A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a

temperature gradient. A thermometer has two important elements:

(1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass
thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer)
in which some change occurs with a change in temperature; and
(2) some means of converting this change into a numerical value
(e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass
thermometer or the digital readout on an infrared model).
Thermometers are widely used in technology and industry to
monitor processes, in meteorology, in medicine, and in scientific
research.
Some of the principles of the thermometer were known to Greek
philosophers of two thousand years ago. The Italian physician
Santorio Santorio (Sanctorius, 1561-1636)[2] is commonly credited
with the invention of the first thermometer, but its standardisation
was completed through the 17th and 18th centuries. [3][4][5]
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External links History[edit]
Main articles: Temperature and Temperature measurement

An infrared thermometer is a kind of pyrometer (bolometer).

While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of
hotness, the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared
unless they conform to an agreed scale. Today there is an
absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. Internationally agreed
temperature scales are designed to approximate this closely,
based on fixed points and interpolating thermometers. The most
recent official temperature scale is the International Temperature
Scale of 1990. It extends from 0.65 K (−272.5 °C; −458.5 °F) to
approximately 1,358 K (1,085 °C; 1,985 °F).
 Thermometer with Fahrenheit (symbol °F) and Celsius (symbol °C) units.
Early developments[edit]
See also: Thermometry, Temperature scale, Thermoscope,
Alcohol thermometer, and Timeline of temperature and pressure
measurement technology

Fifty-degree thermometers from the mid-17th century on exhibit at the Museo

Galileo with black dots representing single degrees and white represented 10-
degree increments; used to measure atmospheric temperatures
Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to
Hero of Alexandria. The thermometer was not a single invention,
however, but a development. Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD) knew
of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and
contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube
partially filled with air had its end in a container of water. [6] The
expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the
water/air interface to move along the tube.
Such a mechanism was later used to show the hotness and
coldness of the air with a tube in which the water level is controlled
by the expansion and contraction of the gas. These devices were
developed by several European scientists in the 16th and 17th
centuries, notably Galileo Galilei[7] and Santorio Santorio[2]. As a
result, devices were shown to produce this effect reliably, and the
term thermoscope was adopted because it reflected the changes
in sensible heat (the modern concept of temperature was yet to
arise).[7] The difference between a thermoscope and a thermometer
is that the latter has a scale.[8] Though Galileo is often said to be
the inventor of the thermometer, there is no surviving document
that he actually produced any such instrument.
The first clear diagram of a thermoscope was published in 1617 by
Giuseppe Biancani (1566 – 1624): the first showing a scale and
thus constituting a thermometer was Santorio Santorio in 1625[2].
This was a vertical tube, closed by a bulb of air at the top, with the
lower end opening into a vessel of water. The water level in the
tube is controlled by the expansion and contraction of the air, so it
is what we would now call an air thermometer. [9]
The word thermometer (in its French form) first appeared in 1624
in by J. Leurechon, who describes one with a scale of 8 degrees. [10]
The word comes from the Greek , thermos, meaning "hot" and
meaning "measure".
The above instruments suffered from the disadvantage that they
were also barome

written by Anand