TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………………………… i
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………... iii
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….… iv
CHAPTER I……………………………………………………………………………… 1
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….. 1
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM…………………………………………………. 3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………... 3
HYPOTHESIS………………………………………………………………………… 4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………... 4
SCOPE AND LIMITATION…………………………………………………………. 5
DEFINITION OF TERMS…………………………………………………………… 6
CHAPTER II…………………………………………………………………………….. 7
CHAPTER III…………………………………………………………………………… 10
MATERIALS AND EQUIPTMENTS..........………………………………………... 10
METHODS………………………….……………………………………………….. 10
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN………………………………………………………… 12
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS………………………………………………………… 13
CHAPTER IV…………………………………………………………………………... 14
CHAPTER V…………………………………………………………………………… 17
SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………. 17
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………… 17
RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………………………... 18
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….. 18
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
TRECE MARTIRES CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Trece Martires City

Phone: (046) 419-2975, E-mail: tmcnhs@gmail.com

Title : Saba banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana) Pseudo Stem Extract:

An Anti-Ulcer for Female Albino Rats
Research study of : Xian Andrei Lee Ayos
Willmar Loddin P. Beceos
Adrian Louis Binauhan
Carmela P. Aquino
Erin Eunice E. Liwag
Melchizedek S. Mojica

Approved:

CLAIRE B. ROSARDA
_________________ _________________ ________________

Research Adviser Signature Date

NIÑA P. ESPINELI
_________________ _________________ ________________

Officer-in-Charge Signature Date

Science Department
Saba banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana) Pseudo Stem Extract: An Anti-Ulcer for

Female Albino Rats

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of

Trece Martires City National High School

Trece Martires City, Cavite

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Subject

Research IV

Carmela P. Aquino
Xian Andrei Lee Ayos
Willmar Loddin P. Beceos
Adrian Louis Binauhan
Erin Eunice E. Liwag
Melchizedek S. Mojica

April 2020
 Acknowledgement

The completion of the study will never be possible without the help of some people. The

researchers would like to extend their appreciation to the following people:

To Ms. Famie C. Apay, Principal IV of Trece Martires City National High School for her

encouragement and support.

To Mrs. Claire P. Rosarda, research adviser and Mr. John Harvie Romeroso, research co-

adviser for their assistance and intellectual contributions up until the completion of the study.

To Mrs. Desiree Del Mundo, licensed veterinarian for her significant role in the

experimentation of the research study.

To the Mojica Farm, a farm owned by the relatives of one of the researchers located in

Banaba Cerca, Indang for giving samples of the plant material with no monetary exchange.

To the parents of the researchers, the adult sponsors, for their never-ending support may

it be morally or financially.

And above all, the researchers would like to praise and worship the Almighty God for the

perpetual guidance, strength, knowledge, wisdom, hope and blessing to the researchers and

affiliates throughout the duration of the study. To God be all the glory.

Carmela P. Aquino
Xian Andrei Lee Ayos
Willmar Loddin P. Beceos
Adrian Louis Binauhan
Erin Eunice E. Liwag
Melchizedek S. Mojica
 ABSTRACT

Musa acuminata x balbisiana well-known as saba banana in the Philippines, is

considered as crop waste, resultingeconomic loss and environmental challenge. Peptic ulcer

disease remains a common condition, although reported incidence and prevalence are decreasing.

The research topic was conceptualized to study about the possibility of Saba banana pseudo stem

extract for curing ulcer in laboratory rodents. The objectives of the study are as follows (1) (1)

Measure the antiulcerogenic effect of the different amount of Saba banana pseudo stem extract

(2) Determine the significant difference of the antiulcerogenic activity between the different

extract concentrations. The rats were fasted before the induction of ulcer by Indomethacin

overdose. After collecting and extracting the plant material, the juice was administered through

gavage feeding method to four ulcer-induced rats for one day. Cervical dislocation method was

used to euthanize the rats. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive analysis and one-way

ANOVA. Gathered data for each treatment according to curative percentage are as follows: T1-

20 mg/kg of omeprazole=5.88%, T2- 15mL/kg extract=17.65%, T3- 20ml extract= 64.71%.

