OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SCIENCES
ANTIPOLO CITY

Psidium Guajava: Guava Tincture towards Skin and Oral Sanitary

Presented to the Faculty of the

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics

Our Lady of Fatima University

Antipolo Campus

By:

Ferolino, Prince Bernard A.

Malicdem, Nathasha

Marinay, Ronaldo Jr.

Viluan, Rommel

JANUARY 2019

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents i

List of Tables ii

List of Figures iii

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Chapter 2

PROJECT LITERATURE

2.1 Review of Related Literature

Foreign Literature

Study about the beauty benefits of using Guava on your skin

A case study shows that guava benefits are not limited to health only, it also has skincare

benefits. Guava helps to maintain your skin well hydrated because it contains a lot of water in it.

It’s very crucial to keep your skin hydrated since your skin will remain healthy, refreshed and

moisturized. Hydrated skin it aids in getting rid of impurities from your skin and also boost the

development of new skin cells. You will find that acne and dark spots are prevalent in our skin

and it affects a lot of people worldwide. Acne can hide your skin beauty, and when you remove

them, it will show the beauty in you. Using guava fruit can help you big time because it helps

cure dark spots and acne. Guava is highly beneficial for curing a lot of skin issues such as skin

irritation and redness since it contains nutrients such as vitamin K and vitamin C. Consuming

guava will give more of the required daily value of vitamin C. Guava can enhance your skin

complexion and also make it look radiant and beautiful once again.

This literature states the benefits of using guava to your skin, more likely providing an

alternative skin care remedy.

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Anti-inflammatory effect of using Guava: A review of Literature

The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of 70% ethanolic extract of Psidium

Guajava in were screened for analgesic activity using the Randall-Selitto method in rats. The

extracts were administered at a dose of 300 mg/kg, p.o. Aspirin (300 mg/kg, p.o.) was employed

as the reference drug. Psidium guajava leaves, showed significant anti-inflammatory activity

with percentage inhibitions of 58.27%. (Muruganandan et al) The essential oil has also been

proven to have anti-inflammatory effect. The essential oil, steam-distilled from leaves of P.

Guajava leaves, was given orally to rats to study its initial effects on the exudative and

proliferative phases of the inflammatory reaction was found to inhibit paw oedema induced by

carrageenan in rats, and induced by acetic acid in mice, and it exhibited an antipyretic effect in

mice. The Indies for febrifuge and antispasmodic baths. The leaves of Psidium Guajava are also

mashed and applied painful eye conditions such as sun strain, conjunctivitis or eye injuries. The

leaves are also used for cough (Wyk et al) a use also followed in Peru e (carrageenan-induced

paw oedema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models). The essential oil (0.8 mg/kg)

significantly reduced oedema formation induced by carrageenan. The essential oil (0.4 and 0.8

mg/kg) significantly reduced granule formation induced by cotton pellets. (Kavimani et al).

Another paper confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity and also showed significant antipyretic

activity and anti-arthritic activity in rats (Sen et al). In Peru it is said to be good for oedema.

This study states that uses of guava can also be beneficial on some diseases and/or

inflammation.

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Guava: phytochemical composition of a potential source of antioxidants for cosmetic

and/or dermatological applications: Literature Review

Guava (Psidium Guajava L.) is a native fruit of the American tropics with commercial

applications for its taste, flavor and aroma. Numerous pharmacological uses have been described

for it, such as the antiseptic effect of its leaves, the use of the fresh fruit and tea from its leaves

for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, diabetes mellitus, and others. However, considering its

rich composition, the guava also is a potential source of antioxidants to be used in the

development of new formulations for cosmetic and/or dermatological applications, the main

focus of this research. Herein, we describe the study of the phytochemical composition and the

antioxidant activity of a guava extract prepared with non-toxic solvents aiming its use at

biological applications. High performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were

employed to identify the major components, while thermo analytical measurements and hot stage

microscopy were used to assess the chemical stability of guava fruit extract. The antioxidant

activity was also evaluated assessing the SOD-like activity and ABTS free radical scavenger.

The results show that the extract is a rich source of phenolic compounds, such as quercetin,

kaempferol, schottenol, among many others. All of the components found in guava extract

exhibit biological effects according to the literature data, mainly antioxidant properties.

This literature shows about the possible cosmetic usage of the extracted oil from guava.

The nutrients it contain can be of use as an alternative for some expensive cosmetic products.

