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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
b. cutting d. burning
10. Which of the following is not a chemical change?
a. rusting c. melting
b. igniting d. burning
11. A physical change occurs when a
a. peach spoils.
b. silver bowl tarnishes.
c. bracelet turns your wrist green.
d. glue gun melts a glue stick.
12. Nitrogen monoxide and oxygen, both colorless gases, form a red-brown gas when mixed. Nitrogen monoxide
and oxygen are called the
a. products. c. synthetics.
b. equilibria. d. reactants.
13. A state of matter in which a material has no definite shape but has a definite volume is the state.
a. gas c. plasma
b. liquid d. solid
14. Under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure, the particles in a gas are
a. closely packed.
b. very far from one another.
c. held in fixed positions.
d. unevenly distributed.
15. The liquid state of matter can be described as
a. having definite shape and definite volume.
b. having neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.
c. having lost electrons owing to energy content.
d. having a definite volume but not a definite shape.
16. A solid substance is
a. always frozen regardless of its container.
b. always a crystal regardless of its container.
c. always the same shape regardless of its container.
d. always losing particles regardless of its container.
17. Plasma is the fourth state of matter. In the plasma state
a. atoms gain electrons.
b. atoms lose electrons.
c. atoms form molecules.
d. atomic nuclei break down.
18. What happens to the energy in a substance when it changes state?
a. It is destroyed.
b. It is changed into matter.
c. It changes form, but is neither destroyed nor increased.
d. The energy remains unchanged.
19. Which part of the illustration below shows the particles in a heterogeneous mixture?
a. a c. c
b. b d. d
20. A mixture is
a. a combination of pure substances bonded chemically.
b. any substance with a uniform composition.
c. a blend of any two or more kinds of matter, as long as each maintains its own unique
properties.
d. any group of elements that are chemically bonded to one another.
21. If a mixture is uniform in composition, it is said to be
a. homogeneous. c. heterogeneous.
b. chemically bonded. d. a compound.
22. A homogeneous mixture is also called
a. chemically bonded. c. a solution.
b. a compound. d. a solute.
23. If a mixture is not uniform throughout, it is called
a. homogeneous. c. chemically bonded.
b. heterogeneous. d. a solution.
24. Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
a. a gold ring c. granite
b. seawater d. sucrose
25. Which of the following is an example of a homogeneous mixture?
a. air c. raw milk
b. orange juice d. marble
26. All known chemical elements are organized into groups based on similar chemical properties in the
a. chemical chart. c. element table.
b. periodic chart. d. None of the above
27. It is easy to determine whether a substance is a metal if the substance is
a. easy to break down into its components.
b. very hard.
c. very brittle.
63. The speed of light is 300 000 km/s. In scientific notation, this speed is written to one significant figure as
a. 3 105 km/s. c. 3. 106 km/s.
64. The average distance between the Earth and the moon is 386 000 km. Expressed in scientific notation, this
distance is written as
a. 386 103 km. c. 3.9 105 km.
b. 39 10 km.
4
d. 3.86 105 km.
66. Two variables are directly proportional if their has a constant value.
a. sum c. quotient
b. difference d. product
67. Two variables are inversely proportional if their has a constant value.
a. sum c. product
b. difference d. quotient
68. The graphs of two variables that are inversely proportional to one another is
a. a straight line. c. a parabola.
b. an ellipse. d. a hyperbola.
69. In the equation density = mass/volume, mass divided by volume has a constant value. This means that the
a. equation graphs as a straight line.
b. variables mass and volume are inversely proportional.
c. equation graphs as a hyperbola.
d. product of mass and volume is a constant.
70. Dalton incorporated the law of conservation of mass into his atomic theory by asserting that
a. atoms are indivisible.
b. atoms of different elements have different properties.
c. matter is composed of atoms.
d. atoms can be destroyed in chemical reactions.
71. If each atom of element D has 3 mass units and each atom of element E has 5 mass units, a molecule
composed of one atom each of D and E has
a. 2 mass units. c. 15 mass units.
b. 8 mass units. d. 35 mass units.
72. If 6.0 g of element K combine with 17 g of element L, how many grams of element K combine with 85 g of
element L?
a. 17 g c. 30. g
b. 23 g d. 91 g
73. If two or more compounds are composed of the same two elements, the ratio of the masses of one element
that combine with a fixed mass of the other element is a simple whole number. This is a statement of the law
of
a. conservation of mass. c. multiple proportions.
b. mass action. d. definite composition.
74. If 63.5 g of copper (Cu) combine with 16 g of oxygen (O) to form the compound CuO, how many grams of
oxygen will be needed to combine with the same amount of copper to form the compound CuO2?
a. 16 g c. 64 g
b. 32 g d. 127 g
75. According to the law of conservation of mass, when sodium, hydrogen, and oxygen react to form a
compound, the mass of the compound is the sum of the masses of the individual elements.
a. equal to c. less than
b. greater than d. either greater than or less than
76. In early experiments on electricity and matter, an electrical current was passed through a glass tube containing
a. water. c. liquid oxygen.
b. gas under high pressure. d. gas under low pressure.
77. In a glass tube attached to a voltage source, electrical current passes from the negative electrode, called the
, to the other electrode.
a. cathode c. electron
b. anode d. millikan
78. When an electrical current passed through a glass tube, it caused the surface of the tube directly across from
the cathode to glow. Scientists concluded that
a. a magnetic field was produced.
b. the particles of the beam were negatively charged.
c. there was gas in the tube.
d. atoms were indivisible.
79. Experiments with cathode rays led to the discovery of the
a. proton. c. neutron.
b. nucleus. d. electron.
80. After measuring the ratio of the charge of a cathode-ray particle to its mass, Thomson concluded that the
particles
a. had no mass. c. had a very large mass.
b. had a very small mass. d. carried a positive charge.