Results indicated that T3-20mL/kg of extract showed the best antiulcerogenic activity based on

the curative percentage.

 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Stomach ulcers happen because of thick mucus blocking the digestive juices so the

digestive acids eat the tissues that line the stomach, causing an ulcer. Stomach ulcers may be

caused by long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stomach ulcers are

easily cured but might worsen without proper treatment. According to PubMed, peptic ulcer

disease remains a common condition, although reported incidence and prevalence are decreasing.

The researchers came up to produce an economical and alternative type of treatment for peptic

ulcer disease fitting the demands of local market by the utilization of Saba banana (Sung, 2003)

This study was conducted with regards to the capacity and potential of Saba banana

pseudo stem as an anti-ulcer because of its possession of B vitamins needed for metabolic

processes and vitamin C proven to help relieve stomach ulcers. The research focused on the

feasibility of Saba Banana pseudo stems on female Albino rats which have more similarities with

humans in terms of digestive system than male Albino rats. This study focused in the curative

efficacy of Saba banana pseudo stem in peptic ulcers for female albino rats.
 The researchers chose the specific part of the banana plant which are the pseudo stems

because these are crop wastes which results to economic loss and environmental challenge.

Pseudo stems have higher ratio of soluble dietary fiber than commercial supplements making it

more beneficial than any other sources of dietary fiber. Intestinal Research shows that a high

fibre diet decreases the risk of developing ulcer disease. Although both insoluble and soluble

fibres demonstrate this association, there is a stronger association between diets high in soluble

fibre and a decreased risk for developing ulcers and reduce treatment time. Saba bananas are

most common and ubiquitous among the different varieties of banana plants in the Philippines.

Being crop wastes, having highly soluble dietary fiber than others in the market and being very

common were enough factors to consider usage and utilization of Saba Banana pseudo stems

extract as natural anti-ulcer (Charlebois,2015).

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the potential of Saba Banana pseudo stem extract as an anti-

ulcer for female Albino rats.

1. What are the antiulcerogenic effect of the different amount of Saba banana pseudo stem

extract based on

a. ulcer index?

b. curative percentage?

2. What will be the significant difference of the antiulcerogenic activity between the

different extract concentrations based on

a. ulcer index?

b. curative percentage?

2. Which treatment is the most effective in terms of curing stomach ulcer?

Objectives of the Study

The study conducted by the researcher’s intended to:

1. Measure the antiulcerogenic effect of the different amount of Saba banana pseudo stem

extract based on

a. ulcer index

b. curative percentage
 2. Determine the significant difference of the antiulcerogenic activity between the different

concentration based on

a. ulcer index

b. curative percentage

2. Determine which treatment is the most effective in terms of curing stomach ulcer.

Hypothesis

1. There is no difference in the results of two treatments in terms of curative percentage.

2. There is no difference in the results of two treatments in terms of ulcer index.

Significance of the study

This study primarily suggests contributing to medical treatments focusing on stomach

ulcer cure out of Saba Banana pseudo stems extract for female albino rats and eventually, If

possible, for humans.

This research will benefit the following:

Medical field– by making this anti-ulcer treatment that will be used in Albino rats and eventually

to humans if possible.

Economic market and people of the community- in providing the treatment at a low-market

value because of the availability of the local raw materials that will be used.

Local producers of raw materials– Banana farmers will not consider the Banana pseudo stem as

crop loss and instead, it will be used in upgrading banana pseudo stem as an anti-ulcer for female

albino rats.

The researchers- If the research proves it, the return of investment would be highly beneficial as

aid for the spent resources in conducting the study.

Students- a wake-up call to make use and utilize things that are frequently neglected.

Scope and Limitation

This investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of Saba banana pseudo stem

extract as anti-ulcer for female albino rats with the parameters curative percentage and ulcer

index. The statistical analysis used were descriptive analysis and one-way ANOVA. The Saba

Banana pseudo stem was yielded and extracted freshly in Banaba Cerca, Indang, Cavite.

This study was conducted in Trece Martires City with the assistance of a licensed

veterinarian within the month of January 2020.

Definition of Terms

Antiulcerogenic
The property of a substance to prevent the developmental of abdominal ulcers, in this case,

among mice.