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Study about Guava as an Antiplaque agent

Dental plaque is the principal etiologic factor in periodontal disease. Plaque if allowed to

accumulate, with no intervention or oral hygiene methods, leads to gingivitis which further

progresses to periodontitis. Effective plaque control strategies to prevent or limit bacterial

adhesion and further growth on the tooth surface are essential to prevent and control periodontal

disease. The paste of tender leaves of guava has been traditionally used to maintain oral hygiene.

Guava has shown antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

The antimicrobial activity of guava is mainly attributed to flavonoids, guaijaverin and quercetin.

The bark has exhibited antibacterial properties due to the presence of tannins.

Mouthwash containing aqueous extract of the leaves was highly active against S. aureus and

Escherichia coli (E. coli) which could be contributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.

Mouth rinse containing guava leaf extract had a profound effect on gingivitis. The aqueous

extracts of P. betle and guava were found to have antiplaque activity by their effect on

ultrastructure of plaque bacteria by interfering with normal growth cycle and development,

reducing the adhering capacity of the acquired pellicle which forms on the surface of tooth

during early plaque formation, diminishing the cell surface hydrophobicity of bacteria which are

required to assist the adherence process. The cytotoxic property of guava would be of added

value for the use of guava as adjuncts in the development of oral health care products.

This literature shows that guava extract has demonstrated in vitro antiplaque actions by

inhibiting growth, adherence and co aggregation of dental plaque bacteria. Guava extracts may

inhibit plaque development without disrupting homeostasis of the oral cavity. Thus, guava an

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excellent antibacterial and antiplaque agent may be a good adjunct to the mainstream periodontal

treatment.

Oral care: Study about Guava as an alternative mouthwash

The presence of bioactive compounds comprised of saponins, tannins, flavonoids and

alkaloids are responsible for their effectiveness when used as chew-sticks in the lagoon area of

coastal Ivory Coast (Burkill, 1997). The tender leaves are chewed for bleeding gums and bad

breath and it is said to prevent hangovers especially if chewed before drinking. Indians

throughout the Amazon gargle a leaf decoction for mouth sores and bleeding gums while in

Brazil guava is considered as an astringent and diuretic as for the same conditions as in Peru

(Joseph and Priya, 2011b) . Another study conducted in southern Nigeria using chewing sticks

without toothpaste in cleaning teeth yielded an efficient, effective and reliable result. The teeth

were physically strong, clean, fresh and devoid of dental plaques and carries. These results

indicate the basis for the preventive and protection of the teeth against caries and plaques

(Burkill, 1997). In Ghana and Nigeria the leaves are chewed to relieve toothache (Burkill, 1997)

and a decoction of the root-bark is also recommended as mouthwash for swollen gums whereas

the leaves makes an efficacious gargle for swollen gum, ulceration of the mouth and bleeding

gums (Conway, 2001).

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Anti-Allergic property of Psidium Guajava: Case study about its effects on Ski

The benefits are many as the plant can provide astringency in terms of wound healing and

skin damage repair properties that follows the ethno pharmaceutical traditions of the plant. In

Mexico the leaves are used as a remedy for itches and the leaves in decoction are used as a wash

for ulcers especially where an astringent remedy is needed (Ticzon, 1997). Decoctions of the

bark, leaves or flower infusion were used topically for wounds, ulcers and skin sores in the

Amazon (Joseph and Priya, 2011a). The use of the flowers may be applicable in eye products for

their soothing effect. A solvent extraction of the Psidium guajava leaves had an antiallergic

activity. Psidium guajava cream may be a valuable adjunctive therapy in the management of

atopic dermatitis (Suzuki et al., 2000). The astringent, unripe fruit, the leaves, the cortex of the

bark and roots in a form of a decoction were used for washing ulcers and wounds in the

Philippines (Quisumbing, 1978). Locally, decoction of the leaves is employed in scurvy and for

unhealthy ulcers (Nadkarni and Nadkarni, 1999). The decocted leaves are used in Mexico for

cleansing ulcers and the grounded leaves makes an excellent poultice (Nadkarni and Nadkarni,

1999) particularly when mixed with kaolin and water to make a paste which is applied in Ghana

to the body as an ointment for measles (Burkill, 1997). In Brazil guava is used in decoction

externally for skin ulcers (Joseph and Priya, 2011a).

