Sociology of Crimes

Ethics
Instruction 1: Make a journal and write the
important terminologies under Sociology of Crimes
Ethics subjects.
● Introduction to Criminology
● Human Behavior and Crisis Management
● Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Causation
Important Terminologies:

Introduction To Criminology - Definition Of Terms

Alienist – This term is applied to a specialist in the study of mental disorders.

Anthropology – Science devoted to the study of mankind and its development in relation to its physical,
mental,
and cultural history.

Auto-phobia – (monophobia) A morbid fear of one's self or of being alone.

Behavior Systems In Crime – Progress in the explanation of disease is being made personally by the studies
of specific diseases. Similarly it is desirable to concentrate research work in criminology on specific crimes
and on specific sociological units within the broad area of crime and within the legal definition of specific
types of crime such as kidnapping and robbery.

Biometry – A measuring or calculating of the probable duration of human life; The attempt to correlate the
frequency of crime between parents and children of brothers or sisters.

Bio-social Behavior – A persons biological heritage plus his environment and social heritage influence his
social activity. It is through the reciprocal actions of his biological and social heritages that a persons
personality is developed.

Broken Home – The modification of home conditions by death, divorce or desertion has generally been
believed to be an important reason for delinquency of the children.

Cesare Beccaria – In his book “An Essay Of Crimes And Punishment” London 1767, advocated and
applied the doctrine of penology that is to make punishment less arbitrary and severe than it had been; That
all persons who violated a specific law should receive identical punishment regardless of age, sanity,
wealth, position or circumstances.

Cesare Lombroso – A medical doctor who made extensive research in physical characteristics of criminals,
political crimes and revolutions and relationships between the criminal and anthropology.

Charles Goring – An English statistician who studies the case histories of 2000 convicts. He found that
heredity is more influential as a determiner of criminal behavior than environment.

Colajani – A criminologist, describes the direct and indirect deficiency of the means to satisfy the numerous
necessities of man is sufficient stimulus for him to adopt honest or criminal methods in the struggle that
ensues. “To this man delinquency is strongly influenced by socio economic”.

Competitive Development Of Techniques Of Crime And Of The Protection Against Crime – Both sides
may appropriate the inventions of modern science so far as they are useful to them. When the police
develop an invention for the detection or identification of criminals, the criminals utilize a device to protect
themselves.

Cretinism – A disease associated with pre-natal thyroid deficiency and subsequent thyroid inactivity,
marked by physical deformities, arrested development, goiter and various forms of mental retardation
including imbecility.

Crime Index – Any record of crimes such as crimes known to the police, arrest, conviction or commitments
to prisons.

Crime Statistics – A reported instance of a crime recorded in a systematic classification.

Criminality In The Home – One of the most obvious elements in the delinquency of some children is the
criminalistic behavior of other members of the child's family.

Criminal Psycho-dynamics – The study of mental processes of criminals in action, the study of the genesis,
development and motivation of human behavior that conflicts with accepted norms and standards of
society; This study concentrates on the study of individuals as opposed to general studies of mass
populations with respect to their general criminal behavior.

Criminogenic Process – The process which explain human behavior, the experiences which help determine
the nature or a persons as a reacting mechanism, the factors or experiences in connection thereto impinge
differentially upon different personalities producing conflict which is the aspect of crime.

Criminology – Scientific study and investigation of crime and criminals as well as the identification of
criminals and detection of crime.

Cultural Conflict – A clash between societies because of contrary beliefs or substantial variance in their
respective customs, language, institutions, habits, learning traditions, etc.
Decriminalization – To remove or reduce in status the criminal classification through legislation of certain
criminal laws.

Delusion – In medical jurisprudence, a false belief about the self caused by morbidity, present in paranoia
and dementia praecox.

Dementia praecox – A collective term for mental disorders that begin at or shortly after puberty and usually
lead to general failure of the mental faculties with the corresponding physiological impairment.

Dr. Cesare Lombroso – Advocated the positivist theory that crime is essentially a social phenomenon and it
can not be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment.

Economic Approach – The unjust utilization of economic resources sometimes create resentment among
individual which often lead them to frustration and develop a feeling of hatred and provocative criminal
conduct will result.

Edwin H. Sutherland – An American authority in criminology who in his book Principles of Criminology
considers criminology at present as not a science but it has hope of becoming a science.

