New Era University

College of Accountancy
#9 Central Ave., New Era, Quezon City

PE – 4
ASSIGNMENT 1
QUIZ 1
PROJECT 1

Submitted by:
JUBILYN ECO
2-BSA2

HISTORY OF BASKETBALL
The early years
In the early years the number of players on a team varied according to the number in the
class and the size of the playing area. In 1894 teams began to play with five on a side when the
playing area was less than 1,800 square feet (167.2 square metres); the number rose to seven
when the gymnasium measured from 1,800 to 3,600 square feet (334.5 square metres) and up to
nine when the playing area exceeded that. In 1895 the number was occasionally set at five by
mutual consent; the rules stipulated five players two years later, and this number has remained
ever since. Since Naismith and five of his original players were Canadians, it is not surprising
that Canada was the first country outside the United States to play the game. Basketball was
introduced in France in 1893, in England in 1894, in Australia, China, and India soon thereafter,
and in Japan in 1900. While basketball helped swell the membership of YMCAs because of the
availability of their gyms, within five years the game was outlawed by various associations
because gyms that had been occupied by classes of 50 or 60 members were now monopolized by
only 10 to 18 players. The banishment of the game induced many members to terminate their
YMCA membership and to hire halls to play the game, thus paving the way to the
professionalization of the sport.
Originally, players wore one of three styles of uniforms: knee-length football trousers; jersey
tights, as commonly worn by wrestlers; or short padded pants, forerunners of today’s uniforms,
plus knee guards. The courts often were of irregular shape with occasional obstructions such as
pillars, stairways, or offices that interfered with play. In 1903 it was ruled that all boundary lines
must be straight. In 1893 the Narragansett Machinery Co. of Providence, Rhode Island, marketed
a hoop of iron with a hammock style of basket. Originally a ladder, then a pole, and finally a
chain fastened to the bottom of the net was used to retrieve a ball after a goal had been scored.
Nets open at the bottom were adopted in 1912–13. In 1895–96 the points for making a basket
(goal, or field goal) were reduced from three to two, and the points for making a free throw (shot
uncontested from a line in front of the basket after a foul had been committed) were reduced
from three to one. Baskets were frequently attached to balconies, making it easy for spectators
behind a basket to lean over the railings and deflect the ball to favour one side and hinder the
other; in 1895 teams were urged to provide a 4-by-6-foot (1.2-by-1.8-metre) screen for the
purpose of eliminating interference. Soon after, wooden backboards proved more suitable. Glass
backboards were legalized by the professionals in 1908–09 and by colleges in 1909–10. In 1920–
21 the backboards were moved 2 feet (0.6 metre), and in 1939–40 4 feet, in from the end lines to
reduce frequent stepping out-of-bounds. Fan-shaped backboards were made legal in 1940–41.
A soccer ball (football) was used for the first two years. In 1894 the first basketball was
marketed. It was laced, measured close to 32 inches (81 cm), or about 4 inches (10 cm) larger
than the soccer ball, in circumference, and weighed less than 20 ounces (567 grams). By 1948–
49, when the laceless molded ball was made official, the size had been set at 30 inches (76 cm).
The first college to play the game was either Geneva College (Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania) or the
University of Iowa. C.O. Bemis heard about the new sport at Springfield and tried it out with his
students at Geneva in 1892. At Iowa, H.F. Kallenberg, who had attended Springfield in 1890,
wrote Naismith for a copy of the rules and also presented the game to his students. At
Springfield, Kallenberg met Amos Alonzo Stagg, who became athletic director at the new
University of Chicago in 1892. The first college basketball game with five on a side was played
between the University of Chicago and the University of Iowa in Iowa City on January 18, 1896.
The University of Chicago won, 15–12, with neither team using a substitute. Kallenberg refereed
that game—a common practice in that era—and some of the spectators took exception to some
of his decisions.
The colleges formed their own rules committee in 1905, and by 1913 there were at least five sets
of rules: collegiate, YMCA–Amateur Athletic Union, those used by state militia groups, and two
varieties of professional rules. Teams often agreed to play under a different set for each half of a
game. To establish some measure of uniformity, the colleges, Amateur Athletic Union, and
YMCA formed the Joint Rules Committee in 1915. This group was renamed the National
Basketball Committee (NBC) of the United States and Canada in 1936 and until 1979 served as
the game’s sole amateur rule-making body. In that year, however, the colleges broke away to