Guava as an Anti-Inflammatory agent: Literature Review

Guava has been known for its anti-inflammatory action. The anti-inflammatory action of

guava is in its ability to inhibit prostaglandin, kinin and histamine. It is is an important

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periodontal pathogen and is associated with aggressive periodontitis. Guava extract completely

neutralized the cytolytic, pro-inflammatory response of human leukocytes induced by Aa

leukotoxin and prevented the release and activation of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). C-reactive protein

(CRP) is a positive acute phase protein whose elevated levels have been demonstrated in

periodontitis patients. Guava leaf and stem extracts possess anti-inflammatory effects by

decreasing CRP levels

which plays a role as modulator of inflammatory response. Guava has also been proven for its

immunomodulatory activity on NF-kβ. Fermented guava leaf extract is involved in the inhibition

of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). It also inhibited

lipopolysaccharide induced NF-kβ activation. Blocking NF-kβ is a potential strategy for

preventing inflammatory bone resorption in treating periodontal disease. Guava due to its

anti-inflammatory action, ability to inhibit iNOS, COX-2, NF-kβ could be a valuable agent in

treating periodontal disease.

Skin Irritation cause by radiation: Experimental study of Guava as remedy for Skin

wrinkles

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a major environmental factor affecting photo ageing,

which is characterized by skin wrinkle formation and hyperpigmentation. Although many factors

are involved in the photo ageing process, UV irradiation is thought to play a major role in

melanogenesis. Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in melanin synthesis; therefore, many whitening

agents target tyrosinase through various mechanisms, such as direct interference of tyrosinase

catalytic activity or inhibition of tyrosinase mRNA expression. Furthermore, the highly selective

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calcium channel ORAI1 has been shown to be associated with UV‐induced melanogenesis. Thus,

ORAI1 antagonists may have applications in the prevention of melanogenesis. Here, we aimed to

identify the antimelanogenesis agents from methanolic extract of guava leaves (Psidium guajava)

that can inhibit tyrosinase and ORAI1 channel. The n‐butanol (47.47%±7.503% inhibition at 10

μg/mL) and hexane (57.88%±7.09% inhibition at 10 μg/mL) fractions were found to inhibit

ORAI1 channel activity. In addition, both fractions showed effective tyrosinase inhibitory

activity

(68.3%±0.50% and 56.9%±1.53% inhibition, respectively). We also confirmed that the hexane

fraction decreased the melanin content induced by UVB irradiation and the ET‐1‐induced

melanogenesis in murine B16F10 melanoma cells. These results suggest that the leaves of P.

guajava can be used to protect against direct and indirect UV‐induced melanogenesis.

Psidium guajava: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Psidium guajava, is an important food crop and medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical

countries is widely used like food and in folk medicine around of the world. This aims a

comprehensive of the chemical constituents, pharmacological, and clinical uses. Different

pharmacological experiments in a number ofin vitro and in vivo models have been carried out.

Also have been identified the medicinally important phyto-constituents. A number of metabolites

in good yield and some have been shown to possess useful biological activities belonging mainly

to phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, terpenoid and triterpene. Extracts and metabolites of this

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plant, particularly those from leaves and fruits possess useful pharmacological activities. A

survey of the literature shows P. guajava is mainly known for its antispasmodic and

antimicrobial properties in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. Has also been used

extensively as a hypoglycaemic agent. Many pharmacological studies have demonstrated the

ability of this plant to exhibit antioxidant, hepatoprotection, anti-allergy, antimicrobial,

antigenotoxic, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, antispasmodic, cardioactive, anticough, antidiabetic,

antiinflamatory and antinociceptive activities, supporting its traditional uses. Suggest a wide

range of clinical applications for the treatment of infantile rotaviral enteritis, diarrhoea and

diabetes

Anticough and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava Linn. leaf extract

The anticough activity of Psidium guajava Linn. (guava) leaf extract was evaluated in rats and

guinea pigs. The results showed that water extract of the plant at doses of 2 and 5 g/kg, p.o.

decreased the frequency of cough induced by capsaicin aerosol by 35 and 54%, respectively, as

compared to the control, within 10 min after injection of the extract, (P<0.01). However, the

anticough activity is less potent than that of 3 mg/kg dextromethorphan which decreased

frequency of cough by 78% (P<0.01). An experiment on isolated rat tracheal muscle showed that

the extract directly stimulated muscle contraction and also synergized with the stimulatory effect

of pilocarpine. This effect was antagonized by an atropine. Moreover, growth ofStaphylococcus

aureus and β-streptococcus group A, as determined by the disc diffusion method, was inhibited

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by water, methanol and chloroform extract of dry guava leaves (P<0.001). The LD50 of guava

leaf extract was more than 5 g/kg, p.o. These results suggest that guava leaf extract is

recommended as a cough remedy.

