Pharmaceutical engineering is a branch of engineering focused on

discovering, formulating, and manufacturing medication, analytical and

quality control processes, and on designing, building, and improving
manufacturing sites that produce drugs. It utilizes the fields of chemical
engineering, biomedical engineering, pharmaceutical sciences, and
industrial engineering.[1]
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ReferencesHistory[edit]
Humans have a long history of using derivatives of natural resources, such
as plants, as medication. However, it was not until the late 19th century
when the technological advancements of chemical companies were
combined with medical research that scientists began to manipulate and
engineer new medications, drug delivery techniques, and methods of mass
production.[2]
Synthesizing new medications[edit]
One of the first prominent examples of an engineered, synthetic medication
was made by Paul Erlich. Erlich had found that Atoxyl, an arsenic-
containing compound which is harmful to humans, was very effective at
killing Treponema pallidum, the bacteria which causes Syphilis. He
hypothesized that if the structure of Atoxyl was altered, a “magic bullet”
could potentially be identified which would kill the parasitic bacteria without
having any adverse effects on human health.[3] He developed many
compounds stemming from the chemical structure of Atoxyl and eventually
identified one compound which was the most effective against Syphilis
while being the least harmful to humans, which became known as
Salvarsan. Salvarsan was widely used to treat Syphilis within years of its
discovery.[4]
Beginning of mass production[edit]
 Equipment for deep-fermentation of penicillin
In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered a mold named Penicillium
chrysogenum which prevented many types of bacteria from growing.
Scientists identified the potential of this mold to provide treatment in
humans against bacteria which cause infections. During World War II, the
United Kingdom and the United States worked together to find a method of
mass producing Penicillin,[5] a derivative of the Penicillium mold, which had
the potential to save many lives during the war since it could treat infections
common in injured soldiers. Although Penicillin could be isolated from the
mold in a laboratory setting, there was no known way to obtain the amount
of medication needed to treat the quantity of people who needed it.
Scientists with major chemical companies such as Pfizer were able to
develop a deep-fermentation process which could produce a high yield of
penicillin. In 1944, Pfizer opened the first penicillin factory, and its products
were exported to aid the war efforts overseas.[6]
Controlled drug release[edit]
Tablets for oral consumption of medication have been utilized since
approximately 1500 B.C.,[7] however for a long time the only method of
drug release was immediate release, meaning all of the medication is
released in the body at once.[8] In the 1950s, sustained release technology
was developed. Through mechanisms such as osmosis and diffusion, pills
were designed that could release the medication over a 12-hour to 24-hour
period. Smith, Kline & French developed one of the first major successful
sustained release technologies. Their formulation consisted of a collection
of small tablets taken at the same time, with varying amounts of wax
coating that allowed some tablets to dissolve in the body faster than others.
[9]
The result was a continuous release of the drug as it travelled through
the intestinal tract. Although modern day research focuses on extending
the controlled release timescale to the order of months, once-a-day and
twice-a-day pills are still the most widely utilized controlled drug release
method.[8]
Formation of the ISPE[edit]
In 1980, the International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering was
formed to support and guide professionals in the pharmaceutical industry
through all parts of the process of bringing new medications to the market.
The ISPE writes standards and guidelines for individuals and companies to
use and to model their practices after. The ISPE also hosts training
sessions and conferences for professionals to attend, learn, and
collaborate with others in the field.[10]
See also[edit]
• Drug discovery
• Drug development
• Modified-release dosage
• Pharmaceutical manufacturing
• Pharmaceutical industry
References[edit]
1 ^ Reklaitis, G.V.; Khinast, J.; Muzzio, F. (November 2010). "Pharmaceutical
engineering science—New approaches to pharmaceutical development and
manufacturing". Chemical Engineering Science. 65 (21): iv–vii. doi:10.1016/
j.ces.2010.08.041.
2 ^ "Top Pharmaceuticals: Introduction: EMERGENCE OF
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: 1870-1930". pubs.acs.org.
Retrieved 2019-02-14.
 3 ^ Williams, KJ (2009-08-01). "The introduction of 'chemotherapy' using
arsphenamine – the first magic bullet". Journal of the Royal Society of
Medicine. 102 (8): 343–348. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k036.
ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 2726818. PMID 19679737.
4 ^ "Chemical & Engineering News: Top Pharmaceuticals: Salvarsan".
pubs.acs.org. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
5 ^ Quinn, Roswell (March 2013). "Rethinking Antibiotic Research and
Development: World War II and the Penicillin Collaborative". American
Journal of Public Health. 103 (3): 426–434. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300693.
ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3673487. PMID 22698031.
6 ^ "Penicillin Production through Deep-tank Fermentation - National Historic
Chemical Landmark". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
7 ^ MESTEL, ROSIE (2002-03-25). "The Colorful History of Pills Can Fill Many
a Tablet". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
8 ^ Jump up to:
a b Yun, Yeon Hee; Lee, Byung Kook; Park, Kinam (2015-12-10). "Controlled

Drug Delivery: Historical perspective for the next generation". Journal of

Controlled Release. 219: 2–7. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.005.
ISSN 0168-3659. PMC 4656096. PMID 26456749.
9 ^ Oral controlled release formulation design and drug delivery : theory to
practice. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. 2013. ISBN 9781118060322.
OCLC 898985497.
10 ^ "About ISPE". ISPE | International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering.
Retrieved 2019-02-15.
•
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Categories: Pharmaceutical industry

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