Strength of Materia

Dectility:
93 ungalt p tcnsile orceyvs
douou@sni H G l u n g n R . L U T D abLiuns

ductility erep GJu.

sernnaG

Malleability:
9GluBaHr g compressive force de
Qruu Gun Lrelumgota crack DULTLD I loa4
mppnenLà gamuág malleability sreap Guui
Stfmess:
9 Gungaic gi externa torce
Glrusu@b GLun
qudungorneng uoraugyo 2gnDuML
snLQu aBhùy samosG stiftness oup1 Guui.
Toughness:
93 Gungei ig exiernal force
Geuwu@ Gumu
toughness sup1 Gluui.
Brittlenes:

Qungaisa iô5i
93
extermal
Hudunganazi aobBJ force
Glsusu@u Oumgs
sousDLD&(G Britleness iogia.(gLonDpib MumuGa
aluu) u-T a.LYU
Hardness
9 ungGaica
Ueungaio hg external
Guohugúsó gduG force scratching.
Glsusu@asT@,
hardness penetration-o6
siaÚUGD. abrasiou
aTLQib iUy snDsë
Wear Resistance
9%Gunganca ßs external
*uungatsu huQh GsüLoTMsB$Do
xternal force suavuGasTO
sigmùy zumuá6 wear torce
resistance 1as Quui.
2.14 Strength of Maten
Behaviour of Miltd Steel in tension Upto rupture and
diagram stres.
93 standard mild stee! specimen- tensile load
ss-straa
Cun s behaviour eraizeumgp
CumgsR$
I irumg ou
lauaje arang auirt
specimen UTM-
GauùuG5:rDS.
a
iuiuG
@inqungps specimenas deudu@tb
test

sun
specimen- asiLngib exienson load
X-Y co-ardinate-s 6iaiuGiapGI. assn aeiA
Specimen- Gruu@i load uit
extension s Y-axis-th
5 ucL yeRamareneuúu X-axis-g
load-extension curve sreagy uu.
s g
Load-bg uDats
strain-o load-gsi a.
sÜuGpy
niGih curve-he
stratnagas
X-axis-gstob cu
nmugnuo Ranágib AGmALÚuLO stress stress-ù
SaúucL
curve-pe I
Y-axis-g
stress-strain curve
aumuuL
stress-strain s
Propnrtin curve-oRá
 2.18 Strengih o Aateria,
otha3agib. The point F-pg lncturc obA breakjn
point cog uu

Saruo in mm

pecimen a.me-bs ips a.ra Benub.

d= Darneier of the specimen in mm

A pecimen-sflar cross secuonau area in

mm

do peinen ina-BB9GE (Neck)aa.smen

diane ier mn

Specimen-atiai Neck Area

4 in mm

Specimen-aies Specimen-afea
* nal fen bu ßerib
Specimen-aic DDU mb 100

100

Specimen-silar ibu cross section

Reduction n Area
area-Specimen-asisir
Specimen-stio
neck area
goLDLU CrOSS section areca
= A-Ap
A
x100
lastic Limit Stress
9G
auT olumGoicir S elasic limit-s
stress qudungalo
sroir uui. develop G
load Dguu@u
limt
sress
Elastic limit
nit stress
streselastic limit-so Oauávu@ù
load-wa
Cross sectional area Nmm
 2.15
Lower yieid point

Point
Uinmie
oinil (or) Breaxing
point
Fracture

auauGlD
load S gradua-
umen- develoP G stress-pGu
Guis specimen-a
uGb olsnÄUTMS
Strain-aGD Guute
i GLÒ
'uu.
limit 6raDI
Proportionality
5 load - 8 5
Gingyió
sMBahiaú
asuaUOID
Guuna
cimen-o
DppD strain-pG B
Sres curve-ans

uTY UE Gl#api
G57G51TL1G RGBI limit s1o
yrZI elasüc
SgriiAp. The pointB point B-àgor
To/6xAupra 0ad T
eipásiUOSDEI. pUgh 2nnöpo
uPub@LITLI
SPeCimen
9G6gth.
a - 0 o p p u o n s G a

sjs
ra's
load
GogD
Gausu@o load-mu
#enLB511)
Specimen- Cmu
load e M I POnt
ahdsiuLO Gtb. The point
HB6bs 0 l 5
strain gWGI
MBaiisnoGa 6lLIIui.
pont 670NDI
C-bE PPer yield strain i
am6Gi
ABaiianLD,
Lad-sn lower yield
NDB point-DG
aoury BDBBUUG&ap
G57 lower yield point
point D gA
Guun. ULBF0
poiat meapy

Glauou@ load Gugyo

Specimen-@ NBaaguä
GlanerG.
load
saiåaiu@h Ounagsi maximum

mAximum load point-cmu Rrpg. AB5

Gluui. ULBB point E-DG
poinl-5 ulimate point s7e
linute point s1piGLIU
ypULLT
Lad-m point E-pg Gngyu silås
rmen-so a load I ZnansGai Gmpu ILDLI5GLD.
strain BssHG
P umen-a aiLIGLD
oFep point F-mu mLBBa/L specimen
 s l iGang LKM (723C) Lower Cnlical lemperature Ga
sTrAgi BHmgihaiuailpg 08% uRT
critical
6 TST
steelie lower eurectoid
temperature uiga upper critical temperature
gGad (ysirsf K
1.15 MELTING FURNACES

sgäsamL 2.oeusTSaufutaÄDESUUISp
Types of furnaces:
1. Blast furnace
2 Cupola turmace
3. Crucible furnace