Pharmacological studies on the leaf of Psidium guajava

The methanol extract of the leaves of Psidium guajavawas found to inhibit paw oedema induced

by carrageenan in rats and pain induced by acetic acid in mice, and exhibited an antipyretic

effect. Oral administration of the extract reduced intestinal transit time and prevented castor oil-

induced diarrhoea in mice. A CNS depressant activity was exhibited by the extract by

potentiating the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice.

Anticough and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava Linn. leaf extract

The anticough activity of Psidium guajava Linn. (guava) leaf extract was evaluated in rats and

guinea pigs. The results showed that water extract of the plant at doses of 2 and 5 g/kg, p.o.

decreased the frequency of cough induced by capsaicin aerosol by 35 and 54%, respectively, as

compared to the control, within 10 min after injection of the extract, (P<0.01). However, the

anticough activity is less potent than that of 3 mg/kg dextromethorphan which decreased

frequency of cough by 78% (P<0.01). An experiment on isolated rat tracheal muscle showed that

the extract directly stimulated muscle contraction and also synergized with the stimulatory effect

of pilocarpine. This effect was antagonized by an atropine. Moreover, growth ofStaphylococcus

aureus and β-streptococcus group A, as determined by the disc diffusion method, was inhibited

by water, methanol and chloroform extract of dry guava leaves (P<0.001). The LD50 of guava

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leaf extract was more than 5 g/kg, p.o. These results suggest that guava leaf extract is

recommended as a cough remedy.

Psidium guajava: A review on its potential as an adjunct in treating periodontal disease

Plants for thousands of years have been used to enhance health and for medicinal

purposes.Psidium guajava is one which has an enormous wealth of medicinal value. It for long

has been known for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiarrheal,

antimutagenic properties. Despite of its widespread biologic uses there is a dearth of information

on its therapeutic effect in the treatment of periodontal disease. Hence, this review is an attempt

to highlight the potential of P. guajava in the treatment of periodontal disease. Internet databases

PubMed, Google Scholar were searched and the most relevant articles were considered for

review.

Phenolic composition and medicinal usage of Psidium guajava Linn.: Antifungal activity or

inhibition of virulence?

Psidium guajava is a Myrtaceae plant whose medicinal properties are recognized in several

locations. The use of teas and tinctures prepared from their leaves has been used to combat

infections caused by fungi of the genus Candida. In this study, aqueous extracts of leaves and

hydroethanolic were tested to verify the antifungal potential and its chemical composition has

been investigated. The microbiological assays were performed by broth microdilution to

determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and from these the minimum fungicidal

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concentration was performed (MFC) by subculturing on solid media. A cellviability curve was

obtained for demonstration of inhibition of fungal growth of strains of Candida

albicans and Candida tropicalis. Tests to check morphological changes by the action of the

extracts were performed in microcultive cameras depleted environment at concentrations of

MIC/2, MIC and MIC × 2. Extracts analyzed by high performance liquid

chromatography demonstrated flavonoids and phenolic acids. The extracts showed fungistatic

effect and nofungicide with MIC >8192 μg/mL, MFC above 8192 μg/mL. The IC50 was

calculated ranging from 1803.02 to 5623.41 μg/mL. It has been found that the extracts affect the

morphological transition capability, preventing the formation of pseudohyphae and hyphae. Teas

and tinctures, therefore, have the potential antifungal, by direct contact, causing inhibition of

fungal multiplication and its virulence factor, the celldimorphism, preventing tissue invasion.

Further studies are needed to elucidate the biochemical pathways and genes assets involved in

these processes.

Comparative Study of Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Extracts of

Citrus aurentifolia and Psidium guajava on Some Clinical Isolates (Pseudomonas

aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) of Patients Attending General Hospital Damagum, Yobe

State, Nigeria

The present study revealed the presence of some bioactive ingredients such as; Saponin,

Flavonoids, Tannins, Alkaloids, Phenols, and Phyto Sterosl in both plants only tannin compound

was absent in Psidium guajava extracts as slated in table 2. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic

and aqueous extracts of leaves of Citrus aurantifolia and Psidium guajava were analyzed using

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standard procedure of Various concentrations of ethnolic and aqueous extracts viz;

50,40,30,20,10mg/ml respectively, as well as tested against the bacterial isolates.The bacterial

isolates include ; Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were both gram negetive

bacteria. The highest zone of inhibitions of 20.0mm at 50mg/ml on E. coli and 15.0mm on P.