form their own rules committee, and during the same year the National Federation of State High
School Associations likewise assumed the task of establishing separate playing rules for the high
schools. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Rules Committee for men is a
12-member board representing all three NCAA divisions. It has six members from Division I
schools and three each from Divisions II and III. It has jurisdiction over colleges, junior colleges,
the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), and Armed Forces basketball.
There is a similar body for women’s play..
U.S. professional basketball
The professional game first prospered largely in the Middle Atlantic and New England
states. Trenton (New Jersey) and the New York Wanderers were the first great professional
clubs, followed by the Buffalo (New York) Germans, who started out in 1895 as 14-year-old
members of the Buffalo YMCA and, with occasional new members, continued for 44 years,
winning 792 out of 878 games.
A group of basketball stylists who never received the acclaim they deserved (because in their
heyday they played for various towns) consisted of Edward and Lew Wachter, Jimmy
Williamson, Jack Inglis, and Bill Hardman. They introduced the bounce pass and long pass as
offensive weapons and championed the rule (adopted 1923–24) that made each player, when
fouled, shoot his own free throw.
Before World War II the most widely heralded professional team was the Original Celtics, which
started out in 1915 as a group of youngsters from New York City, kept adding better players in
the early 1920s, and became so invincible that the team disbanded in 1928, only to regroup in the
early 1930s as the New York Celtics. They finally retired in 1936. The Celtics played every night
of the week, twice on Sundays, and largely on the road. During the 1922–23 season they won
204 of 215 games. Another formidable aggregation was the New York Renaissance (the Rens),
organized by Robert Douglas in 1923 and regarded as the strongest all-black team of all time.
During the 1925–26 campaign they split a six-game series with the Original Celtics. During the
1932–33 season the Rens won 88 consecutive games. In 1939 they defeated the Harlem
Globetrotters and the Oshkosh All Stars in the world championship pro tournament in Chicago.
Among the great professional clubs were the teams of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, and East
Liverpool, Ohio, as well as the New York Nationals, the Paterson (New Jersey) Crescents, and
the South Philadelphia Hebrew All Stars—better known as the Sphas. The first professional
league was the National Basketball League (NBL), formed in 1898. Its game differed from the
college game in that a chicken-wire cage typically surrounded the court, separating players from
often hostile fans. (Basketball players were long referred to as cagers.) The chicken wire was
soon replaced with a rope netting, off which the players bounced like prizefighters in a boxing
ring. The cage also kept the ball from going out-of-bounds, thus quickening the pace of play. In
these early days players were also permitted to resume dribbling after halting. Despite the lively
action of the game, the NBL and other early leagues were short-lived, mostly because of the
frequent movement of players, who sold their services on a per-game basis. With players
performing for several cities or clubs within the same season, the leagues suffered games of
unreliable quality and many financially unstable franchises. The Great Depression of the 1930s
hurt professional basketball, and a new NBL was organized in 1937 in and around the upper
Midwest. Professional basketball assumed major league status with the organization of the new
Basketball Association of America (BAA) in 1946 under the guidance of Walter A. Brown,
president of the Boston Garden. Brown contended that professional basketball would succeed
only if there were sufficient financial support to nurse the league over the early lean years, if the
game emphasized skill instead of brawling, and if all players were restricted to contracts with a
reserve rule protecting each team from raiding by another club. Following a costly two-year
feud, the BAA and the NBL merged in 1949 to form the National Basketball Association (NBA).
To help equalize the strength of the teams, the NBA established an annual college draft
permitting each club to select a college senior in inverse order to the final standings in the
previous year’s competition, thus enabling the lower-standing clubs to select the more talented
collegians. In addition, the game was altered through three radical rule changes in the 1954–55
season:
A team must shoot for a basket within 24 seconds after acquiring possession of the ball.
A bonus free throw is awarded to a player anytime the opposing team commits more than six
(later five, now four) personal fouls in a quarter or more than two personal fouls in an overtime
period.
Two free throws are granted for any backcourt foul. After a struggle to survive, including some
large financial losses and several short-lived franchises, the NBA took its place as the major