Curative Percentage

The healing, therapeutic or the desired percentage of saba banana pseudo stem extract in stomach

ulcer.

Gastrointestinal pH level

The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance, in case of this study, the level of acidity or

alkalinity of the digestive tract including small intestine and stomach.

Saba banana pseudo stem

A part of a banana plant often mistaken as its trunk. This study focused on proving Saba Banana

pseudo stem extract as an anti-ulcer.

Ulcer Index

the scoring system used in this study in order to determine the severity of the lesions in the

stomach:

0 = normal gray colored stomach, 0.5 = pink to red coloration of stomach, 1 = spot ulcer, 1.5 =

hemorrhagic streak, 2 = number of ulcers ˂5, 3 = number of ulcers ˃5, and 4 = ulcers with

bleeding.
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The pseudo stem is the part of the banana plant that looks like a trunk. It is formed by the

tightly packed overlapping leaf sheaths. Even though the pseudo stem is very fleshy and consists

mostly of water, it is quite strong and can support a bunch that weighs 50 kg or more. The hybrid

of Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana is named Musa paradisiaca, (Valmayor and Roa, 1999)

Banana pseudo stem has very high content of dietary fiber. It has caught the attention of

food scientists in recent years. It could be used more in food rather in the farming industry.

(Aziz, Ho, Azahari, Bhat, and Cheng, 2011).

Banana pseudo stem has been seen as kind of vegetable in some countries. For example

in India and Malaysia, the fresh tender core of banana pseudo stem is cooked and consumed,

whereas the consumption of Banana pseudo stem in Australia is rare (Ma, 2015). While here in

the Philippines, banana pseudo stems are often treated as crop loss and useless.

Banana pseudo stems contains dietary fiber which is an essential for stomach

metabolism, Vitamin B complex needed in proper functioning of several metabolic processes in

the body and Vitamin C ascorbic acid which is a water-soluble vitamin antioxidant that is

required for normal growth, development repair and maintenance of body tissues. A certain

study discovered the necessity of Vitamin C in preventing ulcer while deficiency or lots of

Vitamin C may lead to Helicobacter pylori.

 In Australia, a study was conducted to find out the potentials and nutritional composition

of Musa paradisiaca or Musa acuminata x balbisiana pseudo stems. In India, a study was

conducted to prove the feasibility of Anti-ulcer Activity of Ethanolic Salvador indica Leaves on

Albino rats. In Nigeria, a study was conducted to present the Anti-ulcer and ulcer healing

potentials of Musa sapientum peel extract in laboratory rodents.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorder that needs an

urgent therapeutic response (Vasudeva, Sethi, Sharm, Kumar, and Sharma, 2012). They are also

defined as sores that often develop in the lining of the stomach, lover esophagus and few

centimeters of duodenum and is caused by the inflammation by Helicobacter pylori as well as

the erosion of stomach acids. Gastric ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer which develop in the

stomach. NSAIDs such as indomethacin may cause ulcers, bleeding, or holes in the stomach or

intestine.

According to the World Health Organization (2011), 1.76% of the total deaths in the

Philippines is due to peptic or gastric ulcer, which ranks the country as number two in the world.

It is also one of the 20 causes of death in the Philippines. In this regard, peptic ulcer must indeed

be given appropriate attention through promising researches on novel medicine for gastric ulcer,

aside from the commercially-available drugs which have adverse effects through prolonged use

(Chaudhary and Shamsuddeen, 2015).

However, in a study conducted to find the anti-ulcer properties of Musa sapientum, the

researchers collected the specimen during dry season, identified and authenticated by the

personnel. The peels underwent on peels extraction for 96 hours using 100% methanol and

filtered by 100% methanol for 24 hours for four times. It was then concentrated by a rotary
evaporator. The extraction yielded 8.4% of a semi-solid residue of methanol extract of Musa

sapientum. (Onasanwo, 2015)

Ulceration can also be done by administration of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs) such as indomethacin, aspirin and ibuprofen. Abuse of these drugs eventually causes

gastric ulcer. This phenomenon was also used to model ulcer in rats. NSAIDs are known to

induce ulcers by inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase in the cyclooxygenase pathway.