aeruginosa at 50mg/ml were detected on aqueous leaves extracts, whereas, the ethanolic extract

of C. aurantifolia showed zone of inhibitions on E. coli at 30, 40, 50mg/ml and no zone of

inhibitions shown on P.aeruginosa except at 30mg/ml. Moreover, the aqueous extracts of P.

guajava also showed the zone of inhibitions of 10mg/ml and 30mg/ml on E. coli, whilst on P.

aeruginosa there was no zone of inhibitions, as same as on ethanolic extract of P. guajava at

10mg/ml on E. coli has no zone of inhibitions. The zones of inhibitions on both extracts

(ethanolic and aqueous) were significant in only 1% to E .coli whereas, in P. aeruginosa there

was no significant difference at 5%, as showed in table 4,5 and 6 as well as presented in the

charts in elaborate.

Oreochromis mossambicus diet supplementation with Psidium guajava leaf extracts

enhance growth, immune, antioxidant response and resistance toAeromonas hydrophila

In this research, we focused on the efficacy of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Psidium

guajava L. (guava) based experimental diets on the growth, immune, antioxidant and disease

resistance of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus following challenge with Aeromonas

hydrophila. The experimental diets were prepared by mixing powdered (1, 5 and 10 mg/g)

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aqueous and ethanol extract of guava leaf with commercial diet. The growth (FW, FCR and

SGR), non-specific cellular immune (myeloperoxidase activity, reactive oxygen activity

and reactive nitrogen activity) humoral immune (complement activity, antiprotease, alkaline

phosphataseactivity and lysozyme activity) and antioxidant enzyme responses (SOD, GPX, and

CAT) were examined after 30 days of post-feeding. A significant enhancement in the

biochemical and immunological parameters of fish were observed fed with experimental diets

compared to control. The dietary supplementation of P. guajava leaf extract powder for 30 days

significantly reduced the mortality and increased the disease resistance

of O.mossambicus following challenge with A. hydrophila at 50 μl (1 × 107 cells ml−1) compared

to control after post-infection. The results suggest that the guava leaf extract could be used as a

promising feed additive inaquaculture.

Formulation and evaluation of skin whitening cosmetic body lotion by using a combination

of crocus sativus and psidium guajava leaves extracts

reducing a pigment called melanin in the skin. It also lightens naturally dark skin and dark spots.

It is giving a moisturizing effect to the skin as a natural cosmetics body lotion. This study was

aimed on a reduction of skin melanin by tyrosine inhibitory with plant extracts by formulating a

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stable whitening body lotion containing the plant extracts of Psidium guajava L. leaves and also

the extract of Crocus sativus (Saffron). Two plants were extracted in a different way; the method

of extraction for Crocus sativus was reflux method and for Psidium guajava leaves was

maceration method. The phytochemical screening and tyrosinase inhibition activity of extracts

were evaluated. The various types of lotion namely F1 to F5 were formulated by incorporating

different concentrations of extracts and evaluated for different parameters. The findings of

tyrosinase inhibitory study exhibited that the IC50 value of tyrosine inhibitory of combined

extract of Psidium guajava and Crocus sativus was lower compared to Crocus sativus extract.

The formulation F3 with the mixture 0.5 g of Crocus sativus and 0.5 g of Psidium guajava leaves

showed the best results among several formulations. The result which obtained from formulation

F3 was compatible to pass all the evaluation tests. As a conclusion, the mixture of Psidium

guajava and Crocus sativus extract possesses a strong tyrosine inhibition activity, and it was

formulated as a stable whitening natural body lotion, and it can be safely used on the skin.

Local Literature

Antimicrobial activity of supercritical fluid extracts of two Philippine medicinal

plants, Psidium guajava and Euphorbia hirta: Implications to community health

The study is aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of supercritical crude extracts

of

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Psidium guajava and Euphorbia hirta against four bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus,

Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the two fungi namely,

Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Fresh leaves of P. guajava and whole plant of E. Hirta

were extracted using Supercritical Fluid Extraction at 120 atm with supercritical CO2 as the

extracting solvent. Antibacterial activities of the crude extracts against the six microorganisms

were determined by Filter Paper Disc method. Results showed that the crude extracts of the two

plants exerted vary degrees of inhibition to the six test microorganisms. P. guajava exerted

pronounced inhibitory action against the gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis and S. aureus) but

minimal against the gram-negative species (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) and fungi (A. niger and C.

albicans). E. Hirta extract showed weak bacterial activity against all test microorganisms.

