 100mg 2.5 5 The drug infused nanoparticles are centrifuged at 15000
rpm for about 30 mins. 1ml of the separated supernant
METHOD: solution was diluted with water and the absorbance was
Emulsion -droplet coalescence method: noted at 290 nm and calculated for the quantity of
• Dissolve Chitosan particles with 1% acetic acid and gymnemic acid entrapped was calculated by subtracting
100mg of Gymnemic acid in phosphate buffered the sum of untapped[19,20] from the total gymnemic acid
saline. This solution is added to 10ml of liquid used for the preparation.
paraffin contain 5% v/v tween 20. The mixture was
The entrapment efficiency was calculated based on the
homogenized 3 minutes to form water in oil (w/o)
formula given below
emulsion.
• The resultant Gymnemic acid nanoparticles[9] were
centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 60 mts and washed with
ethanol and water, consecutively to eliminate residual
liquid paraffin and surfactant. In vitro release:
• afterward on they were dried in air for 3 hour Using Franz diffusion cell the invitro study was
followed by hot air oven at 50° for 4 hour and store performed for about 24 hrs using a dialysis membrane.
in a desiccator The equipped gymnemic acid nanoparticles[21,22] are kept
• Some batches namely (GNP1, GNP2, GNP3, GNP4, inside the membrane and it is immersed in phosphate
and GNP5) be prepared by varying the drug and buffer with pH of 6.8 and the sample was withdrawn at
polymeric ratio and the result of polymer programmed time interval and the quantity of gymnemic
concentration on the encapsulation effectiveness and acid released was determined by measured using UV-
the drug loading capacity was studied. Visible spectrophotometer at 290 nm absorbance. Based
on the absorbance results a cumulative % of drug release
CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES: was calculated and the results were discussed.
• Drug content
• Particle size and zeta potential RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Preformulation studies[23]:
• Drug content
Preparation of calibration graph for Gymnemic acid:
• Encapsulation efficiency
Standard calibration data of Gymnemic acid in pH 1.2,
• In vitro drug release [15]
7.4 and 6.8 buffers at 285 nm

1690
 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(4): April 2019

Table 2. Absorbance of Gymnemic acid in buffer solutions characteristic color change and there is no significant
Absorbance changes in the chemical evaluation this indicates that the
S. No Concentration
pH 1.2 pH 7.4 pH 6.8
1 10 0.025 0.031 0.101
drug and ingredients added are compatible with each
2 20 0.052 0.063 0.204 other.the results are given below in the table 3
3 30 0.076 0.095 0.302
4 40 0.104 0.122 0.406 Table 3 Physical characteristics of Gymnemic acid
5 50 0.124 0.155 0.505 S.No Physical parameter Results
1 Description Dark brown colour powder
2 Melting point 198.80C
3 Loss on drying 0.08%
4 Assay 99.58%

Table 4 Physical characteristics of individual drug and

excipients[21]
Final
S.No Sample ID Initial description
description
1. Gymnemic acid Dark brown colour No changes
powdered
2. Chitosan Off-white powder No changes

Table 5 Physical characteristics of drug-excipient mixture

Final
S.No Sample ID Initial description
description
1. Gymnemic acid Dark brown colour No changes
Fig. 1. Calibration curve of Gymnemic acid in pH 1.2, 7.4 and
powdered
6.8buffers
2 Gymnemic acid+ Brown colour No changes
Chitosan powders
Standard calibration curve of Gymnemic acid was
carried out in 1.2 pH, 7.4 pH and 6.8 pH buffer at 220 Table 6 Chemical characteristics of drug-excipient mixture
nm. The r2 value in the entire medium shows nearly 1, Final assay
S.No Sample ID Initial assay (%)
(%)
which signifies linearity. 1. Gymnemic acid 99.58%±0.26 99.54%±0.21
2. Gymnemic acid+ 99.55%±0.64 99.51%±0.43
DSC analysis: Chitosan
The melting point of gymnemic acid and the physical n = 3; Mean ± S.E.M.
mixture of other ingredients showed a similarity index in Table 7 Drug content and entrapment efficiency Particle size and
thermogram graph DSC analysis. Hence from the DSC zeta potential of Gymnemic acid nanoparticle.
study, it was found no interaction between Gymnemic Trial Zeta Particle Entrapment Drug
acid and other excipients used in the formulation. potential size(nm) Efficiency Content(%)
(mV) (%)
GNP1 17.9 190.1 58.67 99.53
The DSC thermogram be given in the Fig. 2 and 3 GNP 2 16.7 192.6 68.73 99.51
GNP 3 15.6 195.0 85.71 99.57
Drug –Excipients compatibility analysis - Physical GNP 4 14.2 196.5 86.24 99.54
observation and assay: GNP 5 13.6 197.3 86.71 99.52
Based on the study the material of drug-excipient has no
DSC
mW DSC of Gymnemic acid

20.00

Detector: DSC-60
Sam pl e Wei ght:
0.100[m g]
Cel l : Al um i num
Atm osphere: Ni trogen
Fl ow Rate: 10[m l /m i n]
Annotati on: Drug- Exci pi ents com pati bi l i ty study
Gymnemic acid
0.00

Peak 198.88 x10

C
0

Onset 198.28 x10

C
0

Endset 200.51 0
C
x10
Heat -11.15 x10
mJ
0

-111.50 x10
J/g
0
-20.00

-40.00

100.00 200.00
Temp [C]

Fig. 2

1691
 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(4): April 2019

DSC
mW
DSC of Gymnemic loaded acid chitosan nanoparticles
0.00
De te cto r: DSC-6 0
Sa m p l e We i g h t:
0 .1 0 0 [m g ] Peak 198.91 x10
C
0
Ce l l : Al u m i n u m Gymnemic acid
Atm o sp h e re : Ni tro g e n Onset 192.29 x10
C
0

An n o ta ti o n : Dru g - Exci p i e n ts co m p a ti b i l i ty stu d y Endset 204.94 x10

C
0

Heat -0.92 x10

mJ
0

-5.00 -9.20 x10

J/g
0

-10.00

-15.00

100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00

Temp [C]

Fig. 3
Fig. 2 and 3 DSC Thermogram of Gymnemic acid and Gymnemic acid nanoparticles

Fig. 4 Particle size of optimized Gymnemic acid loaded Chitosan nanoparticles (GNP3)

Fig. 5 Zeta potential of optimized Gymnemic acid loaded Chitosan nanoparticles (GNP3)

• As a result, the zetapotential rate for GNP3 was concentration.

obtained maximum of 19.6 mV.
• The particle size has no changes [24].
• Particle size and entrapment efficiency of the
Gymnemic acid nanoparticles(GNP1- GNP5) were
greater than before with increasing Chitosan
• This is because of elevated quantity of availability of
Chitosan to encapsulate the drug, in the lead increase
the Chitosan concentration, number of layers coated
the drug was improved, thus results in increased
particle size and entrapment efficiency[25].

1692
 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(4): April 2019

• Further increase in the Chitosan concentration
(GNP4-GNP5), has no more augment in the
entrapment efficiency because the accessibility of the
drug to be included is small which is not enough for
further encapsulation of drug by Chitosan.
Above 1.5% w/v of Chitosan concentration[28], reduction
in drug release was observed as in the case of trial GNP4
and GNP5. The maximum percentage drug release for
GNP4 and GNP5 were found to be 78.82± 0.82 and
65.73± 0.62 respectively at the end of 24h was obtained.

