Stress-Strain Curve

By

Virat Mani Vidyasagar

Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering)
Content
 Stress and Strain
 What is Stress-Strain Curve
 Mild Steel Stress-Strain Curve
 Regions and Points on Curve
 Offset Method
 True Stress-Strain Curve
 Properties of Material
 Examples
Stress and Strain
 The internal resistance force per unit area acting on a material is stress.
Mathematically, σ =

P
F A
 The displacement per unit length (dimensionless) is known as strain.

L ∆L

F
Stress-Strain Curve

 A stress-strain curve is a graphical way to show the reaction of a material

when a load is applied.

 It is obtained by conducting tension test in the laboratories on standard

specimen.

 Why Stress is on Y-axis and Strain on x-axis?

Mild Steel Stress-Strain Curve

D
B
E OA – Proportional Limit
A – Elastic Limit
Stress

A B – Upper Yield Point

C C - Lower Yield Point
D - Ultimate Stress Point
E - Fracture Point

O Strain
 Cont.

 Limit of Proportionality (A): Stress is proportional to strain

 Elastic Limit: Material returned to original shape.

 Upper Yield Point (B): Load starts reducing and the extension increases

 Lower Yield Point (C): Stress remains same but strain increases

 Ultimate Stress (D): Maximum stress of material

 Breaking Point (E): Stress at which finally the specimen fails

 Cont.

Failure
Zone
Strain
Hardening
Plastic Zone
Elastic Zone
Zone
 Cont.

Toughness
Resilience

Strain
Energy
Offset Method
A line is drawn parallel to the
linear part of a stress-strain
curve, but displaced to the
Stress

right by 0.2% strain. The

E stress where this line
E
intersects the stress-strain
curve is then deemed to be
0.2%
the yield stress.
Strain
True Stress-Strain Curve

True Stress-Strain Curve

Stress

Engineering Stress-Strain Curve

Strain
Properties of Material
 Strength - Ability of the material to withstand maximum external forces without
yielding or fracture.

 Stiffness - Ability of the material to resist deformation under external forces.

 Elasticity - Ability of the material to regain its original shape when load is
removed.

 Plasticity - Ability of the material to permanently retain the deformation.

 Ductility - Ability of the material to have large plastic deformation without

fracture.
 Cont.

 Brittleness - Property of the material to show negligible plastic deformation

 Hardness - Ability of the material to resist penetration, plastic indentation,

abrasion or scratching.

 Resilience - Ability of the material to absorb energy when deformed elastically

and release this energy when unloaded.

 Toughness - Ability of the material to absorb energy before the fracture takes
place.

 Modulus of Resilience - Strain energy per unit volume up to the elastic limit.
Examples

Glass

Stress
Carbon
Steel

Polymer

Rubber

Strain