Comparison in the antimicrobial activities between these two plants revealed P. guajava to be

much stronger than E. Hirta but only against gram-positive bacteria while both plants have the

same minimal inhibitory effect against gram-negative and fungi species. Further, P. guajava

extract showed stronger bactericidal effect against gram-positive bacteria when compared with

the standard antibiotic chloramphenicol which may scientifically validate its effectiveness as

alternative herbal remedies to treat ailments common in rural areas. The weak antimicrobial and

antifungal actions of E. hirta demonstrated in our study may further point to the plant’s other

medicinal value such as platelet increasing effect as reported by some authors.

Antibacterial activity of extracts of twelve common medicinal plants from the

Philippines

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The antibacterial activity of the n-hexane, acetone/dichloromethane, ethanol and aqueous

extracts of twelve common medicinal plants from the Philippines obtained through pounding and

solvent extraction was evaluated using disc Agar diffusion. The microorganisms tested were:

Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Susceptibility test results showed that different extracts (1000 mcg/disc) from ten plants inhibited

growth with a mean zone of inhibition range of 15 to 30 mm against S. aureus, E. coli, and P.

aeruginosa. The common medicinal plants which showed highly positive activity were Psidium

guajava (guava), Eucalyptus globulus, Mangifera indica (Indian mango), Nasturtium officinale

(Watercress), Pterygospermum oleiferum (Moringa), Carmona retusa (Wild tea), Citrus

aurantifolia (Lemon), Citrus sinensis (Orange), Allium sativum (garlic), and Allium cepa (onion).

Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids,

glucosides, saponins and steroids/terpenes. The results suggest that the different plant extracts

contain bioactive constituent(s) particularly tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and other glycosides

with very strong antibacterial activity and validates the ethno-medical use in the treatment of

bacterial skin diseases and other forms of bacterial infections. However, many reputed plant

antibacterials have very variable activities depending on certain conditions.

This study has shown that many plants used in traditional medicine in the Philippines

have very potent antibacterial activity but bioactive components of the plant may vary.

Psidium Guajava Linn: Current Research and Future Prospects

In recent times, the use of herbal products has increased tremendously in the Western

world as well as in developing countries. Psidium guajava L. is a medium sized tree, belonging

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to the family Myrtaceae found throughout the tropics. It is popular in an indigenous system of

medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy. Traditionally guava is used for the

treatment of various ailments like diarrhoea, wounds, rheumatism, lung problems, ulcers etc.

Psidium guajava L. contains a number of major bioactive constituents like flavonoids,

guayavolic acid, guavanoic acid, guajadial, guajaverin and so many others. The present review

summarizes our current knowledge of major phytoconstituents, clinical studies with major

emphasis on traditional and pharmacological activities. This plant reported to display various

biological activities like antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, antitussive, hepatoprotective, and

antioxidant, anticancer and anti-stress activity. In view of its wide pharmacological and

biological activities, it seems to be having a great therapeutic potential.

Effectivity of Guava leaves (Psidium guajava) as Mouthwash for Patients with

Aphthous Ulcers

 Comparison of VAS scores of guava treatment and NSS control groups showed that

there were no differences in pain experienced on days 1 and 2. However, the VAS scores from

day 3 to 7 had p values ranging from 0.02 - 0.0001 which showed significant differences in

resolution of pain. There was statistically significant marked improvement of pain symptoms as

early as three days post-treatment among patients who were administered guava leaves

mouthwash. Complete resolution of aphthous ulcers in 75% of the study group was observed on

day 7. Mean ulcer size post-treatment with guava gargle was 0.25mm compared to 0.75mm for

NSS gargle. The mean

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size difference at day 7 was 1.44mm for the guava treatment group and 0.88mm for the NSS

control group. There was a statistically significant faster resolution of ulcer size on day 7 in

16/16 or 100 % of patients in the treatment group compared with only 10/16 or 62.5% of patients

in the control group. Patients who were administered guava leaves mouthwash generally fared

better than those administered isotonic sodium chloride solution.

The literature states that Guava leaves mouthwash was effective for aphthous ulcers in

terms of reduction of symptoms of pain and faster reduction of ulcer size.

Antiproliferative and Anticancer uses of Guava Leaf Oil: Literature review

A study on the antiproliferative activity of essential oil from 17 Philippine medicinal

plants on human mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB) and murine leukemia (P388) cell lines. In the

KB cell line, Psidium guajava leaf oil showed the highest anti-proliferative activity, more than 4x

more potent than vincristine. The results suggested the potential of Philippine medicinal plants

for cancer treatment such as skin cancer.