professional basketball league in the United States. A rival 11-team American Basketball
Association (ABA), with George Mikan as commissioner, was launched in the 1967–68 season,
and a bitter feud developed with the NBA for the top collegiate talent each season. In 1976 the
ABA disbanded, and four of its teams were taken into the NBA.
The NBA grew increasingly popular through the 1980s. Attendance records were broken in that
decade by most of the franchises, a growth pattern stimulated at least in part by the increased
coverage by cable television. The NBA has a total of 30 teams organized into Eastern and
Western conferences and further divided into six divisions. In the Eastern Conference the
Atlantic Division comprises the Boston Celtics, the Brooklyn Nets, the New York Knicks, the
Philadelphia 76ers, and the Toronto Raptors; the Central Division is made up of the Chicago
Bulls, the Cleveland Cavaliers, the Detroit Pistons, the Indiana Pacers, and the Milwaukee
Bucks; the Southeast Division comprises the Atlanta Hawks, the Charlotte Hornets, the Miami
Heat, the Orlando Magic, and the Washington Wizards. In the Western Conference the
Southwest Division comprises the Texas-based Dallas Mavericks, Houston Rockets, and San
Antonio Spurs, the Memphis Grizzlies, and the New Orleans Pelicans; the Northwest Division is
made up of the Denver Nuggets, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Oklahoma City Thunder, the
Portland Trail Blazers, and the Utah Jazz; the Pacific Division comprises the Phoenix Suns and
the California-based Golden State Warriors, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Lakers, and
Sacramento Kings. The play-offs follow the traditional 82-game schedule, involving 16 teams
and beginning in late April. Played as a best-of-seven series, the final pairings stretch into late
June.
Although basketball is traditionally a winter game, the NBA still fills its arenas and attracts a
national television audience in late spring and early summer. As the popularity of the league
grew, player salaries rose to an annual average of more than $5 million by mid-2000s, and some
superstars earned more than $20 million yearly. The NBA has a salary cap that limits (at least
theoretically, as loopholes allow many teams to exceed the cap) the total amount a team can
spend on salaries in any given season.
In 2001 the NBA launched the National Basketball Development League (NBDL). The league
served as a kind of “farm system” for the NBA. Through its first 50 years the NBA did not have
an official system of player development or a true minor league system for bringing up young
and inexperienced players such as exists in major league baseball. College basketball has been
the area from which the NBA did the vast majority of its recruiting. By 2000 this had begun to
change somewhat, as players began to be drafted straight out of high school with increasing
frequency. In 2005 the NBA instituted a rule stipulating that domestic players must be at least
age 19 and have been out of high school for one year to be eligible for the draft, which in effect
required players to spend at least one year in college or on an international professional team
before coming to the NBA.
International competition
The success of international basketball was greatly advanced by Forrest C. (“Phog”)
Allen, a Naismith disciple and a former coach at the University of Kansas, who led the
movement for the inclusion of basketball in the Olympic Games in 1936 and thereafter.
Basketball has also been played in the Pan-American Games since their inauguration in 1951.
The international game is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur
(FIBA). World championships began in 1950 for men and in 1953 for women. (The men’s
tournament was renamed the FIBA Basketball World Cup in 2014.) Under international rules the
court differs in that there is no frontcourt or backcourt, and the free throw lanes form a modified
wedge shape. There are some differences in rules, including those governing substitutions,
technical and personal fouls, free throws, intermissions, and time-outs. Outside the United States
there are few places that strictly separate amateur from professional athletes.
 Basketball has caught on particularly well in Italy. The Italian professional basketball
league (Lega Basket) is highly regarded and popular in that country. Spain also has several
basketball leagues, the main one being the ACB (Asociación de Clubes de Baloncesto). The
other major centre of European basketball is eastern Europe, particularly the Balkans. Although
the European leagues are not formally aligned with the American NBA, there are links between
European and American basketball. It is not uncommon for European players to be drafted by the
NBA, nor is it uncommon for American players to play in Europe. American players in the
European leagues tend to be older players who have finished successful NBA careers in the
United States or younger players who have not yet been drafted into the NBA.