England During The Last Half Of 19th Century – Place and period where and when the classical school of
criminology and of criminal law developed based on hedonistic psychology.

Episodic Criminal – A non criminal person who commits a crime when under extreme emotional distress; A
person who breaks down and commits a crime as a single incident during regular course of natural and
normal events.

Erotomania – A morbid propensity to love or make love. Uncontrollable sexual desire or excessive sexual
cravings by member of either sex.

Euthanasia – It signifies the release from life given a sufferer from an incurable and painful disease.

Extrovert – As opposed to introvert (a person highly adapted to living in and deriving satisfaction from
external world) he is interested in people and things than ideas, values, and theories. He likes people being
around them and being liked by them.

Family – It is the first agency to affect the direction which a particular child will take and that no child is so
constituted at birth that it must inevitably become a delinquent or that it must inevitably be law abiding.

Fashions In Crime – Certain types of crimes have disappeared almost entirely thus the general situation
may change and cause the disappearance of crime.

Ferri – A sociologists who theorized that it is the impulse of opportunities more than innate tendency that
determine the crime.

Gang – Means of disseminating techniques of delinquencies of training in delinquency, of protecting its

members engage in delinquency and of maintaining continuity in delinquency.

George L. Wilker – A criminologist who in his book “The Scientific Adequacy Of Criminological Concept”
argued that criminology can not possibly become a science. Accordingly, general proposition of universal
validity are the essence of science, such proposition can be made only regarding stable and homogeneous
unit but varies from one time to another, therefore, universal proposition can not be made regarding crime
and scientific studies of criminal behavior are impossible.

Government – It is an organized authority that can influence social control through its branches,
particularly in the making of laws.

Hallucination – An apparent perception without any corresponding external object, especially in psychiatry,
any of the numerous sensations, auditory, visual or tactile experienced without external stimulus and cause
by mental derangement , intoxication or fever hence, maybe a sign of approaching insanity.

Heredity – It may be a transmission of physical characteristics, mental traits, tendency to disease etc. from
parents to offspring. In genetics, the tendency manifested by an organism to develop in the likeness of a
progenitor due to the transmission of genes in the reproductive process.

Heredity and Environment – Have been believe to share about equally in determining disposition that is
whether a person is cheerful or gloomy, his temperament and his nervous stability.

H. H. Godard – Advocated the theory that feeble-mindedness inherited as Mendelian unit cause crime for
the reason that feeble minded person is unable to appreciate the consequences of his behavior or appreciate
the meaning of the law.

Home – Considered as the cradle of human personality for in it the child forms the fundamental attitudes
and habits that endure through out his life.
Home Discipline – it is considered as 4 times as important as poverty in the home in relation to
delinquency; that it fails most frequently because of indifference and neglect.
Inspector to Superintendent – Appointed by the chief of the PNP as recommended by their immediate
superiors and attested by the civil service commission.

Introvert – An individual with strongly self centered patterns of emotion, fantasy and thought.

John Gaspar Lobater – A Swiss theologian, regarded the lack of beard in man, the swirly eye or angry eye
and weak chin serve as clues to unfavorable personality or characteristic traits of an individual.
                                  - phrenology or any of the protuberances of the skull as interpreted with reference to
ones mental faculties (pseudonym science) as popularized by Hanz Joseph Gall.

Jonathan Edwards family – One family tree that contradicted the theory that criminality is inherited. A
famous preacher in the colonial period, none of his descendants were found to be criminals.

Jukes Family – Family trees have been used extensively by certain scholars in the effort to prove that
criminality is inherited.

Kleptomania – An uncontrollable morbid propensity to steal.

Legomacy – A statemetn that we would have no crime if we had no criminal laws and that we could
eliminate all crime merely by abolishing all criminal law.

Mania Fanatica – A morbid of insanity characterized by a deep and morbid sense of religious feeling.

Masochism – A condition of sexual perversion in which a person derives pleasure from being dominated or
cruelly treated.

Maturation – A process which appears in the life history of persisting criminals. This process describes the
development of criminality with reference first to the general attitudes toward criminality and second to the
techniques used in criminal behavior.

Mc Naghten Rule – Insanity is used to describe legally harmful behavior perpetrated under circumstances
in which the actor did not know the nature or quality of his act or did not know right from wrong. This
explanation was formulated in England in 1843.