EFFECT OF GUAVA (Psidium guajava) CREAM ON THE GROSS AND

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES AND HEALING RATE OF INCISIONAL WOUNDS IN

DOMESTIC SHORT-HAIRED CATS

The study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of guava cream as replacement for

topical antibiotic for wound healing. Twelve cats were divided into four groups and subjected to

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different concentrations of guava cream: 0% (antibiotic wound cream group), 1%, 3% and 5%

having 3 animals per group. A dorsal midline incision (at the level of T6 to T7, with a length of

2.5 centimeters in full thickness) was made and was left open for second intention healing. A

thin layer of cream was applied over the wound every other day starting day 0 until day 20 and

an incisional biopsy was done at day 0, 7, and 14. Wound contraction and gross appearance was

graded. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) on the effect of wound healing of the

different percentages of guava cream compared to the wound cream however, the results of the

3% and 5% guava cream had a faster wound contraction.

All treatments of guava cream produced comparable results with the antibiotic wound

cream therefore, this study concludes that guava cream can be used as an alternative antiseptic

and antibacterial treatment for wounds.

The antiseptic effect of Psidium guajava (guava) leaves decoction on the oral

bacteral flora among selected patients of the Dental Infirmary Cebu Doctors' College of

Dentistry, Cebu City

A letter was addressed to the Dean of Cebu Doctors' College of Dentistry requesting

permission to conduct the study in the Surgery Department of the Dental Infirmary. After the

consent was given, selection of the participants was done based on the criteria set by the

researcher. The patients' buccal mucosa at the area of the mandibular right first molar area were

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swabbed with sterile cotton. The cotton was the dripped in the normal saline solution.The

patience were made to gargle using the prepared guava leaves decoction for 30 seconds. After

this, another swabbed sample Microbiology Laboratory for culture. Twenty- four hours after, the

microorganisms were counted using the Quebec counter. The results were then recorded,

analyzed and interpreted. There were 17 patients who were made to gargle the prepared

guava leaves decoction. The average

bacterial colony count before mouth wash was 101.7 and the average bacterial colony count after

mouthwash with guava leaves decotion reduced to 33.7 in terms opf significant reduction was

61.47 with the standard deviation of 89.34. The result of the paired t- test showed that the

computed t- value of 2.84 was significant reduction in the bacterial colony count after using the

guava leaves decoction as mouthwash.

This literature states that there is a significant reduction in an average bacterial colony

count before and after mouthwash with guava leaves decoction in oral bacterial flora among

selected patients of the dental infirmary of Cebu Doctors' College of Dentistry. Cebu City,

therefore, guava as mouthwash is effective.

Antibacterial and Antifungal: Guava extract as solution for Skin Disorders

Study evaluated the effects of P. guajava on organisms responsible for skin disorders. P.

guajava solutions of leaf and bark extracts were effective in inhibiting growth of Staphylococcus.

aureus and S. epidermis, and fungi Mentagrophytes gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

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Tetracycline as control showed significantly stronger inhibition, which may be due to the fact

that it is a pure chemical vs the crude extracts of P. guajava solutions.

Therefore, the extract of guava leaves can be of use for medication purposes.

Psidium Guajava: Wound Healing Potential and remove can Cytotoxic Effects

Study evaluated the wound healing potential in vivo and cytotoxic effects in vitro of P.

guajava leaf extract and commonly used corticosteroids. In vitro, the extract caused a decrease in

cell viability and growth compared to control and corticosteroids. In vivo, the extract caused

acceleration of wound healing.

This literature shows that guava oil can be of use as an alternative for wound medications

on skin.

Anti-allergic on skin: Psidium guajava extracts Exert an Antitumor Effect by

Inhibition of T Regulatory Cells and Resultant Augmentation of Th1 Cells

Th1 polarization is one of the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of herbal

medicine. The action of anti-allergic agents from Psidium guajava (P. guajava) on T cell

immunity in mice was investigated. The addition of P. guajava extracts blocked IL-10-mediated,

in vitro induction of T regulatory (Tr) cells from CD4+ splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, whereas

the extracts exerted only a weak or no effect on the development of Th1 and Th2 cells.

Accordingly, Tr cells were not induced from splenocytes of mice administered orally with the

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extracts. Furthermore, P. guajava extracts shifted the Th1/Th2 balance to a Th1 dominant status

by directly attenuating Tr cell activity. In a study of tumor immunity, mice pretreated with the

extracts exhibited retarded growth of s.c. inoculated B16 melanoma cells. These findings suggest

that P. guajava extracts are efficacious for the prevention of tumor development by depressing Tr

cells and subsequently shifting to Th1 cells.