U.S. women’s basketball

Clara Baer, who introduced basketball at the H. Sophie Newcomb College for Women in
New Orleans, influenced the women’s style of play with her set of women’s rules, published in
1895. On receiving a diagram of the court from Naismith, Baer mistook dotted lines, indicating
the areas in which players might best execute team play, to be restraining lines, with the result
that the forwards, centres, and guards were confined to specified areas. This seemed appropriate
because many felt that the men’s game was too strenuous for women.
Women’s rules over the years frequently have been modified. Until 1971 there were six players
on a team, and the court was so divided that the three forwards played in the frontcourt and did
all the scoring while the three guards covered the backcourt. Senda Berenson staged the first
women’s college basketball game in 1893 when her freshman and sophomore Smith College
women played against one another. In April 1895 the women of the University of California
(Berkeley) played Stanford University. Despite a multitude of hindrances (such as being thought
unladylike), women’s basketball gradually secured a foothold. In 1971, when women’s rules
were changed to reduce the number on a team from six players to five and women were freed
from the limits imposed by the half-court game, the level of individual skills and competition
quickly rose.
In the early 1980s control of the women’s college game was shifted from the Association for
Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) to the NCAA, a move that not only streamlined the
operation and made it more efficient but also added to the visibility of women’s basketball. The
women’s NCAA championship tournament runs concurrently with the men’s, and many of the
games are nationally televised. Women’s basketball became an Olympic sport in 1976.
Individual women stars have been heavily recruited by colleges, but the players frequently found
that there was no opportunity for them to play beyond the college level. Leagues were
occasionally formed, such as the Women’s Professional Basketball League (WPBL); begun in
1978, the WPBL lasted only three years. Eventually filling the void was the Women’s National
Basketball Association (WNBA). Aligned with the powerful NBA, the WNBA held its inaugural
season in 1997 with eight teams. By 2006 the WNBA had grown to 14 teams, though following
the season the Charlotte Sting disbanded, and in 2008 the WNBA’s inaugural champion, the
Houston Comets, also folded. The Sacramento Monarchs disbanded in 2009. The Eastern
Conference consists of the Atlanta Dream, Chicago Sky, Connecticut Sun (in Uncasville),
Indiana Fever (in Indianapolis), New York Liberty (in New York City), and Washington (D.C.)
Mystics. The Western Conference comprises the Los Angeles Sparks, Minnesota Lynx (in
Minneapolis), Phoenix Mercury, San Antonio Silver Stars, Seattle Storm, and Tulsa (Oklahoma)
Shock. Women’s professional basketball is played during the summer months.
Basketball in the Philippines
Girls were the first to play the game in 1905 - a feat that should establish the Philippines
as pioneer in women's basketball with the Americans as the sport teachers and it was not until
five (5) years later when boys competed in their fist basketball tournament.
Records show that girl's basketball was included as a minor sport officials of the Young Men's
Christian Association (YMCA) and then Bureau of Education when the Bicol Athletic
Association was organized in 1905.
The 1911 Carnival Athletic Meet in Manila, which became the forerunner of the new different
Interscholastics, produced the first official tournament for girls and Tondo Intermediate School
topped the five-team field.
Provincial teams joined the series the following year and Pampanga captured the crown, but
Tondo came back to wrest the title in 1913. Anti-Feminists among the division superintendents
of schools then dropped the event from inter-provincial meets in 1914 and the Manila Carnival
scratched it from its athletic fare.
The biennial Far Eastern Games, a triangular affair launched in 1913 in Manila through the
efforts of the Manila YMCA in cooperation with similar YMCA outfits in China and Japan,
served as the initial showcase of the Filipino's distinguished talents in basketball.
The basketball series in the Far Eastern Games was a monopoly of Filipinos, whom won nine (9)
out of the ten (10) championships in the sportsfest that was held until 1934. The only time the
Filipinos missed the title was in 1921, in the fifth edition of the games in shanghai, when the
Chinese subdued the RP Five 30-27.
Organized basketball tournaments started in 1910. Games were held mostly outdoors at the
Nozaleda Park. For indoor action, however, the Manila YMCA and the Armory in Intramuros
were the popular venues. To fill the need for more sports facilities, the Philippine Amateur
Athletic Federation, in 1934, made the Rizal Memorial Coliseum, which became the regular
home of the national tournaments after hosting the last basketball competition of the Far Eastern
Games. The Manila YMCA quintet became the first national champions when it topped the 1910
tournament that included a team from Mckinley and the Columbia Club. The event was called
the Senior National Basketball Championship but because of the composition of line-ups, the
champion squad was referred to as the American-European division winner. A separate Filipino
division was introduced in 1916 and 1924 with the locals now enjoying equal rating with the
Americans and the European, the two divisions were merged to give to the National Open
Championships. The YMCA cagers held the American-European title for seven (7) years until
the US Army squad grabbed the crown in 1917. YMCA ascended to the throne anew in 1918,
and stayed there for still another year before 15th Infantry Team bagged the title in 1920. A crew
from the fighting ''US Huron'' took over the next season. The Columbia Club finally made it in
the 1922 and the Asiatic Fleet Officers in 1923.
The Internal Revenue squad claimed the First Philippine Senior title disputed in 1916. University
of the Philippines won it the next year but the Revenue side wrested the crown in 1918 and held
on to it for more years. Reach, the strongest among the teams, became the champion in 1921, the
Spartans graced the winner circle in 1922 and the city YMCA won in 1923.
Manila Sporting goods, dramatizing the tremendous improvement of the Filipinos in the sport,
scored back-to-back victories in the first two staging of the National Open. Gifted with a long list
of talents, UP reigned supreme from 1926 to 1929. The Manila Interscholastic Association
stashed away the title in 1930, the NCAA's break through in 1931 and the Meralco Athletic Club
made it in 1932. The PBA is the first professional basketball league in Asia and the second oldest
in the world after the NBA. The league's regulations are a hybrid of rules from FIBA and the
NBA. The league was inaugurated on April 9, 1975. The PABL was established to fill the void
created after the collapse of the MICAA in 1981.
 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES
The standard American basketball court is in the shape
of a rectangle 50 feet (15.2 metres) by 94 feet (28.7
metres); high school courts may be slightly smaller. There
are various markings on the court, including a centre
circle, free throw lanes, and a three-point line, that help
regulate play. A goal, or basket, 18 inches (46 cm) in
diameter is suspended from a backboard at each end of the
court. The metal rim of the basket is 10 feet (3 metres)
above the floor. In the professional game the backboard is
a rectangle, 6 feet (1.8 metres) wide and 3.5 feet (1.1
metres) high, made of a transparent material, usually glass;
it may be 4 feet (1.2 metres) high in college. The
international court varies somewhat in size and markings. The spherical inflated ball
measures 29.5 to 30 inches (74.9 to 76 cm) in circumference and weighs 20 to 22 ounces
(567 to 624 grams). Its covering is leather or composition.
 BASIC RULES
The 13 Rules of Basketball

