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Electric Vehicle Basics: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicle Basics: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Basics
Electric vehicles (EVs) use electricity Electric vehicles are charged by plugging the vehicle into an electric power source.
as their primary fuel or to improve Photo courtesy of Forth.
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PHEVs don’t have to be plugged in before driving. They can also be fueled solely
National Highway Travel Survey, U.S. Department
of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, with conventional fuel. However, they will not achieve maximum fuel economy or
2008, fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/pubs/pl08021/
fig4_5.cfm. take full advantage of their all-electric capabilities without plugging in.
charged, a PHEV can draw most of its often be done with little or no required
power from electricity for typical daily electrical upgrades, as most homes
driving. The engine will then kick in have 240-V service for appliances like
when the battery is mostly depleted, dryers and electric ranges. A Level 2
during rapid acceleration, at high unit can be portable or “hard wired”
speeds, or when intensive heating or air into a building and can be purchased for
conditioning is required. as little as $200. For more information
on installing charging equipment, see
When running on battery power alone, Charging Infrastructure Procurement and
PHEVs produce no tailpipe emissions. Installation on the AFDC (afdc.energy.
Even when the conventional engine is gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure_
running, PHEVs typically consume less More heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers development.html).
gasoline and produce fewer emissions are now offering plug-in models for
than similar conventional vehicles. fleets. Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL To make long-distance travel more
46574. accessible, the Federal Highway
Administration is establishing a network
What EV Models Are
How Do These Vehicles of alternative fueling and charging
Available? infrastructure along highway corridors.
Nearly all major vehicle manufacturers “Fuel Up”? Designated EV corridors2 supported
have EV models available, and some Charging equipment provides electricity by DC fast charging stations are under
have committed to transitioning to selling to charge EV batteries. The charging unit development nationwide. To find public
only EVs by 2030. communicates with the vehicle to ensure stations, use the Alternative Fueling
that it supplies an appropriate and safe Station Locator (afdc.energy.gov/
Medium- and heavy-duty options are flow of electricity. stations), which is available as an iPhone
also available for fleet applications. See
There are more than 100,000 publicly and Android app.
Considering an EV for fleet-specific
considerations. available charging outlets—and
counting—across the country. The Equipment Types and Costs
For up-to-date information on available average range of a light-duty BEV was Charging units are classified according
models, use the Alternative Fuels Data 260 miles in 2020, with some models to the rate at which they charge batteries.
Center (AFDC) Vehicle Search tool (afdc. exceeding 400 miles. Technological Two types—Level 1 and Level 2—
energy.gov/tools) or the Find a Car tool advances such as larger batteries and provide AC power to the vehicle, with the
on FuelEconomy.gov (fueleconomy.gov/ growing access to charging are increas-
feg/findacar.shtml). ingly addressing “range anxiety,” or
the fear of running out of charge. Learn Charging Made Simple
more about trends in EV charging Most EV owners charge at home or
infrastructure (afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ at work because charging is more
electricity_infrastructure_trends.html).
convenient and cost-effective than
It may take as little as 20 minutes to fully using public stations. But public
charge an EV’s battery, but charging equipment is also easy to use.
times vary based on the type or level of Depending on the station, drivers
charging; the type of battery, its capacity, might use a network card, credit
and how depleted it is; and the capacity card, phone, cash, or even just enter
of the vehicle’s internal charger (see
an account number. There are also
Charging Options table).
free chargers where users can just
Charging units can be installed in plug in.
residential, fleet, workplace, and
An added benefit of going electric is
public settings. Most EVs come with a
that electricity prices are less
110-volt “Level 1” cordset that can be
plugged into a typical electrical outlet. volatile than gasoline and diesel
For quicker charging, homeowners prices, so drivers can more easily
can install a 240-V “Level 2” unit on forecast their fueling expenses. See
Getting started with an EV is easy
a dedicated electrical circuit. This can a comparison of all fuel prices over
thanks to the charging “cordset” that
comes with most vehicles. Photo by time on the AFDC Fuel Prices page
Erik Nelsen, NREL 64277. 2 fhwa.dot.gov/environment/alternative_fuel_corridors (afdc.energy.gov/fuels/prices.html).
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Charging Options
Federal and state tax credits and
Cost for Equipment, Installation,
Typical Charging Time private and utility rebates may also be
and Site Costs*
available to help offset the cost of EVs.
Level 1 2–5 miles of range per hour $0 to $1,800 For information on available vehicle
of charging incentives, see the AFDC Laws &
Incentives page (afdc.energy.gov/laws).
Level 2** 10–30 miles of range per $800 to $33,000
hour of charging To find fuel economy ratings and fuel/
vehicle cost comparisons among
DC Fast 100–200+ miles of range in $30,000 to over $120,000 currently available models, visit
Charging** 30 minutes FuelEconomy.gov.
*Costs do not include the price of operation (network charges, electricity, utility How Do Their Emissions
demand charges). Factors affecting the price include equipment (charging equipment,
Compare With Those of
electrical supplies), electrical installation (upgrading or adding electrical service,
upgrading the electrical panel, conduit, and trenching), site improvements (adding Conventional Vehicles?
pavement), activating a network, payment collection, labor, permitting, and taxes. EVs typically produce fewer emissions
**Charging unit cost (Level 2 and DCFC) is proportional to the unit’s power rating. The
than conventional vehicles. All-electric
higher its rating, the higher the cost. A Level 2 unit can range from 2.9 to 19.2 kW vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions,
output. A DCFC unit can range from 25 to 350 kW. Charging varies by charging unit and PHEVs produce no tailpipe emissions
power, vehicle, and battery state of charge. when in electric-only mode.
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Benefits of and demand charges), as well as
Electric-Drive managed charging
Vehicles compared
to conventional vehicles PHEVs All-electric vehicles • Exploring private or utility incentives
for equipment installation or power use
Fuel Economy Most achieve combined fuel Most achieve fuel economy ratings
economy ratings higher than higher than 100 mpge.* • Evaluating equipment vendors and
90 mpge.* considering needs/options such as
smart charging, cloud communications,
Emissions Produce no tailpipe emissions Produce no
tailpipe vendor payment, and equipment owner-
Reductions when in electric-only mode. emissions. ship and maintenance
Generally, they produce less than Generally, they produce one-third
• Timing the purchase and installation
half the emissions. the emissions.
of charging units with the delivery
of vehicles (this can be especially
Fuel Cost In electric-only mode, PHEV All-electric vehicles run on slow/complicated for municipal
Savings** electricity costs range about electricity only. Electricity costs are
organizations).
3¢–10¢ per mile. 2¢–6¢ per mile.
On gasoline only, fuel costs are For medium- and heavy-duty vehicles,
about 4¢–36¢ per mile. there are additional considerations:
Can fuel at gas stations. Can charge at: • Examining auxiliary loads (e.g.,
Fueling
Flexibility • home heating/cooling, lights, power take-off/
Can charge at:
• public charging stations hydraulics use), and optional auxiliary
• home power units or heating, ventilating, and
• public charging stations • some workplaces
air-conditioning (HVAC) units powered
• some workplaces by diesel or another fuel