ARELLANO UNIVERSITY

JAS Campus, Pasay City

College of Education

MICROBIOLOGY

Name: Neneng, Adrian R. Date: March 18, 2021

Learning Task
Activity 8-The Control of Microbial Growth

1. Define the following key terms:

a. Sterilization - Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of
life and other biological agents like prions present in a specific surface, object or fluid, for
example food or biological culture media.

b. Disinfection - Disinfection describes a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic

microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects. In health-care settings, objects
usually are disinfected by liquid chemicals or wet pasteurization.

c. Antisepsis - Antisepsis: Prevention of infection by inhibiting or arresting the growth and

multiplication of germs.

d. Degerming - Degerming is the physical removal of microorganisms by using such things as

soaps or detergents. Any chemical agent that kills microorganisms is known as a germicide.
An agent that destroys bacteria is called a bactericide, one that kills fungi is a fungicide, and
one that kills viruses is a viricide.

e. Sanitization - Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and
adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage. Preventing human contact
with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap.

f. Biocide - A biocide is defined in the European legislation as a chemical substance or

microorganism intended to destroy, deter, render harmless, or exert a controlling effect on any
harmful organism.

g. Germicide - Any substance or process that kills germs (bacteria, viruses, and other
microorganisms that can cause infection and disease).

h. Bacteriostasis - inhibition of the growth of bacteria without destruction

i. Sepsis - Sepsis is the body's extreme response to an infection. It is a life-threatening medical

emergency. Sepsis happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction
throughout your body.

j. Asepsis - Asepsis is the state of being free from disease-causing micro-organisms. There are
two categories of asepsis: medical and surgical.

2. What are the effects of microbial control agents on cell membranes, proteins and nucleic acids?
 Alteration of membrane permeability
The susceptibility of the plasma membrane is due to its lipid and protein components.
Certain chemical control agents damage the plasma membrane by altering its permeability.

Damage to proteins and nucleic acids

Some microbial control agents damage cellular proteins by breaking hydrogen and covalent bonds.
Other agents interfere with DNA and RNA replication and protein synthesis.

3. Describe the method of microbial growth control by heat, filtration, low temp, high pressure,
desiccation and radiation. How do they work? In what situation is one better than the other?

Heat can kill microbes by altering their membranes and denaturing proteins. Boiling is one of the
oldest methods of moist-heat control of microbes, and it is typically quite effective at killing
vegetative cells and some viruses. Filtration: Removal of microbes by passage of a liquid or gas
through a screen like material with small pores. Used to sterilize heat sensitive materials like
vaccines, enzymes, antibiotics, and some culture media. Low Temperature: Effect depends on
microbe and treatment applied. Osmotic Pressure: The use of high concentrations of salts and
sugars in foods is used to increase the osmotic pressure and create a hypertonic environment.
Dessication: In the absence of water, microbes cannot grow or reproduce, but some may remain
viable for years. After water becomes available, they start growing again.
Radiation: Three types of radiation kill microbes:
1. Ionizing Radiation: Gamma rays, X rays, electron beams, or higher energy rays. Have short
wavelengths (less than 1 nanometer). Dislodge electrons from atoms and form ions. Cause mutations
in DNA and produce peroxides. Used to sterilize pharmaceuticals and disposable medical supplies.
Food industry is interested in using ionizing radiation. 2. Ultraviolet light (Nonionizing Radiation):
Wavelength is longer than 1 nanometer. Damages DNA by producing thymine dimers, which cause
mutations. Used to disinfect operating rooms, nurseries, cafeterias. . Microwave Radiation:
Wavelength ranges from 1 millimeter to 1 meter. Heat is absorbed by water molecules. May kill
vegetative cells in moist foods. Bacterial endospores, which do not contain water, are not damaged
by microwave radiation. Solid foods are unevenly penetrated by microwaves. Trichinosis outbreaks
have been associated with pork cooked in microwaves.

4. What are the different types of disinfectants and what are they used for?
Heavy metals (denature proteins SH groups)
Mercury- merthiolate, mercurochrome; effective but toxic
Silver- 1% silver nitrate used in newborn's eyes and as antiseptic in burn patients. Silver
sulfadiazine is also used on burn patients.
Copper- copper sulfate used in agriculture to control bacterial and fungal diseases. Used in paint
and used to treat swimming pools and fish tanks. Toxic to invertebrates.
Zinc- zinc chloride in mouthwash

c) Oxidizing agents (affect enzyme function)

Halogens: (Iodine, chlorine)

Chlorine widely used as a disinfectant to treat water and in dairy industry. A 10% solution of chlorox is
a very effective all around strong clinical disinfectant. Two to four drops of chlorox per liter of water
will disinfect the water after 30 min.
Iodine is used as a skin disinfectant. Halogens have the disadvantage of being inactivated by organic
materials. Tincture (in aqueous alcohol) and Iodophor (in combination with a detergent)
Hydrogen peroxide (3%): relatively weak disinfectant especially if body fluids are present; perhaps
best used as a cleaning agent. Used as a contact lens disinfecting agent.

d) Cross-linking agents (Alkylating agents):

Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde (37% formaldehyde is called formalin). Very effective agents,
these kill everything, but they are highly toxic.
Ethylene oxide gas.

5. Does the general type of microorganism affect the type of control used? - To prevent the spread of
human disease, it is necessary to control the growth and abundance of microbes in or on various
items frequently used by humans. Inanimate items, such as doorknobs, toys, or towels, which may
harbor microbes and aid in disease transmission, are called fomites. Two factors heavily influence
the level of cleanliness required for a particular fomite and, hence, the protocol chosen to achieve
this level. The first factor is the application for which the item will be used. For example, invasive
applications that require insertion into the human body require a much higher level of cleanliness
than applications that do not. The second factor is the level of resistance to antimicrobial
treatment by potential pathogens. For example, foods preserved by canning often become
contaminated with the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which produces the neurotoxin that
causes botulism. Because C. botulinum can produce endospores that can survive harsh
conditions, extreme temperatures and pressures must be used to eliminate the endospores. Other
organisms may not require such extreme measures and can be controlled by a procedure such as
washing clothes in a laundry machine.

Method Mechanism of Action

Boiling or flowing steam Heat to 100 oC or more at sea level. Kills vegetative forms of bacterial
pathogens, almost all viruses, and fungi and their spores within 10
minutes or less. Endospores and some viruses are not destroyed this
quickly. However brief boiling will kill most pathogens.
autoclaving Chamber which is filled with hot steam under pressure. Preferred
method of sterilization, unless material isdamaged by heat, moisture,
or high pressure.
filtration High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters (HEPA): Used in operating
rooms and burn units to remove bacteria from air.
Membrane Filters: Uniform pore size. Used in industry and research.
Different sizes: 0.22 and 0.45um Pores: Used to filter most bacteria.
Don’t retain spirochetes, mycoplasmas and viruses. 0.01 um Pores:
Retain all viruses and some large proteins.
lyophilizaiton Lyophilization works by freezing the material, then reducing the
pressure and adding heat to allow the frozen water in the material to
sublimate.
osmotic pressure Plasmolysis: As water leaves the cell, plasma membrane shrinks
away from cell wall. Cell may not die, but usually stops growing.
ionizing radiation Dislodge electrons from atoms and form ions. Cause mutations in
DNA and produce peroxides. Used to sterilize pharmaceuticals and
disposable medical supplies. Food industry is interested in using
ionizing radiation.

Chemical Agents used to Control Microbial Growth

Chemical Agent Mechanism of Action

Phenol Rarely used today because it is a skin irritant and has strong odor. Used
in some throat sprays and lozenges. Acts as local anesthetic

Alcohol Kill bacteria, fungi, but not endospores or naked viruses. Act by
denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes. Evaporate, leaving
no residue. Used to mechanically wipe microbes off skin before
injections or blood drawing. Not good for open wounds, because cause
proteins to coagulate.
Heavy Metals Include copper, selenium, mercury, silver, and zinc. Oligodynamic
action: Very tiny amounts are effective

Soaps and acid-anionic Lower the surface tension of water to create emulsions that
detergents mechanically carry away microbes. Soaps are long-chain fatty acids,
whereas detergents are synthetic surfactants. Quaternary ammonium
compounds (quats) are cationic detergents that disrupt membranes.

Microbial disease of the Skin and Eyes

Disease Pathogen Characteristics Treatment

(anything that
causes a disease)

Necrotizing fasciitis Group A A red, warm, or Doctors treat necrotizing

streptococcus swollen area of skin fasciitis with IV antibiotics.
that spreads quickly. Necrotizing fasciitis is a very
Severe pain, including serious illness that requires
pain beyond the area care in a hospital. Antibiotics
of the skin that is red, and surgery are typically the
warm, or swollen. first lines of defense if a
Fever. doctor suspects a patient has
necrotizing fasciitis.
Measles Rubeola virus Fever, cough, runny There's no specific treatment
nose, inflamed eyes, for measles, but the condition
rash usually improves within 7 to
10 days. A GP will probably
suggest taking things easy at
home until you're feeling
better. Stay away from work
or school for at least 4 days
from when the measles rash
first appears to reduce the risk
of spreading the infection.
Myxomatosis Leporipoxvirus, Respiratory signs, Myxomatosis is a virus and
and is called including clear or there is currently no specific
Myxoma virus. purulent nasal treatment for the disease. If
discharge, your rabbit is well cared for
predominate. Perineal and undergoes intensive
edema, swollen treatment – including
eyelids, and purulent antibiotics to stop secondary
 blepharoconjunctivitis infections - then there is a
are generally still small chance they may
present. recover.
Impetigo Group A Impetigo starts as a Impetigo is treated with
Streptococcus and red, itchy sore. As it antibiotics that are either
Staphylococcus heals, a crusty, yellow rubbed onto the sores (topical
aureus. or “honey-colored” antibiotics) or taken by mouth
scab forms over the (oral antibiotics). A doctor
sore. In general, might recommend a topical
impetigo is a mild ointment, such as mupirocin
infection that can or retapamulin, for only a few
occur anywhere on the sores. Oral antibiotics can be
body. It most often used when there are more
affects exposed skin, sores.
such as around the
nose and mouth or on
the arms or legs.
Canker sores A canker sore is a Most canker sores are Canker sores usually heal
little ulcer in the round or oval with a without treatment. However,
protective lining of white or yellow center there are many helpful
your mouth. Unlike and a red border. lifestyle changes you can
cold sores, which They form inside your make to treat canker sores.
are caused by the mouth — on or under Brush and floss your teeth
herpes virus, your tongue, inside regularly to prevent a bacterial
canker sores are your cheeks or lips, at infection. Avoid spicy foods to
not the result of the base of your speed up the healing process.
viral or bacterial gums, or on your soft Drinking milk or eating yogurt
infections and are palate. You might or ice cream can also help
not contagious. notice a tingling or reduce the pain.
They're auto- burning sensation a
immune, which day or two before the
means that your sores actually appear.
body is basically
attacking itself.
Rocky mountain Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain Doxycycline is the treatment
spotted fever spotted fever (RMSF) of choice for RMSF, and all
is a bacterial disease other tickborne rickettsial
spread through the diseases. Use of antibiotics
bite of an infected tick. other than doxycycline is
Most people who get associated with a higher risk
sick with RMSF will of fatal outcome from RMSF.
have a fever, Presumptive treatment with
headache, and rash. doxycycline is recommended
RMSF can be deadly if in patients of all ages,
not treated early with including children <8 years of
the right antibiotic. age.
MRSA staph bacteria swelling If you get an MRSA infection,
(Methicillin-resistant St warmth you'll usually be treated with
aphylococcus aureus) pain antibiotics that work against
pus MRSA. These may be taken
redness, but this may as tablets or given as
 be less visible on injections. Treatment can last
darker skin a few days to a few weeks.
During treatment, you may
need to stay in your own room
or in a ward with other people
who have an MRSA infection
to help stop it spreading. You
can normally still have
visitors, but it's important they
take precautions to prevent
MRSA spreading.
Boils bacteria Ingrown Painful, small, rough If there are concerns about
hair skin growth the seriousness of the
infection, additional blood
tests will be performed. The
doctor may prescribe
antibiotics if the infection is
severe. If the boil is drained, a
culture may be done to
determine the type of bacteria
causing the infection and to
assess if an appropriate
antibiotic was given. Whether
the boil is drained at home or
is lanced by a doctor, you will
need to clean the infected
area two to three times a day
until the wound is healed.
Apply an antibiotic ointment
after washing and cover with
a bandage. If the area turns
red or looks as if it is getting
infected again, contact your
doctor.
Acne Bacterial seeding Whiteheads (closed Retinoids and retinoid-like
to cause invasive plugged pores) drugs. Drugs that contain
infections such as Blackheads (open retinoic acids or tretinoin are
implant-associated plugged pores) often useful for moderate
infections. Small red, tender acne. Antibiotics. These work
bumps (papules) by killing excess skin bacteria
Pimples (pustules), and reducing redness and
which are papules with inflammation. Azelaic acid
pus at their tips. and salicylic acid. Dapsone.
Large, solid, painful
lumps under the skin
(nodules)
Shingles Shingles is caused Shingles is Several antiviral medicines—
by varicella zoster characterized by pain acyclovir, valacyclovir, and
virus (VZV), or a tingling sensation famciclovir—are available to
in a limited area on treat shingles and shorten the
one side of the face or length and severity of the
 torso, followed by a illness. These medicines are
red rash with small, most effective if you start
fluid-filled blisters. The taking them as soon as
signs and symptoms possible after the rash
of shingles usually appears.
affect only a small
section of one side of
your body.
Chicken Pox Caused by the The classic symptom Do not use aspirin or aspirin-
varicella-zoster of chickenpox is a containing products to relieve
virus (VZV). rash that turns into fever from chickenpox. The
itchy, fluid-filled use of aspirin in children with
blisters that eventually chickenpox has been
turn into scabs. The associated with Reye’s
rash may first show up syndrome, a severe disease
on the chest, back, that affects the liver and brain
and face, and then and can cause death. Instead,
spread over the entire use non-aspirin medications,
body, including inside such as acetaminophen, to
the mouth, eyelids, or relieve fever from chickenpox.
genital area. The American Academy of
Pediatrics recommends
avoiding treatment with
ibuprofen if possible because
it has been associated with
life-threatening bacterial skin
infections.
Small Pox Variola virus Fever. Treatment of smallpox
Overall discomfort. patients generally involves
Headache. supportive care. Vaccination
Severe fatigue. with replication-competent
Severe back pain. smallpox vaccines can
Vomiting, possibly. prevent or lessen the severity
of disease if given within 2 to
3 days of the initial exposure.
Herpes herpes simplex Pain or itching. You No drug can get rid of the
virus (HSV) may experience pain herpes virus. However, a
and tenderness in doctor may prescribe an
your genital area until antiviral medication, such as
the infection clears. acyclovir, to prevent the virus
Small red bumps or from multiplying. Meanwhile,
tiny white blisters. over-the-counter herpes
These may appear a treatments, which are often
few days to a few creams, can help manage
weeks after infection. tingling, itching, and pain.
Ulcers. These may
form when blisters
rupture and ooze or
bleed.
Rubella Rubella virus A low-grade fever. There is no specific medicine
(spread through Headache. to treat rubella or make the
 the air) mild pink eye (redness disease go away faster. In
or swelling of the white many cases, symptoms are
of the eye) mild. For others, mild
General discomfort. symptoms can be managed
Swollen and enlarged with bed rest and medicines
lymph nodes. for fever, such as
Cough. acetaminophen. If you are
Runny nose. concerned about your
symptoms or your child's
symptoms, contact your
doctor.
Ringworm Is caused by A scaly ring-shaped Ringworm on the skin like
fungus. area, typically on the athlete's foot (tinea pedis) and
buttocks, trunk, arms jock itch (tinea cruris) can
and legs. usually be treated with non-
May itch. prescription antifungal
A clear or scaly area creams, lotions, or powders
inside the ring, applied to the skin for 2 to 4
perhaps with a weeks. There are many non-
scattering of red prescription products
bumps. available to treat ringworm,
Slightly raised, including: Clotrimazole
expanding rings. (Lotrimin, Mycelex)
A round, flat patch of
itchy skin.
Overlapping rings.
Scabies Is caused by an Itching, mainly at The 2 most widely used
infestation of the night: Itching is the treatments for scabies are
skin by the human most common permethrin cream and
itch mite symptom. malathion lotion (brand name
(Sarcoptes scabiei Rash: Many people Derbac M). Both medications
var. hominis). get the scabies rash. contain insecticides that kill
Sores: Scratching the the scabies mite. Permethrin
itchy rash can cause 5% cream is usually
sores. recommended as the first
Thick crusts on the treatment. Malathion 0.5%
skin: Crusts form lotion is used if permethrin is
when a person ineffective.
develops a severe
type of scabies called
crusted scabies.
Head Lice Rickettsia Wingless, elongated Treatment for head lice is
prowazekii, the body with 3 segments recommended for persons
agent of epidemic (head, thorax and diagnosed with an active
typhus; Borrelia abdomen). Short infestation. All household
recurrentis, the antennae with 4 members and other close
agent of relapsing segments. Small head contacts should be checked;
fever; and with anterior piercing those persons with evidence
Bartonella mouthparts that are of an active infestation should
quintana, the agent used to pierce the be treated. Some experts
of trench fever, scalp and feed on believe prophylactic treatment
 bacillary blood. 6 short and is prudent for persons who
angiomatosis, stubby legs with single share the same bed with
endocarditis, tarsal segments, with actively-infested individuals.
chronic powerful hook-like All infested persons
bacteremia, and claws at the end of (household members and
chronic each leg. close contacts) and their
lymphadenopathy. bedmates should be treated
at the same time.