1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both

hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both
hands, but never with the fist.
3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it
from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed.
4. The ball must be held by the hands. The arms or body must
not be used for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any
way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the
second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to injure
the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.
6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violations of Rules
3 and 4 and such as described in Rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a
goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a
foul).
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from
the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do no touch or
disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall
count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the
field and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it
straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go
to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.
10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the
fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have
power to disqualify men according to Rule 5.
11. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when
the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide
when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are
usually performed by a referee.
12. The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five
minutes rest between.
13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared
the winner.

Basic Rules of FIBA

 Teams/number of players.Two teams of maximum 12 players, with a maximum of five
players of each team on the court at any time. Teams may make as many substitutions as they
like.
 The objective of the game is to put the ball in the opposing team’s basket. The team with the
most points at the end of the game wins.
 Duration
The game consists of four periods of 10 minutes. If the scores are tied, overtime periods of
five minutes will be played until one team has more points than the other (at the end of the 5-
minute period)
 Scoring
A basket scored from near the basket (inside the three-point arc) is worth two points. A basket
scored from far (beyond the three-point arc) is worth three points. A basket scored from the
free-throw line is worth one point.
 Moving the ball
The ball may either be passed from one player to another, or dribbled by a player from one
point to another (bounced while walking or running). Before passing or shooting the ball, a
player may take two steps (without dribbling). Once a player has stopped dribbling, he may
not start to dribble again. Once the team in possession of the ball has passed the half-court
line, it may not cross back over the line with the ball.

 Shot clock
When a team gains possession of the ball, they have a maximum of 24 seconds to attempt a
shot. Additionally, offensive players may not remain within the restricted area (key) for more
than three consecutive seconds.

 Fouls
A personal foul occurs when there is illegal contact between two opponents. A player who
makes more than five personal fouls is excluded from the game. A foul made on a player
attempting a shot results in the awarding of the same number of free-throws as those of the
shot taken (two from inside the arc, three from outside). If a player is fouled but makes the
attempted shot, the shot counts and an additional free-throw will be awarded. Once a team has
made four fouls in a period, each additional foul (on a player not attempting a shot) will result
in the automatic awarding of two free-throws.

