NAME OF EXPERIMENT: STUDY OF LOGIC GATES

AIM: TO STUDY LOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT GATES.

APPARATUS & MATERIALS: 5V POWER SUPPPLY, BREAD-BOARD, LAMP-
MONITOR, MULTIMETER, IC7408, IC7432, IC7486, IC7408, LED, JUMPER WIRES.

THEORY:
1.IN ELECTRONICS, A LOGIC GATE IS AN IDEALISED OR PHYSICAL DEVICE
IMPLEMENTING A BOOLEAN FUNCTION; THAT IS IT PERFORMS A LOGICAL
OPERATION ON ONE OR MORE BINARY INPUTS AND PRODUCES A SINGLE
BINARY OUTPUT.
2.THE AND GATE IS A BASIC DIGITAL LOGIC GATE THAT IMPLEMENTS LOGICAL
CONJUNCTION . A HIGH OUTPUT (1) RESULTS ONLY IF BOTH THE INPUTS TO THE
AND GATE ARE HIGH (1). IF NEITHER OR ONLY ONE INPUT TO THE AND GATE IS
HIGH, A LOW OUTPUT RESULTS. THE OUTPUT IS ALWAYS 0, EXCEPT WHEN ALL
THE INPUTS ARE 1.
3.THE OR GATE IS A DIGITAL LOGIC GATE THAT IMPLEMENTS LOGICAL
DISJUNCTION. A HIGH OUTPUT (1) RESULTS IF ONE OR BOTH THE INPUTS TO
THE GATE ARE HIGH (1). IF NEITHER INPUT IS HIGH, A LOW OUTPUT (0) RESULTS.
4.IN DIGITAL LOGIC, AN INVERTER OR NOT GATE IS A LOGIC GATE WHICH
IMPLEMENTS LOGICAL NEGATION.AN INVERTER CIRCUIT OUTPUTS A VOLTAGE
REPRESENTING THE OPPOSITE LOGIC-LEVEL TO ITS INPUT. ITS MAIN FUNCTION
IS TO INVERT THE INPUT SIGNAL APPLIED. IF THE APPLIED INPUT IS LOW THEN
THE OUTPUT BECOMES HIGH AND VICE VERSA.
5. THE XOR GATE ( AND PRONOUNCED AS EXCLUSIVE OR GATE) IS
A DIGITAL LOGIC GATE THAT GIVES A TRUE (1/HIGH) OUTPUT
WHEN THE NUMBER OF TRUE INPUTS IS ODD. AN XOR GATE
IMPLEMENTS AN EXCLUSIVE OR; THAT IS, A TRUE OUTPUT
RESULTS IF ONE, AND ONLY ONE, OF THE INPUTS TO THE GATE IS
TRUE. IF BOTH INPUTS ARE FALSE (0/LOW) OR BOTH ARE TRUE, A
FALSE OUTPUT RESULTS. XOR REPRESENTS THE INEQUALITY
FUNCTION, I.E., THE OUTPUT IS TRUE IF THE INPUTS ARE NOT
ALIKE OTHERWISE THE OUTPUT IS FALSE. A WAY TO REMEMBER
XOR IS "ONE OR THE OTHER BUT NOT BOTH"
TRUTH TABLES OF IC:
IC 7404
INPUT OUTPUT
0 1
1 0

IC 7408
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

IC 7432
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

IC 7486
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
PROCEDURE:
1.FIRST CHECK ALL THE GIVEN IC.
2.PLACE APPROPRIATE IC ON BREADBOARD AND MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH
JUMPER WIRES TO THE +VCC AND GROUND.
3.CONNECT POWER SUPPLY(5V) AND CONNECT ITS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
TERMINALS IN THE CIRCUIT.
4.BEFORE SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY CHECK YOUR CONNECTIONS PROPERLY
AND SET POWER SUPPLY AT 5V AND SET CURRENT KNOB AT MIDDLE.
5.CONNECT LED AT OUTPUT PIN OF THAT PARTICULAR IC TO VERIFY LOGICAL
LOW AND LOGICAL HIGH FOR GIVEN VALUES OF INPUT.

6. IN THE SAME WAY VERIFY THE TRUTH TABLESOF ALL IC.

PRECAUTION:
1.FIRST SHOW YOUR CONNECTIONS TO RESPECTIVE TEACHER BEFORE TURNING
ON POWER SUPPLY.
2.SET POWER SUPPLY TO 5V AND SET CURRENT TO MIDDLE VALUE.
3.IC PIN CONFIGURATION MUST BE STUDIED BEFORE CONNECTING.
4.TAKE CARE THAT NONE OF THE TWO CONNECTIONS ARE SHORTED
ANYWHERE.
5.LED MUST BE CONNECTED WITH A RESISTOR AND WITH PROPER POLARITY.
PIN DIAGRAMS OF ALL IC'S:

IC 7404 IC 7432

IC 7408 IC 7486
LOGIC DIAGRAMS OF ALL IC'S:
IC 7404 IC 7432

IC 7408 IC 7486
OBESRVATIONS:
1. FOR LOGIC ZERO(LOW) OUTPUT THE VOLTAGE IS VERY SMALL
AND LAMP OR LED DO NOT GLOWS.
2. FOR LOGIC ONE(HIGH) OUTPUT THE VOLTAGE IS VERY HIGH AND
LAMP OR LED GLOWS.
3. EACH OF THE IC WAS VERIFIED WITH TRUTH TABLE, PIN
DIAGRAMS AND LOGIC SYMBOLS OF GATES.

CONCLUSION:
1.THUS, WE HAVE STUDIED IC7404, IC7408, IC7432, IC7486 AND Its
CHARACTERISTICS BY VERIFYING TRUTH TABLES.
2.WE HAVE STUDIED NOT, AND, OR, EXOR GATES AND VERIFIED Its
TRUTH TABLES.

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