Microbial diseases of the Nervous System

Disease Pathogen Characteristics Treatment

Meningitis, Leading cause of Irritability, poor Antibiotic therapy should be

bacterial meningitis feeding in infants started as soon as possible.
in children under 5 Fever (in young Ceftriaxone is one of the most
years of age. It infants the commonly used antibiotics.
occurs most temperature may If antibiotic resistance is
frequently in actually be below suspected, vancomycin or
children from 1 normal) rifampin are used.
month up to 4 Severe headache
years with a peak (older children)
at 6 to 9 months. Nausea and
vomiting
Stiff neck or pain in
neck when flexed
Pain in back when
neck is flexed
forward and chin
brought toward
chest (older
children)
Unusual body
posturing
Photophobia
Tetanus A disease caused spasms and Control and reverse the tetany
by the toxin of the tightening of the with antitoxin, tetanus immune
bacterium jaw muscle (hence globulin.
Clostridium tetani the name lockjaw) Penicillin can be given to kill the
that affects the Stiffening of the Clostridium tetani; other
central nervous neck and other antibiotics such as clindamycin,
system, sometimes muscles erythromycin, or metronidazole
resulting in death. Spasms of the can be used in patients who are
neck and other allergic to penicillin.
muscles Remove and destroy the source
Stiffness of the of the toxin through surgical
chest muscles exploration and cleaning of the
Stiffness of the wound (debridement).
abdominal muscles Treat symptoms with supportive
(abdominal therapy.
 stiffness) Muscle spasms can be treated
Spasms and with muscle relaxants such as
stiffness of the diazepam. 
back muscles, Bed rest with a non-stimulating
often causing environment is also
arching recommended (dim light,
(opisthotinosis) reduced noise, and stable
Tetanic seizures temperature).
(painful, powerful Sedation may be necessary to
bursts of muscle keep the affected person quiet.
contraction)  Respiratory support with oxygen,
Irritability endotracheal tube, and
fever mechanical ventilation may be
necessary.

Botulism Botulism (“BOT- Foodborne Doctors treat botulism with a

choo-liz-um”) is a botulism is drug called an antitoxin, which
rare but serious characterized by prevents the toxin from causing
illness caused by a descending, flaccid any more harm. Antitoxin does
toxin that attacks paralysis that can not heal the damage the toxin
the body's nerves cause respiratory has already done. Depending on
and causes failure. Early how severe your symptoms are,
difficulty breathing, symptoms include you may need to stay in the
muscle paralysis, marked fatigue, hospital for weeks or even
and even death. weakness and months before you are well
This toxin is made vertigo, usually enough to go home.
by Clostridium followed by blurred
botulinum and vision, dry mouth
sometimes and difficulty in
Clostridium swallowing and
butyricum and speaking.
Clostridium baratii
bacteria.

Poliomyelitis Polio, or Fever The most common supportive

poliomyelitis, is a Sore throat treatments include:
disabling and life- Headache
threatening Vomiting bed rest
disease caused by Fatigue painkillers
the poliovirus. The Back pain or antispasmodic drugs to relax
virus spreads from stiffness muscles
person to person Neck pain or antibiotics for urinary tract
and can infect a stiffness infections
person's spinal Pain or stiffness in portable ventilators to help with
cord, causing the arms or legs breathing
paralysis (can't Muscle weakness physical therapy or corrective
move parts of the or tenderness braces to help with walking
body). heating pads or warm towels to
ease muscle aches and spasms
physical therapy to treat pain in
the affected muscles
physical therapy to address
 breathing and pulmonary
problems
pulmonary rehabilitation to
increase lung endurance
In advanced cases of leg
weakness, you may need a
wheelchair or other mobility
device.
Rabies The causative As a member of If there is any risk of rabies
agent of rabies is the Lyssavirus infection, the healthcare provider
rabies virus (RV), a genus, in the family will recommend anti-rabies
negative-stranded Rhabdoviridae(1,3, treatment. This may include a
RNA virus of the 5), rabies virus is a series of shots.
rhabdovirus family. bullet-shaped,
Neuroinvasiveness enveloped virus of
and neurotropism approximately 75
are the main nm in diameter by
features that define 180 nm in length,
the pathogenesis and has a single-
of rabies. stranded, negative-
sense RNA
genome(3).
Trypanosomiasis Parasites - African Trypanosome cells Only four drugs are registered for
Trypanosomiasis are small and the treatment of human African
(also known as heterotrophic; they trypanosomiasis: pentamidine,
Sleeping Sickness) share common suramin, melarsoprol and
African characteristics with eflornithine. A fifth drug,
Trypanosomiasis, other members of nifurtimox, is used in combination
also known as the phylum under special authorizations.
“sleeping Euglenozoa,
sickness”, is particularly the
caused by stiffening paraxial
microscopic rod in the
parasites of the flagellum, and
species characteristics
Trypanosoma common to the
brucei. It is order
transmitted by the Kinetoplastida,
tsetse fly (Glossina specifically a large
species), which is clump of DNA
found only in sub- located at one end
Saharan Africa. of the unusually
long mitochondrion
known as the
kinetoplast.
Leprosy Hansen's disease Discolored patches In general, two antibiotics
(also known as of skin, usually flat, (dapsone and rifampicin) treat
leprosy) is an that may be numb paucibacillary leprosy, while
infection caused by and look faded multibacillary leprosy is treated
slow-growing (lighter than the with the same two plus a third
bacteria called skin around) antibiotic, clofazimine. Usually,
 Mycobacterium Growths (nodules) medical professionals administer
leprae. on the skin. the antibiotics for at least six to
Causes: Thick, stiff or dry 12 months or more to cure the
Mycobacterium skin. disease.
leprae Painless ulcers on
Parent Disease: the soles of feet.
Infection Painless swelling
or lumps on the
face or earlobes.
Loss of eyebrows
or eyelashes.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Creutzfeldt-Jakob Personality For example, psychological
disease disease (CJD) is a changes. symptoms of CJD, such as
rapidly progressive, Memory loss. anxiety and depression, can be
invariably fatal Impaired thinking. treated with sedatives and
neurodegenerative Blurred vision or antidepressants, and muscle
disorder believed blindness. jerks or tremors can be treated
to be caused by an Insomnia. with medicines like clonazepam
abnormal isoform Incoordination. and sodium valproate. Any pain
of a cellular Difficulty speaking. experienced can be relieved
glycoprotein known Difficulty using powerful opiate-based
as the prion swallowing. painkillers.
protein.

Microbial diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic system

Disease Pathogen Characteristics Treatment

Rheumatic fever Bacteria called Personality The goals of treatment for

group A changes. rheumatic fever are to destroy
Streptococcus or Memory loss. remaining group A streptococcal
group A strep Impaired thinking. bacteria, relieve symptoms,
cause strep throat Blurred vision or control inflammation and
and scarlet fever. blindness. prevent the condition from
It usually takes Insomnia. returning. Treatments include:
about 1 to 5 weeks Incoordination. Antibiotics. Your child's doctor
after strep throat Difficulty speaking. will prescribe penicillin or
or scarlet fever for Difficulty another antibiotic to eliminate
rheumatic fever to swallowing. remaining strep bacteria.
develop.
Rheumatic fever is
thought to be
caused by a
response of the
body's defense
system — the
immune system.
Yellow Fever Yellow fever (YF) headache, No specific treatment exists for
is an African jaundice, muscle yellow fever, which is one
mosquito-borne pain, nausea, reason that preventative
 infection of vomiting and measures such as vaccination
primates. It is fatigue. A small are so important. Supportive
caused by a virus proportion of treatment is aimed at controlling
of the Flavivirus patients who the symptoms, and includes
genus of the contract the virus rest, fluids, and use of
Flaviviridae family. develop severe medicines to help relieve fever
In its natural symptoms and and aching.
habitat, it is approximately half
transmitted of those die within
between monkeys 7 to 10 days. The
by forest-dwelling virus is endemic in
primatophilic tropical areas of
Aedes Africa and Central
mosquitoes. and South
America.
Anthrax Anthrax is a Flu-like symptoms Antibiotics are usually used to
serious infectious for a few hours or treat anthrax. Antibiotics that
disease caused by days, such as sore may be prescribed include
gram-positive, rod- throat, mild fever, penicillin, doxycycline, and
shaped bacteria fatigue and muscle ciprofloxacin. Inhalation anthrax
known as Bacillus aches. is treated with a combination of
anthracis. Anthrax Mild chest antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin
can be found discomfort. plus another medicine. They are
naturally in soil Shortness of given by IV (intravenously).
and commonly breath.
affects domestic Nausea.
and wild animals Coughing up
around the world. blood.
Painful swallowing.
High fever.
Trouble breathing.
Gangrene Gas gangrene is initial redness and Antibiotics. These medicines
most commonly swelling. can be used to kill bacteria in
caused by either a loss of the affected area. ...
infection with a sensation or Surgery to remove the dead
bacterium called severe pain in the tissue. This is called
Clostridium affected area. debridement. ...
perfringens. sores or blisters Maggot debridement. ...
Bacteria gather in that bleed or Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. ...
an injury or release a dirty- Vascular surgery.
surgical wound looking or foul-
that has no blood smelling discharge
supply. The (if the gangrene is
bacterial infection caused by an
produces toxins infection)
that release gas the skin becoming
and cause tissue cold and pale.
death. Like wet
gangrene, gas
gangrene is a life-
threatening
condition.
Lyme disease Lyme disease is Rash, sometimes Lyme disease is best treated in
caused by the shaped like a bull's the early stages. Treatment for
bacterium Borrelia eye (Erythema early localized disease is a
burgdorferi and migrans (EM simple 10- to 14-day course of
rarely, Borrelia rash)) oral antibiotics to eliminate the
mayonii. It is Fever. infection. Medications used to
transmitted to Chills. treat Lyme disease include:
humans through Headache. doxycycline, amoxicillin, or
the bite of infected Fatigue. cefuroxime, which are first-line
blacklegged ticks. Muscle and joint treatments in adults and
Typical symptoms aches. children.
include fever, Swollen lymph
headache, fatigue, nodes.
and a
characteristic skin
rash called
erythema migrans.

Tularemia Tularemia is Gram-negative, Antibiotics used to treat

caused by the tiny pleomorphic, tularemia include streptomycin,
bacterium poorly staining, gentamicin, doxycycline, and
Francisella coccobacillus. ciprofloxacin. Treatment usually
tularensis. The Sheep blood agar lasts 10 to 21 days depending
disease mainly – grows poorly on the stage of illness and the
affects rabbits, with very tiny medication used. Although
hares, and colonies. symptoms may last for several
rodents, such as Chocolate agar weeks, most patients completely
muskrats and (cystine enriched) recover.
squirrels. – grows slowly.
Tularemia can also Oxidase negative.
infect birds, sheep Nonmotile.
and domestic Urease negative.
animals, such as Beta-lactamase
dogs, cats and positive.
hamsters. X and V factors
are not required.
Relapsing Fever Relapsing fever is Bleeding. Treatment. In relapsing fever
a vector-borne Coma. transmitted by ticks, tetracycline
disease caused by Headache. or erythromycin 500 mg orally
infection with Joint aches, every 6 hours is given for 5 to
certain bacteria in muscle aches. 10 days. For louse-transmitted
the genus Borrelia, Nausea and relapsing fever, a single 500-mg
which is vomiting. oral dose of either drug is
transmitted Sagging on one effective. Doxycycline 100 mg
through the bites side of the face orally every 12 hours for 5 to 10
of lice or soft- (facial droop) days is also effective.
bodied ticks Stiff neck.
(genus Sudden high fever,
Ornithodoros). shaking chills,
seizure.
Infectious Mono, or infectious Fatigue. There's no specific therapy
mononucleosis mononucleosis, Sore throat, available to treat infectious
refers to a group of perhaps mononucleosis. Antibiotics don't
symptoms usually misdiagnosed as work against viral infections
caused by the strep throat, that such as mono. Treatment
Epstein-Barr virus doesn't get better mainly involves taking care of
(EBV). It typically after treatment yourself, such as getting enough
occurs in with antibiotics. rest, eating a healthy diet and
teenagers, but you Fever. drinking plenty of fluids.
can get it at any Swollen lymph
age. The virus is nodes in your neck
spread through and armpits.
saliva, which is Swollen tonsils.
why some people Headache.
refer to it as “the Skin rash.
kissing disease.” Soft, swollen
Type of infectious spleen.
agent: Virus
Causes: Epstein–
Barr virus
Malaria Malaria is caused shaking chills that Malaria is treated with
by the can range from prescription drugs to kill the
Plasmodium moderate to parasite.
parasite. The severe. Other common antimalarial
parasite can be high fever. drugs include:
spread to humans profuse sweating. Atovaquone-proguanil
through the bites headache. (Malarone)
of infected nausea. Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin) with
mosquitoes. There vomiting. doxycycline (Oracea,
are many different abdominal pain. Vibramycin, others)
types of diarrhea. Primaquine phosphate.
plasmodium
parasite, but only 5
types cause
malaria in humans.
Dengue Fever Dengue is caused Sudden, high Mild symptoms of dengue can
by a virus of the fever. be confused with other illnesses
Flaviviridae family, Severe that cause fever, aches and
Flavivirus genus headaches. pains, or a rash.
which includes Pain behind the Graphic of human body showing
viruses such as eyes. most common symptom of
yellow fever, West Severe joint and dengue is fever with any of the
Nile and tick-borne muscle pain. following: eye pain, headache,
encephalitis. There Fatigue. muscle pain, rash, bone pain,
are four distinct Nausea. nausea/vomiting, joint pain
dengue viruses Vomiting. The most common symptom of
without cross Skin rash, which dengue is fever with any of the
immunity. People appears two to five following:
can have up to days after the
four dengue onset of fever. Nausea, vomiting
infections in their Rash
lifetime. Aches and pains (eye pain,
typically behind the eyes,
 muscle, joint, or bone pain)
Any warning sign
Hantavirus Hantavirus Hantavirus virions There is no specific treatment,
Pulmonary have spherical vaccine, or cure for hantavirus
Syndrome (HPS) shape with size pulmonary syndrome. Usually,
is a severe, varying between treatment is in an intensive care
sometimes fatal, 80 and 120 nm. facility and often require
respiratory disease Hantavirus respiratory support (intubation
in humans caused genome is and mechanical ventilation).
by infection with comprised of three Special doctors usually care for
hantaviruses. segments of single people with hantavirus
Anyone who stranded negative infections.
comes into contact sense RNA. Based
with rodents that on their size, these
carry hantaviruses three segments
is at risk of HPS. are named small
Rodent infestation (S), medium (M),
in and around the and large (L).
home remains the
primary risk for
hantavirus
exposure.
HIV HIV infection is As the virus HIV medicine is called
caused by the continues to antiretroviral therapy (ART).
human multiply and There is no effective cure for
immunodeficiency destroy your HIV. But with proper medical
virus. You can get immune cells — care, you can control HIV.
HIV from contact the cells in your Most people can get the virus
with infected body that help fight under control within six months.
blood, semen, or off germs — you Taking HIV medicine does not
vaginal fluids. may develop mild prevent transmission of other
Most people get infections or sexually transmitted diseases.
the virus by having chronic signs and
unprotected sex symptoms such
with someone who as: Fever. Fatigue.
has HIV. Swollen lymph
nodes — often one
of the first signs of
HIV infection.
Elephantitis Lymphatic filariasis The main antiparasitic drugs, such as
is caused by three symptom of diethylcarbamazine (DEC),
different species of elephantiasis is mectizan, and albendazole
worms known as gross enlargement (Albenza)
Brugia malayi, and swelling of an using good hygiene to clean the
Brugia timori and area of the body affected areas.
Wuchereria because of the elevating the affected areas.
bancrofti. These accumulation of caring for wounds in the
worms cause fluid. The arms affected areas.
damage and and legs are the exercising based on a doctor's
inflammation to the areas most often directions.
lymphatic system. affected. An entire
 The larval form of arm or leg may
the worms is swell to several
introduced into the times its normal
human body size resembling
through the bite of the thick, round
infected appearance of an
mosquitoes. elephant's leg.
Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis, Schistosoma Schistosomiasis can usually be
also known as mansoni eggs are treated successfully with a short
bilharzia, is a large (114 to 180 course of a medication called
disease caused by µm long by 45-70 praziquantel, that kills the
parasitic worms. µm wide) and worms. Praziquantel is most
Infection with have a effective once the worms have
Schistosoma characteristic grown a bit, so treatment may
mansoni, S. shape, with a be delayed until a few weeks
haematobium, and prominent lateral after you were infected, or
S. japonicum spine near the repeated again a few weeks
causes illness in posterior end. The after your first dose.
humans; less anterior end is
commonly, S. tapered and
slightly curved.
When the eggs are
excreted in stool,
they contain a
mature
miracidium.
Ebola It is caused by an Primary signs and There are currently two
infection with a symptoms of treatments* approved by the
group of viruses Ebola often U.S. Food and Drug
within the genus include some or Administration (FDA) to treat
Ebolavirus: Ebola several of the EVD caused by the Ebola virus,
virus (species following: Fever. species Zaire ebolavirus, in
Zaire ebolavirus) Aches and pains, adults and children. The first
Sudan virus such as severe drug approved in October 2020,
(species Sudan headache, muscle Inmazeb™external icon, is a
ebolavirus) Taï and joint pain, and combination of three
Forest virus abdominal monoclonal antibodies. The
(species Taï (stomach) pain. second drug, Ebanga™external
Forest ebolavirus, Weakness and icon, is a single monoclonal
formerly Côte fatigue. antibody and was approved in
d'Ivoire ebolavirus) December 2020. Monoclonal
Symptoms: antibodies (often abbreviated as
Myalgia; mAbs) are proteins produced in
Abdominal pain a lab or other manufacturing
facility that act like natural
antibodies to stop a germ such
as a virus from replicating after
it has infected a person. These
particular mAbs bind to a portion
of the Ebola virus’s surface
called the glycoprotein, which
prevents the virus from entering
 a person’s cells.

Both of these treatments, along

with two others, were evaluated
in a randomized controlled trial
during the 2018-2020 Ebola
outbreak in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo. Overall
survival was much higher for
patients receiving either of the
two treatments that are now
approved by the FDA. Neither
Inmazeb™ nor Ebanga™ have
been evaluated for efficacy
against species other than Zaire
ebolavirus.

Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

Disease Pathogen Characteristics Treatment

Strep throat Streptococcus Sore throat that Strep throat is treated using
pyogenes, which can start very antibiotics. An antibiotic is a type
are also called quickly. of medicine that kills the bacteria
group A Pain when that cause the infection.
Streptococcus or swallowing. Antibiotics are often taken as pills
group A strep, Fever. or given as a shot. Penicillin and
cause acute Red and swollen amoxicillin are common
pharyngitis known tonsils, sometimes antibiotics used to treat strep
as strep throat. with white patches throat.
or streaks of pus.
Tiny, red spots
(petechiae —
pronounced pi-
TEE-kee-eye) on
the roof of the
mouth (the soft or
hard palate)
Pneumonia Viruses, bacteria, Cough, which may Control your fever with aspirin,
and fungi can all produce greenish, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
cause pneumonia. yellow or even drugs (NSAIDs, such as
In the United bloody mucus. ibuprofen or naproxen), or
States, common Fever, sweating acetaminophen. ...
causes of viral and shaking chills. Drink plenty of fluids to help
pneumonia are Shortness of loosen secretions and bring up
influenza, breath. phlegm.
respiratory Rapid, shallow Do not take cough medicines
syncytial virus breathing. without first talking to your
 (RSV), and SARS- Sharp or stabbing doctor.
CoV-2 (the virus chest pain that
that causes gets worse when
COVID-19). A you breathe deeply
common cause of or cough.
bacterial Loss of appetite,
pneumonia is low energy, and
Streptococcus fatigue.
pneumoniae
(pneumococcus).
Pneumonic Plague Pneumonic plague With pneumonic Treatment. Pneumonic plague is
is a severe lung plague, the first a very aggressive infection
infection caused signs of illness are requiring early treatment.
by the bacterium fever, headache, Antibiotics must be given within
Yersinia pestis. weakness, and 24 hours of first symptoms to
Symptoms include rapidly developing reduce the risk of death.
fever, headache, pneumonia with Streptomycin, gentamicin,
shortness of shortness of tetracyclines and
breath, chest pain, breath, chest pain, chloramphenicol are all able to
and coughing. cough, and kill the causative bacterium.
They typically start sometimes bloody
about three to or watery sputum.
seven days after The pneumonia
exposure. progresses for 2 to
4 days and may
cause respiratory
failure and shock.
Diphtheria Diphtheria is a A thick, gray Diphtheria treatment today
serious infection membrane involves: Using diphtheria
caused by strains covering your antitoxin to stop the toxin made
of bacteria called throat and tonsils. by the bacteria from damaging
Corynebacterium A sore throat and the body. This treatment is very
diphtheriae that hoarseness. important for respiratory
make a toxin Swollen glands diphtheria infections, but it is
(poison). It is the (enlarged lymph rarely used for diphtheria skin
toxin that can nodes) in your infections. Using antibiotics to kill
cause people to neck. and get rid of the bacteria.
get very sick. Difficulty breathing
Diphtheria bacteria or rapid breathing.
spread from Nasal discharge.
person to person, Fever and chills.
usually through
respiratory
droplets, like from
coughing or
sneezing.

Pertussis Pertussis, a Paroxysms of Several antibiotics are available

respiratory illness numerous, rapid to treat pertussis. The most
commonly known coughs due to popular are azithromycin,
as whooping difficulty expelling clarithromycin and erythromycin.
 cough, is a very thick mucus from If you have had pertussis for
contagious the three weeks or more, antibiotics
disease caused by tracheobronchial will not be prescribed because
a type of bacteria tree. the bacteria are already gone
called Bordetella Long inspiratory from your body.
pertussis. These effort accompanied
bacteria attach to by a high-pitched
the cilia (tiny, hair- “whoop” at the end
like extensions) of the paroxysms.
that line part of the Cyanosis.
upper respiratory Vomiting and
system. exhaustion.
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) Coughing that lasts If you have an active TB disease
is caused by a three or more you will probably be treated with
bacterium called weeks. a combination of antibacterial
Mycobacterium Coughing up medications for a period of six to
tuberculosis. The blood. 12 months. The most common
bacteria usually Chest pain, or pain treatment for active TB is
attack the lungs, with breathing or isoniazid INH in combination with
but TB bacteria coughing. three other drugs—rifampin,
can attack any part Unintentional pyrazinamide and ethambutol.
of the body such weight loss.
as the kidney, Fatigue.
spine, and brain. Fever.
Not everyone Night sweats.
infected with TB Chills.
bacteria becomes
sick.

Hantavirus Hantavirus Hantavirus virions There is no specific treatment,

Pulmonary have spherical vaccine, or cure for hantavirus
Syndrome (HPS) is shape with size pulmonary syndrome. Usually,
a severe, varying between treatment is in an intensive care
sometimes fatal, 80 and 120 nm. facility and often require
respiratory disease Hantavirus respiratory support (intubation
in humans caused genome is and mechanical ventilation).
by infection with comprised of three Special doctors usually care for
hantaviruses. segments of single people with hantavirus infections.
Anyone who stranded negative
comes into contact sense RNA. Based
with rodents that on their size, these
carry hantaviruses three segments
is at risk of HPS. are named small
Rodent infestation (S), medium (M),
in and around the and large (L).
home remains the
primary risk for
hantavirus
exposure.
Legionellosis The bacterium Legionella How is Legionnaires' disease
Legionella pneumophila is a treated? Many antibiotics are
 pneumophila is gram negative, highly effective against
responsible for strictly aerobic Legionella bacteria. The two
most cases of bacterium of the most potent classes of antibiotic
Legionnaires' Legionellaceae are the macrolides
disease. Outdoors, family(3). It (azithromycin), and the
legionella bacteria exhibits poor quinolones (ciprofloxacin,
survive in soil and staining and can levofloxacin, moxifloxacin,
water, but rarely appear in different gemifloxacin, trovofloxacin).
cause infections. forms. In lung or
However, sputum samples,
legionella bacteria L. pneumophila
can multiply in appears as a small
water systems to short rod with a
made by humans, length of 3 to 5
such as air μm.
conditioners.

