Planning 241

Fundamentals of Community Architecture

1 I Community
Planning and Urban
Design
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
Far Eastern University
2020
 “If you fail to
plan, you are
planning to fail.”
-BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Planning
DEFINITION: Conventional

» Planning is a decision-making process: an activity

that one does now, the results of which are expected
to happen in the future

» Planning is the process of choosing alternatives

among different courses of action to attain a certain
objective

» Planning is problem solving. It is a systematic process

of establishing ends that define direction of future
development and determining means and
procedures to achieve the end

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SOURCE: UP PLANO Presentation: Buted, C. (2017) Environmental Planning: Concepts, Theories and Principles
 Planning
DEFINITION: Academic
» Planning is a deliberate, organized and continuous
process of identifying different elements and aspects
of the environment, determining their present state
and interaction, projecting them in concert throughout
a period in time in the future and formulating and
programming a set of actions or interventions to attain
desired results

» It pays attention to the location, form, intensity, and

effect of human activities on the built and un-built
environments, anticipating change, and managing
such change sustainably
• American – Urban and Regional Planning
• British - Town and Country Planning
• French – Environmental Planning
• United Nations – Human Settlements Planning

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SOURCE: UP PLANO Presentation: Buted, C. (2017) Environmental Planning: Concepts, Theories and Principles
 Planning
DEFINITION: Legal

» Environmental Planning refers to activities connected

with the management and development of land, as
well as the preservation, conservation and
management of the human environment (PD 1308, 2
March 1978)

» Environmental Planning, also known as urban and

regional planning, city planning, town and country
planning, and/or human settlements planning, refers
to the multi-disciplinary art and science of analysing,
specifying, clarifying, harmonizing, managing and
regulating the use and development of land and water
resources, in relation to their environs, for the
development of sustainable communities and
ecosystems (RA 10587, 27 May 2013)

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SOURCE: UP PLANO Presentation: Buted, C. (2017) Environmental Planning: Concepts, Theories and Principles
 Ultimate Goal of Planning
Elements of Planning
» PEOPLE: General Welfare
» To further the welfare of people and their
communities by creating convenient,
equitable, healthful, efficient, attractive,
ecologically sustainable environment
that contributes to the economic
prosperity of the present and future
generations

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SOURCE: Serote, E. (2004) Property, Patrimony and Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines. Quezon City: School of Urban and Regional Planning
 Ultimate Goal of Planning
Elements of Planning
» RESOURCES: Highest and Best Use
» A piece of land is said to be in its highest
and best use when it is used in such a
manner that it provides an optimum
return to its operator or to society. The
criteria for determining the optimum
return varies according to who makes
the final decision.
• Owner/developer: assessed in monetary
terms.
• Other stakeholders: assessed in intangible
social values.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SOURCE: Serote, E. (2004) Property, Patrimony and Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines. Quezon City: School of Urban and Regional Planning
 Ultimate Goal of Planning
Elements of Planning
» LAND/ENVIRONMENT: Carrying
capacity
» This pertains to the intensity of a
particular use in which a land unit can
be put without causing significant
damage to the land resource.
• Exceeded carrying capacity: realize
diminishing returns on investment
• increase in investment the unit of return =
proportionately less than what is normally
expected.
» For development to be sustainable, the highest and best use
of a land unit should not exceed its carrying capacity.

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SOURCE: Serote, E. (2004) Property, Patrimony and Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines. Quezon City: School of Urban and Regional Planning
 Shifts in Modern Planning

Before After
» Product Oriented » Process Oriented
» All-Inclusive » Strategic
» Compartmental due to admin boundaries » Transborder
» Agency Led » Community Based
» Top Down » Bottom Up
» Open Participation » Focused Participation

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SOURCE: UP PLANO Presentation: Buted, C. (2017) Environmental Planning: Concepts, Theories and Principles
 Attributes to the Planning Process

Scientific

Time-Bound
Multi-
Disciplinary
» Scientific – quantifiable and objective
» Multi-Disciplinary – expertise of various
disciplines
Planning » Comprehensive – covers all aspects/sectors of
Process development
Participatory Comprehensive » Dynamic – responsive to changes in time
» Iterative – continuous, cyclical
» Participatory – values engagement of multiple
stakeholders
Iterative Dyamic
» Time-Bound – specified time perspective

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SOURCE: UP PLANO Presentation: Buted, C. (2017) Environmental Planning: Concepts, Theories and Principles
 Community Planning
DEFINITION:

» Concerned with organization of the human communities as basis for good and technical knowledge,
imagination, analytical understanding of the systems nature of cities, and political commitment to social justice
and democracy. (American Planning Association, 2015)