OFFICIALS AND OFFICIATING

Basketball rules – Officials & Their Duties
 THE OFFICIATING STAFF. The makeup of the officiating corps is strictly a
matter of choice. The minimum number is five: a referee, an umpire, a scorer, a timer and
a shot-clock operator. In some cases, eight officials are used in a lineup comprising a
referee, two umpires, a shot-clock operator, two scorers and two timers. Years ago, when
there was a center jump after each field goal or free throw; two officials did it all-the
referee on the court and one combined scorer-timer on the sidelines.

 REFEREE IS OFFICIAL IN CHARGE. Although the duties of the officials may

not concern spectators or players, you should know that the referee controls the game.
The referee is the official who tosses the ball up for the center jump at the start of the
game and each overtime period. The referee’s assigned chores range from inspecting and
approving all equipment before the game’s starting time to approving the final score. In
between, the referee is responsible for the notification of each team three minutes before
 each half is to begin and deciding matters of disagreement among the officials. The
referee has the power to make decisions on any points not specifically covered in the
rules and even to forfeit the game if necessary.

 OFFICIALS CONDUCT GAME. During actual play, there is no practical

difference between the referee and umpire(s). They are equally responsible for the
conduct of the game; and, because of the speed of play, their duties are dictated
essentially by their respective positions on the court from moment to moment. For this
reason, the rules specify that no official has the authority to question decisions made by
another official. The officials’ control, which begins 30 minutes before starting time for
men and 15 minutes for women and concludes with the referee’s approval of the final
score, includes the power to eject from the court any player, coach or team follower who
is guilty of flagrant unsporting conduct. When the referee leaves the confines of the
playing area at the end of the game, the score is final and may not be changed. As we
pointed out earlier, jump balls occur only at the start of the game and all overtimes; but
officials still must concentrate upon throwing the ball up straight. At other times, play
will be resumed with a throw-in. The team not obtaining the ball after the first center
jump will begin the alternating process.
 OFFICIALS’ SIGNALS. When a foul occurs, the official is required by the rules to (a) signal
the timer to stop the clock, (b) designate the offender to the scorer and © use his or her
fingers to indicate the number of free throws. When a team is entitled to a throw-in, an
official must (a) signal what caused the ball to become dead, (b) indicate the throw-in spot
(except after a goal) and © designate the team entitled to the throw-in.

 DUTIES OF SCORERS AND TIMERS. Scorers must (a) record, in numerical order, names
and numbers of all players, (b) record field goals made and free throws made and missed,
keep a running summary of points scored, (d) record fouls called on each player and notify
officials when a player-disqualification or bonus-free-throw situation arises, (e) record
timeouts and report when a team’ s allotted number has been used, and (f) record when a
squad member has been ejected for fighting. It is the game-clock and shot-clock operators’
responsibility to keep everyone abreast of key factors while carrying out the timing
regulations.

FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS
 Dribbling
Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. This skill will allow you to move up and
down the court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays. Proper dribbling requires ball-
handling skills and knowledge of how to spread your fingers for ball control. It is also best if you
know how to dribble equally well with both hands.
 Shooting
In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This requires the
ability to properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the basket while avoiding
defenders. A proper shot requires precise aiming, arm extension and lift from the legs. There are
different types of shots you need to learn, including jump shots, layups and free throws.
 Running
Running is a big part of basketball. In a full-court game, you will find yourself running back and
forth as the game quickly transitions between offense and defense. When you have the ball,
running will help you to avoid defenders and get to the basket quicker. On defense, you often
will find yourself needing to run after the opponent, especially during fast breaks.

 Passing
Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a complete basketball player.
Basketball is a team sport that involves finding a teammate who is open for a shot. The ability to
pass the ball to this player can make the difference between scoring and not scoring. Really great
passers are an important part of a basketball team and usually the ones who set up scoring plays.
 Jumping
Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball player is. Jumping is involved in
offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking shots and sometimes while trying to
catch a pass. On defensive you will need the ability to jump when trying to block a shot or a
pass. Being able to out jump your opponent for a rebound also is important.

Sources
https://www.britannica.com/sports/basketball
http://basketball-blitz.blogspot.com/2016/02/brief-history-in-philippines
https://www.sportsrec.com/8338211/what-do-coaches-look-for-in-varsity-soccer-players
https://www.britannica.com/sports/basketball/Play-of-the-game#ref2973
https://www.basketballforcoaches.com/basketball-history
https://www.fiba.basketball/basic-rule
http://www.hoopsvibe.com/basketball-training/79171-basketball-rules-officials-their-dutie