Listeriosis Listeria Listeria spp. are For more serious cases of

monocytogenes (L. small gram- listeriosis, antibiotics are the
monocytogenes) is positive rod (0.5–4 most common treatment choice;
a species of μm in diameter ampicillin can be used alone or in
pathogenic and 0.5–2 μm in conjunction with another
(disease-causing) length), non-spore- antibiotic (often gentamicin). If
bacteria that can forming, facultative septicemia or meningitis occur,
be found in moist anaerobic, the individual will be given
environments, soil, catalase-positive, intravenous antibiotics and
water, decaying and oxidase- require up to 6 weeks of care and
vegetation and negative treatment.
animals, and can organisms. Listeria
survive and even has tumbling
grow under motility at 20–25°C
refrigeration and due to peritrichous
other food flagella.
preservation
measures.
Influenza There are three fever* or feeling But if you have a severe infection
types of influenza feverish/chills. or are at higher risk for
viruses: A, B, and cough. complications, your doctor may
C. Major sore throat. prescribe an antiviral drug to
epidemics are runny or stuffy treat the flu. These drugs can
caused by A and nose. include oseltamivir (Tamiflu),
B, and it is usually muscle or body zanamivir (Relenza), peramivir
these two varieties aches. (Rapivab) or baloxavir (Xofluza).
that cause the flu. headaches.
fatigue (tiredness)
some people may
have vomiting and
diarrhea, though
this is more
common in
children than
adults.
Histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis is Some people with Severe infections or
an infection histoplasmosis disseminated cases of
caused by a also get joint pain histoplasmosis require treatment
fungus called and a rash. People with antifungal medications.
Histoplasma. The who have a lung Itraconazole (Sporanox, Onmel),
fungus lives in the disease, such as fluconazole (Diflucan), and
environment, emphysema, can amphotericin B (Ambisome,
particularly in soil develop a chronic Amphotec; drug of choice for
that contains large form of severe disease) are antifungal
amounts of bird or histoplasmosis. drugs that treat histoplasmosis.
bat droppings. Signs of chronic
histoplasmosis can
include weight loss
and a bloody
cough. The
symptoms of
chronic
histoplasmosis
sometimes mimic
those of
tuberculosis.
Cold Although many Runny or stuffy Stay hydrated. Water, juice, clear
types of viruses nose. broth or warm lemon water with
can cause a Sore throat. honey helps loosen congestion
common cold, Cough. and prevents dehydration. ...
rhinoviruses are Congestion. Rest. Your body needs rest to
the most common Slight body aches heal.
culprit. A cold virus or a mild Soothe a sore throat. ...
enters your body headache. Combat stuffiness. ...
through your Sneezing. Relieve pain. ...
mouth, eyes or Low-grade fever. Sip warm liquids. ...
nose. The virus Generally feeling Try honey. ...
can spread unwell (malaise) Add moisture to the air.
through droplets in
the air when
someone who is
sick coughs,
sneezes or talks.

Whooping cough Pertussis, a Paroxysms of Healthcare providers generally

respiratory illness numerous, rapid treat pertussis with antibiotics
commonly known coughs due to and early treatment is very
as whooping difficulty expelling important. Treatment may make
cough, is a very thick mucus from your infection less serious if you
contagious the start it early, before coughing fits
disease caused by tracheobronchial begin.
a type of bacteria tree.
called Bordetella Long inspiratory
pertussis. These effort accompanied
bacteria attach to by a high-pitched
the cilia (tiny, hair- “whoop” at the end
like extensions) of the paroxysms.
 that line part of the Cyanosis.
upper respiratory Vomiting and
system. exhaustion.
Bird Flue Bird flu is caused Cough. In most cases, treatment with
by a type of Fever. antiviral medication such as
influenza virus that Sore throat. oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir
rarely infects Muscle aches. (Relenza) can help reduce the
humans. More Headache. severity of the disease. However,
than a dozen types Shortness of the medication must be taken
of bird flu have breath. within 48 hours after symptoms
been identified, first appear.
including the two
strains that have
most recently
infected humans
— H5N1 and
H7N9. When bird
flu does strike
humans, it can be
deadly.

Microbial Diseases of the Digestive system

Disease Pathogen Characteristics Treatment

Food poisoning Food poisoning is abdominal cramps. Treatment for food poisoning
defined as an diarrhea. typically depends on the source
illness caused by vomiting. of the illness, if known, and the
the consumption of loss of appetite. severity of your symptoms. For
food or water mild fever. most people, the illness resolves
contaminated with weakness. without treatment within a few
bacteria and/or nausea. days, though some types of food
their toxins, or with headaches. poisoning may last longer.
parasites, viruses,
or chemicals. The Treatment of food poisoning may
most common include:
pathogens are
Norovirus, Replacement of lost fluids. Fluids
Escherichia coli, and electrolytes — minerals such
Salmonella, as sodium, potassium and
Clostridium calcium that maintain the balance
perfringens, of fluids in your body — lost to
Campylobacter, persistent diarrhea need to be
and replaced. Some children and
Staphylococcus adults with persistent diarrhea or
aureus. vomiting may need
hospitalization, where they can
receive salts and fluids through a
 vein (intravenously), to prevent or
treat dehydration.
Antibiotics. Your doctor may
prescribe antibiotics if you have a
certain kind of bacterial food
poisoning and your symptoms are
severe. Food poisoning caused
by listeria needs to be treated
with intravenous antibiotics during
hospitalization. The sooner
treatment begins, the better.
During pregnancy, prompt
antibiotic treatment may help
keep the infection from affecting
the baby.

Antibiotics will not help food

poisoning caused by viruses.
Antibiotics may actually worsen
symptoms in certain kinds of viral
or bacterial food poisoning. Talk
to your doctor about your options.