» The goal of community planning is to maximize the health, safety, and economic well-being of all people living
the community. This involves thinking about how the people moves around the community, how to attract and
retain thriving businesses, where people want to live, and creating opportunities for recreation. Community
planning helps create communities of lasting value. (American Planning Association, 2015)

» Planning carried out with the active participation of the end users. Similarly community architecture, community
design and so on. (Wates, 2000)

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SOURCE: Steiner, F. and Butler, K. ; American Planning Association. (2007) Planning and Urban Design Standards Student Edition. I Wates, N. (2000) The Community Planning Handbook. How people can shape their cities, towns and villages in any part of the world.
 Community Planning
Stakeholders:

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SOURCE: Wates, N. (2000) The Community Planning Handbook. How people can shape their cities, towns and villages in any part of the world. United Kingdom
 Community Planning and Architecture

» While architects often focus on a single building, a

planner's job is to work with residents and elected
officials to guide the layout of an entire community or
region.
» Planners take a broad view and look at how the pieces
of a community — buildings, roads, and parks — fit
together like pieces of a puzzle.
» Planners then make recommendations on how the
community should proceed.
» One of the greatest challenges for planners is to
imagine what can and should happen to a
community: how it should grow and change, and what
it should offer residents 10, 15, or even 20 years into
the future. (American Planning Association, 2010)

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SOURCE: Steiner, F. and Butler, K. ; American Planning Association. (2007) Planning and Urban Design Standards Student Edition.
 Community Planning
Urbanization
» Transformation of rural areas into urban areas
characterized by a number of consequences
• Conversion of agricultural land to urban use
• Environmental Degradation
• Negative impact brought by high population density
(traffic, informal settlements, etc)

» Parameters include:
• Urbanization Level (Proportion of Urban Population)
• Tempo of Urbanization
• Population Density

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SOURCE: Presentation: Magnaye (2013) History of Urbanization
 Community Planning
DEFINITION: Urban Area (NSO, 1997)

» All cities and municipalities with population density of at least 1,000 persons per square kilometer
» Poblaciones or central districts of municipalities and cities which have a population density of at least 500 persons
per square kilometer.
» Poblaciones or central districts, regardless of population size, which have the following:
• Street pattern, i.e. network of streets in either parallel or right angle orientation;
• At least 6 establishments (commercial, manufacturing, recreational, and/or personal services); and
• Any 3 of the following: (1) A town hall, church or chapel with religious services at least once a month; (2) a public plaza, park
or cemetery; (3) a market place, or building where trading activities are carried out at least once a week; (4) public building like
a school, hospital, puericulture and health centers or library.
» Barangays, having at least 1,000 inhabitants, which meet the conditions set forth in 3 above, and where the
occupation of inhabitants is predominantly non-agricultural.

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SOURCE: Presentation: Magnaye (2013) History of Urbanization
 Community Planning
DEFINITION: Urban Area (UDHA,1992 )

» All cities regardless of their population density and municipalities with a population density of at least 500 persons
per square kilometer
» Urbanizable land includes sites and lands which considering present characteristics and prevailing conditions,
display marked and great potential of becoming urban areas within the period of five years

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SOURCE: Presentation: Magnaye (2013) History of Urbanization
 Urban Design
DEFINITION
» Urban design is the discipline between planning and
architecture. (APA, 2007)
» three-dimensional physical form from policies
described in a comprehensive plan
» design of the public realm, which is created by both
public spaces and the buildings that define them
» short time horizon and are typically area or project
specific
» Issues to be considered include existing development,
proposed development, utility infrastructure, streets
framework, open space framework, environmental
framework, and sustainable development principles
» Urban designer integrate the work of diverse range of
specialists

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SOURCE: Steiner, F. and Butler, K. ; American Planning Association. (2007) Planning and Urban Design Standards Student Edition.
 Urban Design
Urban Design Plan

Key Elements Urban Design Areas

» Plan » Downtowns
» Design Guideline for Buildings » Waterfronts
» Design of the Public Realm » Campuses
• Open space » Corridors and neighborhoods
• Streets
• Sidewalks » Mixed Use Development
• Plazas between and around the buildings » Special Districts
» “Public interest” issues of buildings:
massing, placement, sun, shadow and
wind issues
Planning 241
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SOURCE: UP PLANO Presentation: Buted, C. (2017) Environmental Planning: Concepts, Theories and Principles
 Planning 241
Fundamentals of Community Architecture

Thank You
Prepared by MAAKBAR
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
Far Eastern University
2020