Mahavir Swami College of Engineering & Technology, Surat

Electrical Engineering Department

Assignments-1:Fundamentals of Power System Protection

1. Define following terms in context to protective relay (i) Reliability (ii) Selectivity (iii)
Discrimination =page no 10
2. Explain the following requirements of protection system. (i) Selectivity (ii) Reliability
=page no 10
(iii) Security = On the other hand, security is a property used to characterize false tripping
on the relays. A relay is said to be secure if it does not trip when it is not expected to trip.
It is the degree of certainty that the relay will not operate incorrectly:
%security=number of correct /total number of trip ×100

3. Clearly distinguish the terms “Overload” and “Overcurrent”=.page no 23

4. Explain, what are the basic requirements of a protective System=.page no 6
5. Define: i) P.S.M.=page no14 ii) Restraining Torque=The restraining coils produce
torque opposite to the operating torque. Under normal and through fault
conditions, restraining torque is greater than operating torque. Thereby relay
remains inactive. When internal fault occurs, the operating force exceeds the
bias force and hence the relay is operated. iii) Burden=page no15
6. Define the following term:
(I) Relay pick up= When a relay operates to open a “b” contact or to close an “a”
contact, we say that it "picks up," and the smallest value of the actuating
quantity that will cause such operation, as the quantity is slowly increased
from zero, is called the "pickup" value.
(II) Fault clearing time= Clearing time is the amount of time it takes a circuit
protection device to clear a fault. An arc flash occurs when a short circuit
(fault) takes place inside of equipment.
(III) Reach of the relay= Reach of distance relay is defined as line protection
covered by relay in terms of line length or impedance. In the example,
the reach of relay is Z as it is expected to protect the entire line.
7. Define reach, under reach= A distance relay is said to under reach when the
impedance seen by relay due to fault is more than the relay setting value even
though the fault point is within the protected zone of line. This means that reach
of relay has decreased from the setting value., and over reach=14 of the relay.
8. Draw and explain basic trip circuit=12
 Mahavir Swami College of Engineering & Technology, Surat
Electrical Engineering Department

9.What are the drawbacks of a simple differential scheme? Explain how the percentage
differential relay overcomes the drawbacks of simple differential relay.

The percentage differential relay consists restraining coil for overcoming the

trouble arising out of differences in the current ratio for the high value of an
external short circuit current. ... It restricts the unwanted tripping of the
transformer due to the imbalance current.

10.What problems, if any, do you anticipate in applying conventional differential protection

to a transmission line?
11.Explain simple differential relay. Ans =The relays used in power system protection are
of different types. Among them differential relay is very commonly used relay for
protecting transformers and generators from localised faults.
Differential relays are very sensitive to the faults occurred within the zone of protection but
they are least sensitive to the faults that occur outside the protected zone. Most of the relays
operate when any quantity exceeds beyond a predetermined value for example over current
relay operates when current through it exceeds predetermined value. But the principle of
differential relay is somewhat different. It operates depending upon the difference between

two or more similar electrical quantities.

Mahavir Swami College of Engineering & Technology, Surat
Electrical Engineering Department

12.Write and explain drawbacks of simple differential relay.=same q 11

13.Explain construction, working and operating characteristics of percentage differential
relay.= same q 9