Adults with diarrhea that isn't

bloody and who have no fever
may get relief from taking the
medication loperamide (Imodium
A-D) or bismuth subsalicylate
(Pepto-Bismol). Ask your doctor
about these options.
Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is an Salmonella species Because salmonella infection can
infection with a are non-spore- be dehydrating, treatment
bacteria called forming, focuses on replacing fluids and
Salmonella, predominantly electrolytes. Severe cases may
Salmonella live in motile require hospitalization and fluids
the intestinal tracts enterobacteria with delivered directly into a vein
of animals, cell diameters (intravenous). In addition, your
including birds. between about 0.7 doctor may recommend: Anti-
Salmonella are and 1.5 μm, diarrheals.
usually transmitted lengths from 2 to 5
to humans by μm, and
eating foods peritrichous flagella
contaminated with (all around the cell
animal feces. body). They are
Every year, chemotrophs,
approximately obtaining their
40,000 cases of energy from
salmonellosis are oxidation and
reported in the reduction reactions
United States. using organic
sources.
Periodontal High-risk Swollen or puffy Scaling. Scaling removes tartar
disease periodontal gums. and bacteria from your tooth
pathogens include Bright red, dusky surfaces and beneath your gums.
Aggregatibacter red or purplish It may be performed using
actinomycetemcom gums. instruments, a laser or an
itans (Aa), Gums that feel ultrasonic device.
Porphyromonas tender when Root planing. Root planing
gingivalis (Pg), touched. smooths the root surfaces,
Tannerella Gums that bleed discouraging further buildup of
forsythia (Tf), easily. tartar and bacteria, and removes
Treponema Pink-tinged bacterial byproducts that
denticola (Td) and toothbrush after contribute to inflammation and
Fusobacterium brushing. delay healing or reattachment of
nucleatum (Fn). Spitting out blood the gum to the tooth surfaces.
They are prevalent when brushing or Antibiotics. Topical or oral
in periodontitis. flossing your teeth. antibiotics can help control
Bad breath. bacterial infection. Topical
Pus between your antibiotics can include antibiotic
teeth and gums. mouth rinses or insertion of gels
containing antibiotics in the space
between your teeth and gums or
into pockets after deep cleaning.
However, oral antibiotics may be
necessary to completely eliminate
infection-causing bacteria.
Tooth decay Tartar makes As the decay gets Fluoride treatments. If your cavity
plaque more larger, it may just started, a fluoride treatment
difficult to remove cause signs and may help restore your tooth's
and creates a symptoms such as: enamel and can sometimes
shield for bacteria. Toothache, reverse a cavity in the very early
Plaque attacks. spontaneous pain stages. ...
The acids in or pain that occurs Fillings. ...
plaque remove without any Crowns. ...
minerals in your apparent cause. Root canals.
tooth's hard, outer Tooth sensitivity. Tooth extractions.
enamel. This Mild to sharp pain
erosion causes tiny when eating or
openings or holes drinking something
in the enamel — sweet, hot or cold
the first stage of
cavities.
Shigellosis Shigella bacteria Shigellosis has two People with Shigella infection
cause an infection basic clinical should drink plenty of fluids to
called shigellosis. presentations: (1) prevent dehydration.
Most people with watery diarrhea People with bloody diarrhea
Shigella infection associated with should not use anti-diarrheal
have diarrhea vomiting and mild medication, such as loperamide
(sometimes to moderate (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with
bloody), fever, and dehydration, and atropine (Lomotil). These
stomach cramps. (2) dysentery medications may make
Symptoms usually characterized by a symptoms worse.
begin 1–2 days small volume of Antibiotics can shorten the time
after infection and bloody, mucoid you have fever and diarrhea by
 last 7 days. stools, and about 2 days.
abdominal pain Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin
(cramps and are two recommended oral
tenesmus) antibiotics.
If your healthcare provider
prescribes an antibiotic, take it
exactly as directed and finish
taking all the pills even if you feel
better.
Colitis Common bacteria Diarrhea, often with Treatment for ulcerative colitis
causing bacterial blood or pus. can include medicine, changes in
colitis include Abdominal pain your diet, or surgery. These
Campylobacter and cramping. treatments won't cure your
jejuni, Salmonella, Rectal pain. ulcerative colitis, unless you have
Shigella, Rectal bleeding — surgery that removes the colon
Escherichia coli, passing small and rectum, which is considered
Yersinia amount of blood curative, but they can help ease
enterocolitica, with stool. your symptoms.
Clostridium difficile, Urgency to
and defecate.
Mycobacterium Inability to defecate
tuberculosis. despite urgency.
Common causes of Weight loss.
viral colitis include Fatigue.
Norovirus,
Rotavirus,
Adenovirus, and
Cytomegalovirus.
Cholera Cholera is an Diarrhea. Cholera- Rehydration. The goal is to
acute, diarrheal related diarrhea replace lost fluids and electrolytes
illness caused by comes on suddenly using a simple rehydration
infection of the and can quickly solution, oral rehydration salts
intestine with the cause dangerous (ORS)
toxigenic bacterium fluid loss — as Intravenous fluids
Vibrio cholerae much as a quart Antibiotics
serogroup O1 or (about 1 liter) an Zinc supplements.
O139. An hour. ...
estimated 2.9 Nausea and
million cases and vomiting. Vomiting
95,000 deaths occurs especially in
occur each year the early stages of
around the world. cholera and can
The infection is last for hours.
often mild or Dehydration.
without symptoms,
but can be severe.
Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is a Bleeding easily. Hepatitis C is treated using direct
liver infection Bruising easily. acting antiviral (DAA) tablets.
caused by the Fatigue. DAA tablets are the safest and
hepatitis C virus Poor appetite. most effective medicines for
(HCV). Hepatitis C Yellow treating hepatitis C. They're
 is spread through discoloration of the highly effective at clearing the
contact with blood skin and eyes infection in more than 90% of
from an infected (jaundice) people. The tablets are taken for
person. Today, Dark-colored urine. 8 to 12 weeks.
most people Itchy skin.
become infected Fluid buildup in
with the hepatitis C your abdomen
virus by sharing (ascites)
needles or other
equipment used to
prepare and inject
drugs.
HBV Hepatitis B is a Abdominal pain. Antiviral medications. Several
vaccine- Dark urine. antiviral medications — including
preventable liver Fever. entecavir (Baraclude), tenofovir
infection caused by Joint pain. (Viread), lamivudine (Epivir),
the hepatitis B Loss of appetite. adefovir (Hepsera) and
virus (HBV). Nausea and telbivudine (Tyzeka) — can help
Hepatitis B is vomiting. fight the virus and slow its ability
spread when Weakness and to damage your liver.
blood, semen, or fatigue.
other body fluids Yellowing of your
from a person skin and the whites
infected with the of your eyes
virus enters the (jaundice)
body of someone
who is not infected.
Peptic ulcer The most common Vomiting or Antibiotic medications to kill H.
disease causes of peptic vomiting blood — pylori
ulcers are infection which may appear Medications that block acid
with the bacterium red or black. production and promote healing.
Helicobacter pylori Dark blood in Medications to reduce acid
(H. pylori) and stools, or stools production
long-term use of that are black or Antacids that neutralize stomach
nonsteroidal anti- tarry. acid
inflammatory drugs Trouble breathing. Medications that protect the lining
(NSAIDs) such as Feeling faint. of your stomach and small
ibuprofen (Advil, Nausea or intestine.
Motrin IB, others) vomiting.
and naproxen Unexplained
sodium (Aleve). weight loss.
Stress and spicy Appetite changes.
foods do not cause
peptic ulcers.

Mumps Mumps is a viral Pain in the swollen There's currently no cure for
illness caused by a salivary glands on mumps, but the infection should
paramyxovirus, a one or both sides pass within one or two weeks.
member of the of your face. Treatment is used to relieve
Rubulavirus family. Pain while chewing symptoms and includes: getting
The average or swallowing. plenty of bed rest and fluids.
 incubation period Fever. using painkillers, such as
for mumps is 16 to Headache. ibuprofen and paracetamol –
18 days, with a Muscle aches. aspirin shouldn't be given to
range of 12 to 25 Weakness and children under 16.
days. fatigue.
Type of infectious Loss of appetite.
agent: Virus
Prevention factors:
MMR vaccine
Symptoms:
Myalgia; Malaise;
Headache

Rotavirus Rotavirus—the Rotavirus disease There is no specific medicine to

cause of rotaviral is characterized by treat rotavirus infection, but your
gastroenteritis—is vomiting and doctor may recommend medicine
a non-enveloped, watery diarrhea for to treat the symptoms. Antibiotics
double-stranded, 3 to 8 days. Fever will not help because they fight
segmented RNA and abdominal bacteria not viruses. Since
virus of the pain also are rotavirus disease can cause
Reoviridae family. common. severe vomiting and diarrhea, it
Additional can lead to dehydration (loss of
symptoms include body fluids).
loss of appetite and
dehydration.
unusual sleepiness
or fussiness.
Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium is Watery diarrhea. Anti-diarrheal medicine may help
a microscopic Dehydration. slow down diarrhea, but a
parasite that Lack of appetite. healthcare provider should be
causes the Weight loss. consulted before such medicine
diarrheal disease Stomach cramps or is taken. Nitazoxanide has been
cryptosporidiosis. pain. FDA-approved for treatment of
Both the parasite Fever. diarrhea caused by
and the disease Nausea. Cryptosporidium in people with
are commonly Vomiting. healthy immune systems and is
known as “Crypto.” available by prescription.
Tapeworm Humans often The Skin. tough The most common treatment for
contract outer covering that. tapeworm infection involves oral
tapeworms, protects against medications that are toxic to the
common parasites, host's digestive adult tapeworm, including:
through eating juices. ... Praziquantel (Biltricide)
contaminated Heterotrophic. live Albendazole (Albenza)
foods, including on other living Nitazoxanide (Alinia)
pork, beef and things in which
whale flesh. they depend on for
Tapeworms, a form food. ...
of parasite called Sessile. cannot
cestodes, infect the move on their own.
gut and cannot be ...
transmitted directly Body Segments.
 from one human to Scolex (head) has
another. several suckers.