Indomethacin is used to relieve pain, swelling, and joint stiffness caused by arthritis, gout, bursitis,

and tendonitis. It is also used to relieve pain from various other conditions. 

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

Materials

100mL Saba banana pseudo stem extract Indomethacin

Omeprazole 10 female albino rats

6 1 ft x 1ft Cheesecloth 1 peeling knife

Magnifying glass ½ kg Rat pellets

dissecting pan Ruler

Equipment

Electric juicer (blender)

Rotary evaporator

Methods

Procurement of Materials
 Saba banana pseudo stems were collected from a farm of one of the researchers in

Indang. Ten female albino rats were bought and weighed immediately from a pet shop in Trece

Martires City, Cavite.

Extraction of Saba Banana pseudo stem

The cleaning of the pseudo stem was also done in Indang to ensure the freshness of the

extract. The first layer of the pseudo stems was peeled off using a peeling knife then it was

washed by flowing water for about 3 minutes to get rid of the unwanted dirt that might affect the

efficacy of the extract. The banana pseudo stem was then cut into small cubes to fit in the electric

juicer. It was juiced for 3 minutes for each 500 grams. The juice was filtered using the cheese

cloth to separate the pulp and the extract making sure every ounce was extracted completing the

banana pseudo stem extract needed.

Preparation of Laboratory Animals

Suggested by the Unique Client Identifier Office of Research, rodents or non-mammalian

vertebrates for non-surgical tests must undergo acclimatization for 48 hours unless it is needed

immediately.

Induction of Gastric ulcer

The rats were fasted for 15 hours before the induction of ulcer.

The rats were ulcerated with Indomethacin according to the method described by

Choudhary et al (2014). Indomethacin was administered at a dose of 30mg/kg body weight

(Sabiu et. al, 2015). The rats were deprived of 18 hours of food.

Administration of Extract
 During the week of the experiment, the extract was administered to the rats every 12

hours for 7 days (2 times a day x 7 days =14 times) and were fed rat pellets by the licensed

veterinarian.

Experimental design

Four treatments were conducted and administered by oral route. The gavage feeding was

done because it was the method of choice of the veterinarian.

T0- the albino rat administered 10mL/kg body weight of distilled water

T1- the albino rat was administered 20 mg/kg of omeprazole every 12 hours

T2- the albino rat was administered at a standard volume of 15mL/kg body weight extract every

12 hours

T3– the albino rat was administered at a standard volume of 20mL/kg body weight extract every

12 hours

Data Gathering

After administration of the extract for seven days, the rats underwent cervical dislocation

as the preferred method of euthanasia by the veterinarian 3 hours after the last administration of

extract. then dissection was performed exposing the stomach. The rats were dissected to expose

their stomachs. The number of ulcerations and severity of ulcers were observed and measured

using the 3x magnifying glass and a ruler.

Ulcer Index
 After dissecting the stomach in a dissecting pan, the greater curvature area will be placed

in a separate paper wherein the gastric lesions was observed and measured. Measurement of

gastric ulceration was done after the dissection.

According to the method by Kulkarni (2003), the ulcer index can be measured or

registered using the following scores involving the number and severity of ulcers:

0.5 = pink to red coloration of stomach,

1 = spot ulcer
1.5 = hemorrhagic streak
2 = number of ulcers ˂5
3 = number of ulcers ˃5
4 = ulcers with bleeding

The ulcer indices were computed using the formula:

Ulcer index (UI)=UN+US=UP x 10

UI = ulcer index,

UN =number of ulcers per animal,

US = severity score, and

UP = percentage of animals with ulcer.

Curative Percentage

The curative percentage was also computed (Vimlesh et. al., 2012).

Control Mean Ulcer Index – Test Mean Ulcer Index

Curative % = x100

Control Mean Ulcer Index

Statistical Analysis
 Statistical significance of differences the treated groups were assessed using descriptive

analysis and one-way analysis of variance.

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Ulcer Index and Curative Percentage

Table 1. Effects of the Saba banana pseudo stem extract on the Ulcer index.

TREATMENT Ulcer Index

T0- 10ml/kg of distilled water 8.5

T1- 20 mg/kg of omeprazole 8

T2- 15ml/kg of extract 7

T3- 20ml/kg of extract 3

It is indicated in Table 1 the Ulcer Index scored by each treatment. T 0 (ml/kg distilled

water) scored 8.5 in ulcer index, T1 (20mg/kg Omeprazole) scored 8 in ulcer index, T2 (15ml/kg

extract) scored 7 in ulcer index and T3 (20ml/kg extract) scored 3 in ulcer index. Based on the

ulcer index, the most severe ulcerations were seen in the distilled water treatment as indicated on

Table 1. The treated group that has the lowest ulcer index value is T3.

Table 2. Effects of the Saba banana pseudo stem extract on the Curative Percentage
 As shown in table 2, T1 (20 mg/kg of omeprazole) has 5.88% curative percentage, T2 (15

ml/kg extract) has 17.65% curative percentage and T 3 (20ml/kg extract) has 64.71% curative

percentage.

Among the 3 treatments, T1, T2 and T3, T3 has the highest curative percentage. Based on

the given results, T3 is the most efficient treatment to cure ulcer in female albino rats.

TREATMENT Curative %

T0- 10ml/kg of distilled water -----

T1- 20 mg/kg of omeprazole 5.88%

T2- 15ml/kg of extract 17.65%

T3- 20ml/kg of extract 64.71%

four groups but this is only fitting because it is the negative control. The treatment that scored

medium for its efficacy is T2.

 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The antiulcerogenic potential of the Saba banana pseudo stem extract to ulcerated female

albino rats was tested and compared to the effect of commercial medicines (Omeprazole) were

the prime objectives of the study. This however, was determined using the parameters, curative

percentage and ulcer index.

The Saba banana pseudo stems were collected and extracted in Indang. Afterwards, the

rats were fasted for 15 hours before it was ulcerated with Indomethacin at a dose of 20mg/kg and

then fasted again for 18 hours before the first administration of extract. After the administration

of extract, the stomach areas of the rats were exposed. Ulcerations were measured using

magnifying glass and ruler.

The highest curative percentage was from T 3- 20 mL/kg, while T1- 20 mg/kg of

Omeprazole showed the lowest curing potential. Ulcer index showed inverse results because in

the tested treatments, T3- 20 mL/kg had the lowest ulcer index while the T 1- 20 mg/kg of

Omeprazole had the highest ulcer index.

Data results and analysis through ulcer index comparison suggested that the variance

among the ulcer indices was significant. The null hypothesis is rejected.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the T3- 20 mL/kg of extract had the highest curative percentage even higher

than the positive control-Omeprazole and the lowest ulcer index proving it has the highest

antiulcerogenic activity compared to the other treatments. The data point out that the Saba
banana pseudo stem extract is indeed a considerable substitute for over-the-counter peptic ulcer

medicines.

Recommendation

The researchers recommend the future researchers to perform phytochemical analysis to

study the components of the Saba banana pseudo stem. Perform histopathological analysis to

investigate the ulcer activity of the rats. Try a different method of ulceration closer to ulcer

activity in humans. Prolong the period of time in the conduction of the study. Use a different way

to extract the juice that will surely be clean. Investigate the shelf-life of the extract. Ensure the

rats are in the same and perfect condition (age, species. Sex, size, weight) before the ulceration.
References

Emilda, Eliza D. (2013 August 28) Bunch management of banana to control blood disease.

Retrieved from https://rd.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13313-013-0248-5.pdf

Gould, Ian M. Antibiotic Policies: Fighting Resistance. Retrieved from

https://epdf.tips/antibiotic-policies-fighting-resistance.html

Sharma, Virender K., Steinberg, Eric N., Vasudeva, Rajeev, Howden, Colin W. (1997 May)

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Retrieved from https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-

5107(97)70011-7.pdf

Journal of Acupuncture Research. Retrieved from https://www.e-jar.org/authors/authors.php

World Health Organization’s ranking of the world’s health system. Retrieved from

https://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html

SciCurve. Retrieved from https://scicurve.com/author/Sung J J Y

Chaudhary, Nivedita (Et al 2013) Chaudhary Academia.edu. Retrieved from

www.academia.edu/3823812/Chaudhary_et_al_2013