Chapter – 5

Stress Strain Temperature Relations

Tensile Test (Mechanical Properties)
Representative Tensile Test Setup
(Load Vs Elongation)
Tensile Test Specimen as per ASTM/IS/SAE

Circular
Cross Section

Rectangular
Cross Section
 Elongation/Deformation Measuring Techniques

Extensometer Strain Gauge 2D/3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC)

Ductile Tensile Specimen undergone Tensile Test
Original Specimen
A0
Gauge Length L0 & C/s Area A0
L0

Specimen at failure
Gauge Length L
L

Specimen at failure
A C/s Area A
Conventional Stress – Strain Curve
Engineering (Conventional) Stress– Strain Curve
𝑃
𝜎
Engg Stress

𝐴0
𝑃 ∆𝐿
𝜎= 𝜀= 𝐿0
𝐴0 𝐿0

𝜀
Engg Strain
Engineering (Conventional) Stress– Strain Curve
 Elastic Region
 Proportional Limit:
Stress is proportional to
strain. Curve is straight line.
Beyond this limit, curve
tends to bend and flatten.
 Elastic Limit:
Within this limit, specimen
will return back to original
shape if the load is
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 (𝐸) removed.
 Y
Yielding (Y)
 Slight increase in stress
above the elastic limit
will cause it to deform
permanently, called
yielding (Limit of elastic behavior)
 Plastic Deformation:
The specimen will continue
to elongate (strain) without
increase in load (perfectly
𝑆𝑦 = 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (Y) plastic).
 Strain Hardening
 Load required for further
deformation/elongation
(strain) is called strain
hardening
 While the specimen is
elongating the cross sectional
area will decrease uniformly
throughout the gauge length
till strain corresponding to
ultimate strain.
 Strain hardening is a process
to promote the metal harder
𝑆𝑢 = 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (U) and stronger due to plastic
deformation.
 Necking
 At the ultimate stress, the
c/s area begins to
decrease in a localized
region of the specimen
instead of over its entire
length.
 Neck gradually tends to
form in this region.
 The reduced c/s area can
sustain only decreasing
load and hence the curve
goes downward.
Failed Specimen
𝜎𝑡𝑟
True Stress – Strain Curve
∆𝐿
𝜀𝐸 =
𝐿0
𝑃
𝜎𝐸 =
𝐴0
𝜀𝑡r
 Ductility of Material
Any material that can be subjected to large strains before it ruptures is called as ductile material
Original Specimen
A0
L0
Gauge Length L0 & C/s Area A0
Specimen at Failure
Gauge Length L & C/s Area A
𝐿 − 𝐿0
%𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (100%)
𝐿0
L
𝐴 − 𝐴0
%𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (100%)
𝐴0
A In general, Mild steel (low carbon steel has
approximately 40% elongation and 60% area
reduction
Modulus of Elasticity or Elastic Modulus E GPa
Idealization of Stress – Strain Curves
 Idealization of Stress – Strain Curve
𝜎
Rigid Material

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐸 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝜀
0
is one which has no strain regardless of the applied stress
 Idealization of Stress – Strain Curve
𝜎
Soft Material

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐸 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝜀
0
is one which has no stress regardless of the applied strain
 Idealization of Stress – Strain Curve
𝜎
Perfectly Plastic Material

𝑁𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦

𝜀
0
is one in which strength is not function of strain
(Non-strain hardening)
 Idealization of Stress – Strain Curve
𝜎
Linearly Elastic Material 100% 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦

𝜀
0
is one in which stress is proportional to strain
 Idealization of Stress – Strain Curve
𝜎 Non-Linear Elastic Material

100% 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦

𝜀
0
is one in which stress is not proportional to strain
 Idealization of Stress – Strain Curve
𝜎 Elastic-Plastic Material

𝜀
0
is one in which linear elastic and bilinear/non-linear plastic
behavior is observed
Typical stress- strain diagram for an aluminum alloy
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Material Vs Brittle Material

Ductile Material

Brittle Material

 Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand
while being stretched or pulled before breaking.
 In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point,
whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be higher.
 Stress Strain Curves for various Carbon Steel

Low Carbon Steel (0.008% to 0.3% C) | Low Carbon Steel (0.3% to 0.6% C) | Low Carbon Steel (0.6% to 2.0% C)
 Stress Strain Curve
Loading & Unloading within Elastic Limit (E)

Elastic behaviour
 Stress Strain Curve
Loading & Unloading beyond Elastic Limit (E)

Partially elastic behaviour

 Stress Strain Curve
Loading, Unloading and Reloading beyond Elastic Limit (E)

Reloading of a
material and raising
of the yield stress