Microbial diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive systems

1. Disease Pathogen Characteristics Treatment

Cystitis UTIs typically A strong, take paracetamol or ibuprofen.

occur when persistent urge to drink plenty of water.
bacteria outside urinate. hold a hot water bottle on your
the body enter the A burning tummy or between your thighs.
urinary tract sensation when avoid having sex.
through the urinating. pee frequently.
urethra and begin Passing frequent, wipe from front to back when
to multiply. Most small amounts of you go to the toilet.
cases of cystitis urine. gently wash around your
are caused by a Blood in the urine genitals with a skin-sensitive
type of (hematuria) soap.
Escherichia coli Passing cloudy or
(E. coli) bacteria.strong-smelling
Bacterial bladder urine.
infections may Pelvic discomfort.
occur in women as A feeling of
a result of sexual pressure in the
intercourse. lower abdomen.
Low-grade fever.
UTI Urinary tract Upper back and Antibiotics usually are the first
infections (UTIs) side (flank) pain line treatment for urinary tract
are a severe High fever infections. Which drugs are
public health Shaking and chills prescribed and for how long
problem and are Nausea Vomiting depend on your health condition
caused by a range Pelvic pressure and the type of bacteria found in
of pathogens, but Lower abdomen your urine.
most commonly by discomfort
Escherichia coli, Frequent, painful
Klebsiella urination Blood in
pneumoniae, urine
Proteus mirabilis,
Enterococcus
faecalis and
Staphylococcus
saprophyticus.
Yeast Infections The fungus Itching and Over-the-counter antifungal
candida albicans irritation in the creams, ointments or
is responsible for vagina and vulva. suppositories (with miconazole
most vaginal yeast A burning or clotrimazole) are the most
infections. Your sensation, common ways to treat yeast
vagina naturally especially during infections. These can take from
contains a intercourse or 1 to 7 days. Your doctor may
balanced mix of while urinating. also prescribe a single-dose pill
 yeast, including Redness and with fluconazole (an antifungal
candida, and swelling of the medicine) for you to take.
bacteria. Certain vulva.
bacteria Vaginal pain and
(lactobacillus) act soreness.
to prevent an Vaginal rash.
overgrowth of Thick, white, odor-
yeast. But that free vaginal
balance can be discharge with a
disrupted. cottage cheese
appearance.
Watery vaginal
discharge.
Chlamydia Chlamydia is a Chlamydiae are If you are diagnosed with
common sexually obligate, chlamydia, your doctor will
transmitted intracellular, prescribe oral antibiotics. A
disease. It is nonmotile, gram- single dose of azithromycin or
caused by negative bacteria taking doxycycline twice daily for
bacteria called with a unique 7 to 14 days are the most
Chlamydia biphasic common treatments and are the
trachomatis. It can developmental same for those with or without
infect both men cycle consisting of HIV. With treatment, the
and women. extra- and infection should clear up in
Women can get intracellular forms. about a week.
chlamydia in the Chlamydiae have
cervix, rectum, or an outer
throat. membrane that
contains
lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) and
membrane
proteins.
Gonorrhea Gonorrhea is a Signs and Adults with gonorrhea are
sexually symptoms include treated with antibiotics. Due to
transmitted anal itching, pus- emerging strains of drug-
disease (STD) like discharge resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
caused by from the rectum, the Centers for Disease Control
infection with the spots of bright red and Prevention recommends
Neisseria blood on toilet that uncomplicated gonorrhea
gonorrhoeae tissue and having be treated with the antibiotic
bacterium. N. to strain during ceftriaxone — given as an
gonorrhoeae bowel movements. injection — with oral
infects the mucous Eyes. Gonorrhea azithromycin (Zithromax).6 Dec
membranes of the that affects your 2019
reproductive tract, eyes can cause Treatments: Antibiotic
including the eye pain,
cervix, uterus, and sensitivity to light,
fallopian tubes in and pus-like
women, and the discharge from
urethra in women one or both eyes.
and men.
Parent Disease:
 Sexually
transmitted
infection, ...
Causes: Neisseria
gonorrhoeae

PID Pelvic Pain — ranging Your provider will prescribe

(Pelvic inflammatory from mild to antibiotics that you take by
inflammatory disease is an severe — in your mouth. Make sure to take all
disease) infection of a lower abdomen your medicine, even if you start
woman's and pelvis. feeling better. Often, your
reproductive Abnormal or symptoms improve before the
organs. It is a heavy vaginal infection goes away. Your
complication often discharge that provider may recommend you
caused by some may have an return a few days after starting
STDs, like unpleasant odor. the medicine. They can check
chlamydia and Abnormal uterine that treatment is working.
gonorrhea. Other bleeding,
infections that are especially during
not sexually or after
transmitted can intercourse, or
also cause PID. between
menstrual cycles.
Pain during
intercourse.
Fever, sometimes
with chills.
Genital herpes Genital herpes is a Pain or itching. There are three major drugs
common sexually You may commonly used to treat genital
transmitted experience pain herpes symptoms: acyclovir
infection caused and tenderness in (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir),
by the herpes your genital area and valacyclovir (Valtrex). These
simplex virus until the infection are all taken in pill form. Severe
(HSV). Sexual clears. cases may be treated with the
contact is the Small red bumps intravenous (IV) drug acyclovir.
primary way that or tiny white
the virus spreads. blisters. These
After the initial may appear a few
infection, the virus days to a few
lies dormant in weeks after
your body and can infection.
reactivate several Ulcers. ...
times a year. Scabs.

Genital warts The virus that one or more small, electrocautery, or burning warts
causes genital flesh-coloured or with electric currents
warts is called grey painless cryosurgery, or freezing warts
human growths or lumps laser treatments
papillomavirus around your excision, or cutting off warts
(HPV). HPV vagina, penis, injections of the drug interferon
infection is the anus or upper
 most common thighs.
sexually itching or bleeding
transmitted from your genitals
infection (STI). or anus.
There are more a change to your
than 180 types of normal flow of pee
HPV. Many cause (for example,
no problems. sideways), that
doesn't go away.
Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis (or An often foul- Trichomoniasis can be cured
“trich”) is a very smelling vaginal with a single dose of prescription
common sexually discharge — antibiotic medication (either
transmitted which might be metronidazole or tinidazole),
disease (STD). It white, gray, yellow pills which can be taken by
is caused by or green. mouth. It is okay for pregnant
infection with a Genital redness, women to take this medication.
protozoan parasite burning and
called itching.
Trichomonas Pain with urination
vaginalis. or sexual
Although intercourse.
symptoms of the
disease vary, most
people who have
the parasite
cannot tell they
are infected.

Candidiasis Candidiasis is a Signs and Vaginal candidiasis is usually

fungal infection symptoms include treated with antifungal medicine.
caused by a yeast white patches on For most infections, the
(a type of fungus) the tongue or treatment is an antifungal
called Candida. other areas of the medicine applied inside the
Some species of mouth and throat. vagina or a single dose of
Candida can Other symptoms fluconazole taken by mouth.
cause infection in may include
people; the most soreness and
common is problems
Candida albicans. swallowing. When
Candida normally it affects the
lives on the skin vagina, it may be
and inside the referred to as a
body, in places yeast infection or
such as the thrush.
mouth, throat, gut,
and vagina,
without causing
any problems.
AIDS HIV (human Diarrhea that lasts The treatment for HIV is called
immunodeficiency for more than a antiretroviral therapy (ART).
virus) is a virus week. ART involves taking a
 that attacks the Dry cough. combination of HIV medicines
body's immune Memory loss, (called an HIV treatment
system. If HIV is depression and regimen) every day. ART is
not treated, it can neurological recommended for everyone who
lead to AIDS disorders. has HIV. ART can't cure HIV,
(acquired Pneumonia. but HIV medicines help people
immunodeficiency Profound, with HIV live longer, healthier
syndrome). unexplained lives.
fatigue.
Rapid weight loss.
Recurring fever or
profuse night
sweats.
Red, brown, pink
or purplish
blotches on or
under the skin or
inside the mouth,
nose or eyelids.
Vagenitis Bacterial vaginosis Vaginitis is defined For this type of vaginitis, your
is the most as any condition doctor may prescribe
common cause of with symptoms of metronidazole (Flagyl) tablets
vaginitis, abnormal vaginal that you take by mouth or
accounting for discharge, odor, metronidazole (MetroGel) gel or
50% of cases. As irritation, itching, clindamycin (Cleocin) cream that
previously or burning. The you apply to your vagina. You'll
mentioned, most common need to get tested and be given
bacterial vaginosis causes of vaginitis a prescription for these
is caused by an are bacterial medications. Yeast infections.
overgrowth of vaginosis,
organisms such as vulvovaginal
Gardnerella candidiasis, and
vaginalis (a gram- trichomoniasis.
variable
coccobacillus),
Mobiluncus
species,
Mycoplasma
hominis, and
Peptostreptococcu
s species.
Syphilis Syphilis is a Large, raised, gray There are no home remedies or
sexually or white lesions, over-the-counter drugs that will
transmitted known as cure syphilis, but syphilis is easy
disease (STD) condyloma lata, to cure in its early stages. A
caused by the may develop in single intramuscular injection of
bacterium warm, moist areas long acting Benzathine penicillin
Treponema such as the G (2.4 million units administered
pallidum. mouth, underarm intramuscularly) will cure a
or groin region. In person who has primary,
addition to rashes, secondary or early latent
symptoms of syphilis.
secondary syphilis
may include fever,
swollen lymph
glands, sore
throat, patchy hair
loss, headaches,
weight loss,
muscle aches, and
fatigue.