Megalomania – A mental disorder in which the subject thinks himself great or exalted.

Melancholia – A mental disorder characterized by excessive brooding and depression of spirits; Typical of
manic depressive psychosis accompanied with delusions and hallucinations.

Mobility – The most significant social condition accompanying the industrial and democratic revolutions
because of this a condition of anonymity was created and the agencies by which control had been secured
in almost all earlier societies were greatly weakened.

Napolcom – Shall administer the qualifying entrance exam. For policeman.

Necrophilism – Morbid craving usually of an erotic nature for dead bodies.

Neurosis – Is any kind of the mental functional disorders characterized by anxiety, compulsion, phobia,
depression, dissociation, etc.

Organization Of criminals – This may be developed thru the interaction of criminal, this may be a formal
association with recognized leadership understanding, agreements and division of labor or it may be a
formal similarity and reciprocity of interest and attitudes.

Pedophilia – A sexual desire of an adult for children.

Human Behavior and Crises Management

Crises of malevolence - opponents or miscreants individuals use criminal means or other extreme tactics for
the purpose of expressing hostility or anger toward a company or country with aim of destabilizing or
destroying it. ex. product tampering, kidnapping, terrorism, espionage.

Crises of Organizational Deeds - occurs when management takes actions it knows will harm stakeholders
without adequate precaution.

Crisis Management - is the process by which an organization deals with a major event that threatens to
harm the organization or the general public.

Crisis - is any event that is expected to lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual,
group, community or society.
Risk Management - involves assessing potential threats and finding the best ways to avoid those threats.

Crisis Management - dealing with threats after they have occurred.Crises Management is occasionally
referred as incident management.

Crisis Negotiation - is a technique for law enforcement to communicate with people who are threatening
violence including barricaded subject, hostage taker, stalkers, threats, workplace violence or person
threatening suicide.

Forensic Psychology - forensic discipline that evaluates behavioral patterns and how they relate to crime.

Hostage Negotiation - a negotiation conducted between law enforcement agencies, diplomatic or other
governmental representatives for the release of a person held hostage against their will by criminal, terrorist
or other elements.

Crises Management Plan - crises management methods of a business or organization.

Human Behavior - refers to the range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are influenced by
culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and genetics.

Natural Disaster - considered acts of god - such as environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, floods, landslides, storms, tsunamis and droughts that threaten life, property and the environment
itself.

Technological Crises - are caused by human application of science and technology.

Confrontation Crises - occur when discontented individuals and/or groups, fight business, government and
various interest groups to win acceptance of their demands and expectations.

Juvenile Delinquency

PD 603 - Child and Youth Welfare Code

RA 9262 - Anti Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004.

RA 9344 - Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006

Youthful offender - over 9 years old but under 18 years old at the time of the commission of the offense.

Rational Choice - causes of crime lie within the  individual offender rather than in their external
      environment.

Social Disorganization - absence or breakdown of communal institutions and communal relationships that
traditionally encouraged cooperative relationships among people.

Strain Theory - crime is caused by the difficulty of those in poverty in achieving socially valued goals
      by legitimate means.

Differential Association - young people are motivated to commit crimes by delinquent peers and learn
criminal skills from them.

Labelling Theory - once a person is labeled criminal they are more likely to offend. Once labeled as
deviant, a person may accept that role and more likely to associate with others who have been similarly
labeled.

Social Control Theory - proposes that exploiting the process of socialization and social learning builds self
control and can reduce the inclination to indulge in behavior recognized as anti social.

Direct - punishment is threatened or applied for wrongful behavior and compliance is rewarded by parents,
family and authority figures.

Breed vs. Jones - A US court decision where it held that juveniles can not be tried when acquitted in
juvenile court then tried again in adult criminal court.Double jeopardy applies to juveniles as well as adults.

Juvenile Delinquency - is the participation in illegal behavior by minors who fall under a statutory limit.

Juvenile Delinquent - is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise
would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult.

Age of Majority - is the threshold of adulthood as it is conceptualized,recognized or declared by law.The

vast majority of country including the Philippines set majority age at 18.

Young Adult - a person between the ages of 20 and 40 whereas adolescent is a person between the ages of
13 and 19.