1.1.

2 Battery Electric Vehicle, BEV

A BEV uses only an electric engine and a battery which can be charged by plugging it
into a power grid. The charging is simply done by connecting the vehicle and the power
socket on the grid. The most common charging types are type 1 and type 2 which are
discussed in the section on charging types. The difference between a BEV and a PHEV
lies in the fact that the BEV has not got any alternate power source (unlike a PHEV)
like a combustion engine, which implies that when the battery is empty the vehicle
cannot be driven. [2]

1.1.3 Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle, PHEV

Plug in hybrid electric vehicles get power using a combination of an electric engine and
a combustion engine that kicks in when the battery runs out of charge. The difference
between PHEV devices is the potential to recharge the battery by plugging it into the
power grid, were hybrids electric vehicles, HEV, instead charge the electric engine with
the combustion engine. PHEV also have a bigger battery than a HEV usually have. To
reduce the emissions HEV only uses the combustion engine, if possible, when driving
over approximately 50 km/h. PHEV is therefore a more energy and resource efficient
choice than a conventional hybrid vehicle. [2]

1.1.4 Recharging a PHEV battery

The PHEV battery needs to be continuously recharged in order for it to fulfil the
propulsive needs of the vehicle. While the smart grid can essentially supply energy to
the car battery necessary to recharge it, there is a possibility of reverse flow energy i.e.
from the battery to the grid when the electric vehicle is not in use such as during the
night time or early mornings. This gives rise to the possibility of two types of power
interactions when the electric vehicle battery comes in contact with the smart grid as
mentioned below.