Health Effects of Psidium guajava L. Leaves: An Overview of the Last Decade

Today, there is increasing interest in discovering new bioactive compounds derived from

ethnomedicine. Preparations of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves have traditionally been used

to manage several diseases. The pharmacological research in vitro as well as in vivo has been

widely used to demonstrate the potential of the extracts from the leaves for the co-treatment of

different ailments with high prevalence worldwide, upholding the traditional medicine in cases

such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, skin diseases, cancer, and parasitic infections.

Moreover, the biological activity has been attributed to the bioactive composition of the leaves,

to some specific phytochemical subclasses, or even to individual compounds. Phenolic

compounds in guava leaves have been credited with regulating blood-glucose levels. Thus, the

aim of the present review was to compile results from in vitro and in vivo studies carried out

with guava leaves over the last decade, relating the effects to their clinical applications in order

to focus further research for finding individual bioactive compounds. Some food applications

(guava tea and supplementary feed for aquaculture) and some clinical, in vitro, and in vivo

outcomes are also included.

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The effectiveness of Guava and malunggay leaves decoction in promoting wound

healing: Basis for health education

This study was conducted to identify the effectiveness to guava (Psidium guajava) and

malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaves decoction in promoting wound healing. The study utilized

the two groups before and after quasi-experimental design to determine the effectiveness of

guava and malunggay leaves decoction in the promotion of wound healing after three (3) days

application. Ten study participants coming from Barangay Garden of Talisay City, Cebu were

selected by non-probably purposive sampling considering the criteria for selection susch as one

(1) day old uninfected open wound located at the knee and ankle regardless of length, width and

depth, non-diabetic and absence of foreign bodies, children between the age of 6-12 years old

regardless of sex. The wound is cleaned with guava and malunggay leaves decoction

respectively. On the fourth day of application of decoction the length, width and depth were

again measured. Assessment findings were recorded as data to describe the condition of the

wound after three (3) days of application of guava and malunggay leaves decoction.

The findings of this study led to the conclusion that both guava leaves decoction and

malunggay leaves decoction has an effect in wound healing.

Antimicrobial Activities of Leaf Extracts of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) on Two

Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria for Oral Health

This study was done to determine the antimicrobial potential of guava (Psidium guajava)

leaf extracts against two gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis) and

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two gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) which are some of

foodborne and spoilage bacteria, which may cause oral infections. The guava leaves were

extracted in four different solvents of increasing polarities (hexane, methanol, ethanol, and

water). The efficacy of these extracts was tested against those bacteria through a well-diffusion

method employing 50 μL leaf-extract solution per well. According to the findings of the

antibacterial assay, the methanol and ethanol extracts of the guava leaves showed inhibitory

activity against gram-positive bacteria, whereas the gram-negative bacteria were resistant to all

the solvent extracts. The

methanol extract had an antibacterial activity with mean zones of inhibition of 8.27 and 12.3 mm,

and the ethanol extract had a mean zone of inhibition of 6.11 and 11.0 mm against B. cereus and

S. aureus, respectively. On the basis of the present finding, guava leaf-extract might be a good

candidate in the search for a natural antimicrobial agent.

This study provides scientific understanding to further determine the antimicrobial values

and investigate other pharmacological properties.

Psidium guajava as ointment: Its efficacy on burn wounds

Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies were able to demonstrate the antimicrobial properties of

an ointment compounded from guava leaves extract. The in-vitro study showed the ability of the

guava extract to inhibit the growth of common skin pathogens affecting burn wounds which

included Staphylococcus, B-hemolytic streptococcus and Pseudomonas species in comparison

with povidone iodine solution and silver sulfadiazine. The in-vivo study showed that the

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ointment from the guava extract also limited bacterial colony growth on inoculated burn wound

areas using an animal model.

Psidium guajava L: A review of its usage

Psidium guajava L, belonging to the Myrtacea family, has been reported to have anti-

diarrheal, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, skin protection, lipid lowering, antibacterial and

antioxidant activities. It contains important phytoconstituents such as tannins, triterpenes, fl

avonoid: quercetin, pentacyclic triterpenoid:guajanoic acid, saponins, carotenoids, lectins,

leucocyanidin, ellagic acid, amritoside, beta-sitosterol, uvaol, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. In

view of the immense medicinal importance of the plant, this review is an effort to compile all the

information reported on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. Th e present review is

an attempt to generate interest among the masses regarding its immense potential in preventing

and treating several common diseases.

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