Pil type furrnace

Coke fired
Ol fired
stationary furnace
tilting furnace
Electric fumace
Direct arc furnace
tndirect arc fumace
Induction fumace
nace
ron
ore,coke and
imestone
0t waste g
5es
hot waste gases

ee ed with
hr sitant

hol an
ast 80TC

p hole for
moitens hias
upn
1141ron-Garbon equtbrium Diagram:

guidusline
e
et
1130 C

AUA Cem * Lede

Euctaid po Low cribca

I a n u r e line

Pear +i Poar I Pe Cem Le

Cem

eutectoild eulectokd

e Cast Iron

Carbon-
Fig. 1.34-IRON-CARBON EQUILISRIUM DIAGRAM

lnsaafid sLKGLh Lanpom~anpá ainLGh aumyun Gto iron-carbon equlibrium

dhagrameregth
R A a t arus daiugpons, microstructure auaubnp

i u yeraneu X-ayidguá, Gauinponausu Y-syidignà asgá Garom

diGarimisgb uitn heat treatment QauosaNT L g @aritr iron

carbon equilibrium sunuLú upjl aifiauns ashg Carug

Fopiry TecbrE
 Description of the diagram:

9,BLU LREADl s5gb

neat reatment Q
skaNrBa ephdn alougs
risusaiginydiaenal

s.GAu a.aur suh t8stfigntLTI SG

lhquidus EaTIg ) biLOT ng 4.3

iron iopAD Y Iron 6m

DB,5ala) B a
PAILdng AG yslaa seuLu
ulenolrlg6
e 7-iron mML DLIN6at
2% nunir eDIiTe" giay AG Tp Geig ugugsaddy iro

sirr
Bgih-
GC Trp danigpod dy 2% Gg) 4.37% nusmy e s u T
iron (aaL.sDTL siudgáagisir) uahuh dckner eL
L a n rus Bginy 7-

K srorp igsinarfhuSlais 723C-áe Gaflgsnsudgh thng

0.8% IrtLuBr aST Y
iron w g a g pearlite shx Jáeghg LOgáipa 46nef K, eutectoid usetl r
eutectoid Goaiufpenuds GainO sr
Hmgåaikupangi dlemminLL Gani Oág
Guut.
asirer hypo-eutectoid sTb. IKLuøhuilk.
0.8% degdi Gnpsur Gá a r i u
unpdpg, agJa Gty mavGn GLT
austenite y iron s g i i ferritic B iron ajs
pearlite + ferrite structure aos L ngk
eutectoid
2% aUsT 2 T a r hypereurectoic sT*og.
0.8% 5) a austenite cementite structureg
Gauiulena Gang LKM&g oÁS
Ppearite cementite
Glrsnáeà daguà gaty mugI tmg D5

Liquidus line
ing)siem B i
ABCD rap Garb liquidus Gaung GA T O s i spG
rafineuiaiSsiga
4' sTairp sirai 09% asrir astan ganu BgY BLAT5 LDnpa ayTaLI ilmevsnus
sinas (1530'C)
i g taG A aiatI Cág jGgráa privgsia Gumgi LaTgu
iaRaypleneyGNNLGI TIIBfisir Sj6TR NBsfisd6mgI STs0TLIGD5 ÓNUATIL

Proce
Manufacturing
 du 'C drn gaiteti 4.37% d m a
giy 1130'C aip

AGCH arnerG(s solilaus ero spga ddg asiram

srsf G a g 4.3% amtr a.reT Ngintie Lagia Geauiußenevenusuå

(130)5hkdmg.

i r moea) amps4, lron carbon awLL han.p r s i

Sfilsanama
uraT

2% eriudr a a.ieTT fena snéepnà. 2% enugub dungyaeirer

0.8% dgå Epame smiuir astm ST%anes hypo-eutectoid steel srirpmià

ofua 0.8% TTLsT 2.SrAT Tnes eutectaold ma TaiGpnà.
0.8% E 2.0% m s u s T T Tbns hyper eutectoid s
srdapomá

low carbon steel y g i

medium carbon steel aminußa.

b m0.8% y e 2% any aumSmá GsmsrO DUip S1I high
carbon steel sramiugii.

Critical temperature
a Gaursrisusafr micro structures uamppa sypuup ags ugà Gaaußnav
critical Glauiufena sTs0TLGin

microstructure arppà 87huuo Agmrhugà Gaupanau Upper Critical

Temperature (UCT)sraniLOUn.
structure pgaugLDNT5 LOpih mIJÒ Gupsna Lower Crtical
ICrO
Temperature (LCT) sTariukGapng

Foundry Technoiog
agke deksvnefon

Theyra