In- vitro drug release: From the records obtained from in vitro drug release for
Table 8 In vitro release studies of Gymnemic acid nanoparticles GNP1- GNP5, it was concluded that increase in
S. Time PERCENTAGE CUMULATIVE DRUG
Chitosan concentration slows down the drug liberate due
No in RELEASE
(Hrs) to improved particle size and decresed surface area of
GNP1 GNP2 GNP3 GNP4 GNP the prepared nanoparticles.
5
1. 0.5 35.86± 30.25± 21.74± 12.75± 8.88± From all the above formulations, GNP3[28] was preferred
0.47 0.55 0.33 0.19 0.24
2 1 50.81± 41.37± 36.85± 23.18± 17.63
as best formulation due to its ideal particle size (195
0.22 0.23 0.56 0.27 ± nm), high entrapment efficiency (85.71%) and desirable
0.92 drug release (99.57± 0.31% at the end of 24 h).
3 6 88.72± 72.36± 43.82± 32.15± 25.74
0.19 0.42 0.72 0.56 ±
0.34 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS:
4 12 99.51± 85.74± 56.89± 43.81± 32.81 The active pharmaceutical ingredient Gymnemic acid
0.34 0.19 0.18 0.15 ± was evaluated for its organoleptic properties and
0.17 solubility. The results obtained were satisfactory.
5 16 99.52± 97.32± 71.73± 57.93± 42.72
0.67 0.74 0.88 0.31 ±
0.35 Gymnemic acid nanoparticles were prepared by
6 20 99.53± 99.49± 84.88± 66.48± 51.95 emulsion -droplet coalescence method[30] and the
0.17 0.11 0.24 0.71 ± polymer concentrations were optimized by various trials
0.73
7 24 99.55± 99.51± 99.57± 78.82± 65.73
0.89 0.34 0.31 0.82 ± In the present study Chitosan nanoparticles containing
0.62 Gymnemic acid was prepared. The effect of increase in
mean±S.D, n=3 Chitosan[31] concentration in various parameters like
particle size and invitro release profile were studied.

The Gymnemic acid nanoparticles were formulated and

evaluated for its invitro drug release profile[33]. The
results showed that the in vitro drug release for GNP1,
GNP2, GNP3, GNP4 and GNP5 was found to be 99.55±
0.89, 99.51± 0.34, 99.57± 0.31,78.82± 0.82 and 65.73±
0.62 respectively at the end of 24hrs.

Based on the in vitro study profile of Gymnemic acid

nanoparticles formulations[34] (GNP1-GNP5)
formulation GNP3 was selected as finest formulation in
which the particle size was 195 nm.

FIG. 6. Effect of Chitosan concentration on Invitro drug release of The % in vitro study of GNP3 formulation was 99.57±
Gymnemic acid nanoparticles 0.31 and it was found to be suitable formulation to
manage the condition of diabetes mellitus. Hence it can
From the in vitro drug release [26] study results, the
be concluded that the newly formulated controlled
highest drug release (99.57± 0.31) and at the closing
release nanoparticulate drug delivery[35] systems of
stages of 24hwas observed with trial GNP3 which
Gymnemic acid may be ideal and effective in the
contains 1.5% w/v of Chitosan.
treatment of diabetes mellitus by allowing the drug to
Below 1.5% w/v of Chitosan concentration as in the case release continuously for 24 hrs.
of trials GNP1 and GNP 2 the maximum percentage
drug release 99.51± 0.34 and 99.49± 0.11 were obtained 5. CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
at the end of 12 and 20hrs respectively which was not The authors declare no conflict of interest.
desirable[27].

1693
 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(4): April 2019

6. REFERENCE: 2011.
24. Sutar PS, Joshi VG (2013). Gemcitabine loaded PLGA nanoparticle.
1. Charles Lovelyn and Anthony A. Attama, 2011, Current State of
UJP. 02(05):135-14 D. Karthikeyan, M. Srinivas, C.Santhosh kumar
Nanoemulsions in Drug Delivery, Journal of Biomaterials and
(2013). Formulation and evaluation of Stavudine nanoparticles.
Nanobiotechnology, 2, 626-639
IJNTPS. 25-32
2. V Devarajan and V Ravichandran, Nanoemulsions: As Modified Drug
25. Priyanka B. Khodke, Ritesh R. Popat, Silver Nanoparticles-A Review,
Delivery Tool, Pharmacie Globale 2011, 4 (01), 1-6.
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(6): 1820-1833.
3. Ravi Theaj Prakash and Padma Thiagarajan, 2011, Nanoemulsions for
26. Shanmugasundaram Sangeetha, Dhandapani Nagasamy Venkatesh,
drug delivery through different routes, Research in Biotechnology,
Rajendran Adhiyaman, Kumaraswamy Santhi, Bhojraj Suresh (2007).
2(3): 01-13.
Formulation of Sodium alginate nanospheres. TJPR. 06(01):653-659
4. S. Sathesh Kumar, V. Felixjoe, K. Masilamani, D. Rajini and V.
27. L. Dheivanai, G. Jeevaprakash, R. Nallathambi, S. Selvakumar, S.
Ravichandiran, Delivery of Anti-Alzheimeric Drugs Using Polymeric
Senthilvelan (2012). Formulation and development and evaluation of
Nanoparticles -A Review, Journal of Pharmacy Research
Abacavir loaded polymethacrylic nanoparticles. IRJP.3(3):265-267
2012,5(12),5412-5415.
28. A. Dinda, I.Biswal, P. Chowdhury, R. Mohapatra (2013). Formulation
5. Praveen Kumar Gupta, J. K. Pandit, Ajay Kumar, Pallavi Swaroop,
and evaluation of Paclitaxal loaded SLN’s . JAPS. 3(08): 130-138
Sanjiv gupta, 2010, pharmaceutical nanotechnology novel
29. A. A. Khariya, A. K. Singhai, R. Verma (2012). Formulation and
nanoemulsion –high energy emulsification preparation, evaluation and
evaluation of polymeric nanoparticle of antiviral drug for
application, The Pharma Research, 3; 117-138.
gastroretention. IJPSN. 4(4)
6. Sanyogitta puri: Novel Functionalised Polymers For Nanoparticles
30. Vikram S Shenoy, Rajiv P Gude, Rayasa S Ramachandramoorthy
Formulations With Anticancer Drug:, May 2007.
(2013). In-vitro anticancer evaluation of 5-FU LPN’s. International
7. Mosamih. Kanani and Vadaliya KR: Nanoparticles as The Precursors
nanoletters. 3(36)
of The Next Technological Revolution of The 21st Century:
31. Rohan R. Vakhariya, Swati S. Talokar, Dr. V. R. Salunkhe, Dr. C. S.
Nanotechnology, Biosciences International ;1(2); 16-24.
Magdum, Formulation Development and Optimization of Simvastatin
8. Khushboo, Atul Kumar Sahu, Raj K. Prasad, Formulation
Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2017;
Development and Evaluation of Clarithromycin Nanoparticles Using
7(1): 49-52
Acrylic Polymer, Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2017; 10(11): 3907-
32. Amol kumar Lokhande, Sathyendra mishra, Ravindra kulkarni,
3918
Jitendra naik. (2013). Formulation and evaluation of Glipizide loaded
9. Adlin Jino Nesalin, A Anton Smith(2012).Preparation and evaluation
nanoparticles. IJPPS. 05(04):147-151
of Chitosan nanoparticles containing Zidovudine loaded nanoparticles.
33. Naik JB, Mokale VJ.(2012). Formulation and evaluation of
AJPS.7(1):80-84
Repaglinide nanoparticles as sustained release carriers. IJPS. 1(5):259-
10. Aenugu Saritha Reddy, Abbaraju Krishna Sailaja (2014).Preparation
266
characterisation of Aspirin loaded Ethylcellulose
34. Afifa Bathool, Gowda D Vishakante, Mohammed S Khan, HG
nanoparticles.WJPPS.3(6):1781-1793
Shivakumar (2012). Development and characterisation of Atorvastatin
11. Sagar S Jadhav, Aparna V Bhalerao (2013).Formulation
calcium loaded chitosan nanoparticles for sustained drug delivery.
characterisation of Chitosan nano particles loaded with Rizatriptan
Advanced materials letters. 3(6):466-470
benzoate. Scholars research library.5(4):218-223
35. B.S. Naveen Prasad and TVN. Padmesh, Common Duckweed (Lemna
12. Hyma. P, Laharika Reddy, D.S.S.N. Neelima, Formulation and
minor) Assisted Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles as Potent
Evaluation of a Self Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System of
Anti-Fungal Nanomaterial, Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 7(9): Sept.
Atorvastatin Calcium Trihydrate, Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 9(7):
2014 Page 955-958.
July 2016, 9(7):789-793.
36. P. Srinivas, S. Pragna (2012).Formulation and evaluation of
13. Sokkalingam Arumugam Dhanaraj, Selvadurai Muralidharan,
Moxifloxacin HCL ocular nanoparticles.IJND.3(2):105-113
Kumaraswamy Santhi, Amanda Lim Sze Hui, Cheong Jia Wen, Hoh
37. Partha Saha1, Amit K Goyal and Goutam Rath ‘Formulation and
Chew Teng ‘Targeted drug delivery system- Formulation and
Evaluation of Chitosan-Based Ampicillin Trihydrate Nanoparticles’,
evaluation of chitosan nanospheres containing Doxorubicin
Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research October 2010; 9 (5): 483-
hydrochloride’ International Journal of Drug Delivery 2014; 6:186-193
488
14. Cock PR man, Munper RJ, Akhar M and Allen DD: Nanoparticle
38. Ehsan Mohajeri, Mehdi Ansari, Abbas Pardakhty.’ Controlled Release
Technology For Drug Delivery Across The Blood brain barrier: Drug
imatinib Tablet Formulation: Using Hydrophilic Matrix System’
Development and Industrial Pharmacy; 28(1);1-12(2002).
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 21(1): 157-166.
15. Mohan Raj VJ and Chen Y: Nanoparticles-A Review: Tropical Journal
39. Rajni Bala, Reecha Madaan, Vibhu, Sandeep Arora, Green Synthesis
of Pharmaceutical Research; June 2006; 5(1); 561-573.
and Characterization of silver nanoparticles using Kinnow, mandarian
16. Anil Mahaptro And Dinesh K. Singh, Bioderadable Nanopartcles Are
peels extract and its application in Shampoo Formulation, Research J.
Excellent Vehicle For Site Directed In-vivo Delivery Of Drugs And
Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(8): 2461-2466.
Vaccines: Journal of Nanotechnology; 2011.
40. Boushra Mohamed El-Houssieny1, Esmat Zein El-Dein and Hussien
17. Surbhi Sharma, M.S. Ashawat and N.S. Solanki, Isotretinoin-Loaded
Mohamed El-Messiry ‘Formulation and Evaluation of Dexibuprofen
Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles: A Sound Strategy for Skin Targeting,
Transdermal Films in Rabbits’, British Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 5(11): November, 2012; Page 1375-
Research 2016; 9(6): 1-13
1384.
41. Sathesh Kumar. S, Felix Joe.V, Pharmacokinetics of Tacrine Loaded
18. Manishk Gupta, Rahmeshwar Mishra B, Deepak prakash And Santosh
MPEG-PCL Polymeric Nanoparticles, Research J.Pharm. and Tech.
Krai: Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System Of Cyclosporine:
2017; 10(1): 135-140.
International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Vol 1;2,2009.
42. Hemalatha. C. N, Yeswanth Prasanna Kumar. B, Vijey Anandhi. M,
19. Priya Pathak And Katiyar VK: Multi Functional Nanoparticles And
Formulation and Characterization of Nanoparticles Loaded with
Their Role In Cancer Drug Delivery-A Review: May 11;2007.
Cefadroxil, Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(1): 183-187.
20. Svetlana Gelperina, Kelvin Kisich, Michael, Iseman D, Leonid Heifets,
The Potential Advantages Of Nanoparticles Drug Delivery Systems In
Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis: AJRCCM; 2005.
21. Saikat Ghosh And Ajeet Kumar: Orally Administered Nanoparticulate
Drug Delivery Systems For Lymphatic Targeting: Int J Pharma Sci
Tech; Vol-6; Issue-2; July-December;2011.
22. Sachin J., N. Vishal Gupta, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles – Preparation,
Applications, Characterization, Uses in Various Cancer Therapies: A
Review, Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(8): August 2013; Page 825-
837.
23. Bose JC. Chraavi, Krishna Kumar Duraisami, Surendiren NS: Review
of Nanoparticle Based Therapeutics And Drug Delivery System: Asian
Journal Of Biochemical And Pharmaceutical Research; Issue 2;(Vol-1)

1694

View publication stats