81. Because any element used in the cathode produced electrons, scientists concluded that
a. all atoms contained electrons. c. atoms were indivisible.
b. only metals contained electrons. d. atoms carried a negative charge.
82. The deflection of cathode rays in Thomson's experiments was evidence of the nature of electrons.
a. wave c. particle
b. charged d. spinning
83. Whose series of experiments identified the nucleus of the atom?
a. Rutherford c. Chadwick
b. Dalton d. Bohr
84. In Rutherford's experiments, alpha particles
a. passed through a tube containing gas. c. collided with electrons.
b. were used to bombard a cathode plate. d. were used to bombard thin metal foil.
85. In Rutherford's experiments, most of the particles
a. bounced back. c. were absorbed by the foil.
b. passed through the foil. d. combined with the foil.
86. Because most particles fired at metal foil passed straight through, Rutherford concluded that
117. Elements in a group or column in the periodic table can be expected to have similar
a. atomic masses. c. numbers of neutrons.
b. atomic numbers. d. properties.
118. Barium, atomic number 56, is the fifth element in Group 2. What is the atomic number of radium, the next
element in Group 2?
a. 64 c. 88
b. 74 d. 103
119. For elements in groups 1, 2, and 18, the increase in atomic number for successive elements follows the pattern
8, 8, 18, ?, 32. What number completes the pattern?
a. 18 c. 24
b. 20 d. 26
120. Refer to the figure below. To which group do fluorine and chlorine belong?
136. The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is the atom's
a. electron affinity. c. electronegativity.
b. electron energy. d. ionization energy.
137. One-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together is called the
a. atomic radius. c. atomic volume.
b. atomic diameter. d. electron cloud.
138. Within a group of elements, as the atomic number increases, the atomic radius
a. increases.
b. remains approximately constant.
c. decreases regularly.
d. varies unpredictably.
139. In the alkaline-earth group, atoms with the smallest radii
a. are the most reactive.
b. have the largest volume.
c. are all gases.
d. have the highest ionization energies.
140. Across a period in the periodic table, atomic radii
a. gradually decrease.
b. gradually decrease, then sharply increase.
c. gradually increase.
d. gradually increase, then sharply decrease.
141. The ionization energies for removing successive electrons from sodium are 496 kJ/mol, 4562 kJ/mol, 6912
kJ/mol, and 9544 kJ/mol. The great jump in ionization energy after the first electron is removed indicates that
a. sodium has four or five electrons.
b. the atomic radius has increased.
c. a d electron has been removed.
d. the noble gas configuration has been reached.
142. As you move down Group 14 in the periodic table from carbon through lead, atomic radii
a. generally increase. c. do not change.
b. generally decrease. d. vary unpredictably.
143. As you move left to right in Period 4 from gallium through bromine, atomic radii
a. generally increase. c. do not change.
b. generally decrease. d. vary unpredictably.
144. The force of attraction by Group 1 metals for their valence electrons is
a. weak.
b. zero.
c. strong.
d. greater than that for inner shell electrons.
145. The electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared when atoms form compounds are called
a. ions. c. d electrons.
b. valence electrons. d. electron clouds.
146. Valence electrons are those s and p electrons
a. closest to the nucleus. c. in the highest energy level.
b. in the lowest energy level. d. combined with protons.
147. The number of valence electrons in Group 1 elements is
a. 1. c. 8.
b. 2. d. equal to the period number.
148. In Group 2 elements, the valence electrons are in sublevel
a. d. c. s.
b. p. d. f.
149. The number of valence electrons in Group 17 elements is
a. 7. c. 17.
b. 8. d. equal to the period number.
150. For groups 13 through 18, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number
a. plus 1. c. minus the period number.
b. plus the period number. d. minus 10.
151. In groups 13 through 18, valence electrons may be in sublevels
a. s and d. c. d and f.
b. s and p. d. p and d.
152. Across a period, ionization energies of d-block elements generally
a. increase. c. remain constant.
b. decrease. d. drop to zero.
153. Which groups in the main group have lower electronegativity than d-block elements?
a. groups 1 and 2 c. groups 17 and 18
b. groups 13 through 18 d. groups 13 through 17
154. Among the d-block elements, as atomic radii decrease, electronegativity values
a. remain constant. c. decrease.
b. increase. d. drop to zero.
155. The electrostatic attraction between positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons permits two
atoms to be held together by a(n)
a. chemical bond. c. neutron.
177. How many extra electrons are in the Lewis structure of the phosphate ion, PO4 3–
?
a. 0 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
178. Compared with nonmetals, the number of valence electrons in metals is generally
a. smaller. c. about the same.
b. greater. d. almost triple.
179. In metallic bonds, the mobile electrons surrounding the positive ions are called a(n)
a. Lewis structure. c. electron cloud.
b. electron sea. d. dipole.
180. Which best explains the observation that metals are malleable and ionic crystals are brittle?
a. their chemical bonds c. their enthalpies of vaporization
b. their London forces d. their net change
181. The strength of London dispersion forces between molecules depends on
a. only the number of electrons in the molecule.
b. only the number of protons in the molecule.
c. both the number of electrons in the molecule and the mass of the molecule.
d. both the number of electrons and the number of neutrons in the molecule.
182. The following molecules contain polar bonds. The only polar molecule is
a. CCl4. c. NH3.
b. CO2. d. CH4.
183. Iodine monochloride (ICl) has a higher boiling point than bromine (Br2) partly because iodine monochloride
is a(n)
a. nonpolar molecule. c. metal.
b. polyatomic ion. d. polar molecule.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
STA: SC.H.2.4.1
60. ANS: D
Solution:
Solution: