Wave Optics Complete

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Introduction &
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Nature of light
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Class 12
Maharashtra Board
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Introduction
01
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Can you recall?
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02 Nature of light
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Wave Optics
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03 Light as a Wave
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/OnTarget Classes
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Can you recall?
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1) What does the formation of
shadows tell you about the
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propagation of light?
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2) What are laws of reflection and
Introduction refraction?
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3) What are electromagnetic waves?
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of visible light?
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5) What is meant by the phase at a
point along the path of a wave?
/OnTarget Classes
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Prepared by : Abdullah Momin
Can you recall?
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1) What does the formation of shadows
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tell you about the propagation of light?
Ans: Light can not pass
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through opaque objects.
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Also light travels in a
straight line.
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Can you recall?
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2) What are laws of reflection and refraction?
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Ans: Laws of Reflection:
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(i) The incident ray, the
reflected ray and the
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normal to the boundary
surface at the point of
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incidence are in the same
plane.
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Can you recall?
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Can you recall?
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Ans: Laws of Reflection:
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(i) the incident ray, the
reflected ray and the
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normal to the boundary
surface at the point of
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incidence are in the same
plane.
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(ii) The angle of incidence is
equal to the angle of
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reflection (i = r).
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Can you recall?
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Ans: Laws of Refraction:
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(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray
and the normal to the boundary
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between the two media at the point
of incidence are in the same plane.
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(ii) The angle of incidence (i), and the
angle of refraction (r), are related by
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n1 sin i = n2 sin r
where, n1 and n2 are the absolute
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refractive indices of medium 1 and
medium 2 respectively.
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Can you recall?
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3) What are electromagnetic waves?
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 EM waves are transverse in nature
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and consist of tiny oscillating electric
and magnetic fields which are
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perpendicular to each other and to
the direction of propagation of the
wave.
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 These waves do not require any
material medium for propagation
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and can even travel through vacuum.
 The waves are classified as Gamma
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rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible,
infrared, microwave and radio
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waves.
Can you recall?
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4) What is the range of
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frequencies of visible light?
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Ans: Range of frequencies of
visible light is from 4 x 1014 Hz
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to 7.9 x 1014 Hz.
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Can you recall?
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Ans: Phase at a point along the path
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5) What is meant by the phase at a of a wave is the state of vibration or
point along the path of a wave? oscillation of the particle along the
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path of the wave.
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What is the nature of
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light?
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Wave nature or particle nature?
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Nature of Light
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Corpuscular Nature (Particle nature):
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 Newton proposed that light is
made up of particles, i.e.,
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corpuscles which are hard,
elastic and massless.
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 The speed of light in denser
medium would be higher than
that in a rarer medium.
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 Light travels in the straight line.
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Nature of Light
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Wave Nature:
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 It was proposed by the Dutch physicist C. Huygens in the year 1668, that light is
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a wave.
 Huygens assumed light to be a wave (Mechanical wave) caused by vibrations
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of the particles of the medium.
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Nature of Light
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Wave Nature:
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 As light could also travel in vacuum, he assumed that a hypothetical medium,
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called ether is present everywhere including in vacuum.
 There was no evidence to prove its existence and thus, it was difficult to
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accept the concept.
 In the nineteenth century, certain new phenomena of light namely,
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interference, diffraction and polarization were discovered.
 These could not be explained based on corpuscular theory and needed wave
theory for their explanation.
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 Huygens’ theory could not only explain the new phenomena but could also
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explain the laws of reflection and refraction as well as the formation of
images by mirrors and lenses.
 It was then accepted as the correct theory of light.
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Nature of Light
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It was accepted that light has a dual nature.
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It can exhibit particle nature as well as
wave nature under different situations.
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What is wave optics?
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“The branch of physics which uses wave
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nature of light to explain the optical
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phenomena is called wave optics”
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Light as a Wave
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 Light is an electromagnetic wave.
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 These waves are transverse in
nature and consist of tiny oscillating
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electric and magnetic fields which
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are perpendicular to each other and
to the direction of propagation of
the wave.
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 These waves do not require any
material medium for propagation
and can even travel through
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vacuum.
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 The waves are classified as Gamma
rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible,
infrared, microwave and radio
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waves.
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Thank you
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OnTarget Classes
#2
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Huygens’ Theory
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Class 12
Maharashtra Board
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Primary and Secondary
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01 Sources of Light
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Huygens’
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02 Wavefront
Theory
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03 Huygens’ Principle
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/OnTarget Classes
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Primary and Secondary Sources of Light
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Sources
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of Light
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Primary Secondary
Source Source
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Primary sources:
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Primary sources are sources that
emit light of their own, because of
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(i) their high temperature (examples:
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the Sun, the stars, objects heated to
high temperatures, flame of any
kind, etc.)
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Primary sources:
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(ii) the effect of current being
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passed through them (examples:
tube light, TV, etc.)
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Primary sources:
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(iii) chemical or nuclear reactions
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(examples: firecrackers, nuclear
energy generators).
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Secondary sources:
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Secondary sources are those
sources which do not produce
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light of their own but receive
light from some other source
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and either reflect or scatter it
around.
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Examples include the moon, the
planets, objects like humans,
animals, plants, etc., which we
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see due to reflected light.
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Majority of the sources that we
see in our daily life are
secondary sources.
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Secondary sources:
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Secondary sources are those
sources which do not produce
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light of their own but receive
light from some other source
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and either reflect or scatter it
around.
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Examples include the moon, the
planets, objects like humans,
animals, plants, etc., which we
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see due to reflected light.
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Majority of the sources that we
see in our daily life are
secondary sources.
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Wavefront
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Ripple Effect in water:
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WavefrontRipple Effect in Light:
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Ripple Effect in water:
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Wavefront
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A wavefront is the locus of
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points (wavelets) having the
same phase of oscillations.
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A line perpendicular to a
wavefront is called a ‘ray’.
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A wavelet is the point of
disturbance due to propagation •
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of light.
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Spherical
Wavefront
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from a point
Pink Dots – Wavelets source
Blue Envelope– Wavefront
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Red Line – Ray

Wavefront
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A wavefront is the locus of points (wavelets) having the same phase of oscillations.
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Plane Wavefront: Plane Wavefront
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Tube Light
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Pink Dots – Wavelets
Blue Envelope– Wavefront
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Red Line – Ray

Huygens’ Principle
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1) Each point on a wavefront acts as a A A’
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secondary source of light emitting
secondary light waves called wavelets .
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in all directions which travel with the
speed of light in the medium.
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2) The new wavefront can be obtained by
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taking the envelope of these secondary
.
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wavelets travelling in the forward
direction and is thus, the envelope of
direction.
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the secondary wavelets in forward
.
New Wave-front
(Plane)
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3) The wavelets travelling in the backward
direction are ineffective. B B’
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Huygens’ Principle
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1) Each point on a wavefront acts as a
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secondary source of light emitting
secondary light waves called wavelets
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in all directions which travel with the
speed of light in the medium.
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2) The new wavefront can be obtained by S
taking the envelope of these secondary •
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wavelets travelling in the forward
direction and is thus, the envelope of
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the secondary wavelets in forward
direction.
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3) The wavelets travelling in the backward
direction are ineffective.
New Wavefront
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(Spherical)
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Thank you
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OnTarget Classes
#3
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Reflection of
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Light at a Plane
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Surface
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Class 12
Maharashtra Board
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Reflection and Refraction of Light
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Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
n1 sin i = n2 sin r
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i=r
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Reflection of Light at a Plane Surface
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∠RAB = ∠RAN + ∠NAB = 90o N Q N
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i + ∠NAB = 90o F
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∠NAB = 90o - i
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∠NAC = ∠NAB + ∠BAC = 90o E B
r
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r
∠BAC = - ∠NAB
90o
i
∠BAC = 90o – (90o – i) i C
A r
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∠BAC = 90o – 90o + i M N
∠BAC = i ar MN – Reflecting surface
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AB – Incident wavefront
CE – Reflected wavefront
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∠FCE = ∠FCN + ∠NCE = 90o N Q N
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r + ∠NCE = 90o F
R
∠NCE = 90o - r
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∠NCA = ∠NCE + ∠ECA = 90o E B
r
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r
∠ECA = 90o - ∠NCE i
∠ECA = 90o – (90o – r) A i r C
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∠ECA = 90o – 90o + r M N
∠ECA = r ar MN – Reflecting surface
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∆AEC & ∆ABC are congruent.
N Q N
SAS: Two pairs of corresponding sides
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and the corresponding angles between
them are equal. R F
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Let us assume that the incident
wavefront AB touches the reflecting E B
r
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surface at A at time t = 0. r
The point B will touch the reflecting i
surface at C after a time t = T.
A i r C
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In between the time 0 to T, the point A
which is on wavefront starts emitting
M N
the wavelets.
cover a distance vT at time T.

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The wavelet emitted by point A will
MN – Reflecting surface
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AE = vT AB – Incident wavefront
In the same time (T) the light reaches
from point B to C.
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BC = vT
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∆AEC & ∆ABC are congruent.
N Q N
SAS: Two pairs of corresponding sides
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and the corresponding angles between
them are equal. R F
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AE = BC = vT
E B
∠ AEC = ∠ ABC = 90o
r
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AC = AC = Common hypotenuse r
If ∆AEC & ∆ABC are congruent then
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their corresponding angle is also A i r C
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equal. M N
∠ ACE = ∠ BAC
But from the figure,
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i=r AB – Incident wavefront
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Law of
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection CE – Reflected wavefront
Reflection
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i=r N Q N
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Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
R F
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It is also clear from the figure that the
incident ray, normal and the reflected E B
r
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ray are in the same plane which is the
plane of the paper.
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This is the other law of reflection.
i
A i r C
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M N
ar MN – Reflecting surface
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Thank you
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OnTarget Classes
#4 & #5
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Interference
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Young’s Double Slit
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Experiment - 1
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Class 12
Maharashtra Board
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01 Interference
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Coherent Sources of
02
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Light
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Interference
Young’s Double Slit
03
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Experiment Fringe Width
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/OnTarget Classes
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Interference
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Principle of Superposition of Waves: When two or more waves superimposes with
each other, the resultant displacement of a particle of the medium, at a given point
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is the sum of the displacements of the particle produced by individual waves.
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A 1 + A2 Destructive Interference
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A1
A1
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A2 A 1 - A2
A2
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1st Wave (A1)
2nd Wave (A2)
Constructive Interference Resultant Wave
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Reference Line
Interference
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The intensity of the wave which is proportional to the square of the
amplitude of the wave, will be non-uniform, being larger at some
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places and smaller at others. This is called interference.
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Bright Band
Dark Band
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S1 •
Bright Band
S2 •
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Bright Band
Crest
Trough
Bright Band
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Dark Band
Coherent Sources of Light
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Two sources which emit waves of the
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same frequency having a constant
phase difference, independent of
time, are called coherent sources.
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This criterion cannot be satisfied by
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two independent primary sources as
they emit waves independently and
there need not be a constant phase
relation between them.
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Thus, to obtain interference pattern
one usually obtains two secondary
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sources from the same primary source
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Coherent Sources of Light
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Young’s Double Slit Experiment
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S2
S1
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S •
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Single Slit
Double Slit Screen
S – Primary source of light

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S1 & S2 – Two narrow slits
AB – Opaque Screen Front view of
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PQ– Observing Screen Observing Screen PQ

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S2
S1
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S •
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Single Slit
Double Slit Screen
S – Primary source of light

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S1 & S2 – Two narrow slits
AB – Opaque Screen Front view of
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PQ– Observing Screen Observing Screen PQ

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S – Primary source of light P
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AB – Opaque Screen A
S1 & S2 – Two coherent sources
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λ – Wavelength of light emitted by the sources
d – Distance between the two sources S1 S1′ y
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S1S2 = S1′ S2′ = d d
O d/2
′ ′
OS1 = OS2 = O′S1 = O′S2 =
𝑑𝑑
S• O’
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2 d/2
D – Distance between the source and screen
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O’P = y
𝑑𝑑
S2′ P = O’P + O′S2′
=y+ D
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2
𝑑𝑑 B
S1 P = O’P - O′S1 = y -
′ ′
2
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If the path difference (∆l) between S1P and S2P is an
integral multiple of λ, the two waves arriving there P
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will interfere constructively producing a bright
fringe at P.
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λ
∆l = S2P – S1P = n λ = 2n
S1′ y
(where n = 0,1,2,3,……)
2
S1
tC
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d d/2
S• O’
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d/2
If the path difference between S1P and S2P is half

ar S2 S2′
integral multiple of λ, there will be destructive
interference and a dark fringe will be located at P.
D
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λ
∆l = S2P – S1P = (2n-1) (where n= 1,2,3,……..)
2
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P
In ∆S1S1′ P ,
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(S1P)2 = S1S1′ 2 + (S1′ P)2
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𝑑𝑑 2
(S1P)2 = 𝐷𝐷2 + y − …………………(1) S1 S1′ y
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2
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d d/2
In ∆S2S2′ P , S• O’
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d/2
(S2P)2 = S2S2′ 2 + (S2′ P)2 S2 S2′
(S2P)2 = 𝐷𝐷2 + y +
𝑑𝑑 2
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…………………(2)
2 D
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𝑑𝑑 2
(S1 P)2 = 𝐷𝐷2 + y− …………………(1)
2
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𝑑𝑑
(S2P)2 = 𝐷𝐷2 + y + 2…………………(2)
2
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Subtract eq. (1) from eq. (2)
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 2
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(S2P)2 - (S1P)2 = 𝐷𝐷2 + y + - 𝐷𝐷2 + y −
2 2
= 𝐷𝐷2 + y + - 𝐷𝐷2 − y −
2 2
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= y+ − y−
2 2
2 2
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
ar 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= y2 + + 2𝑦𝑦 − y2 + − 2𝑦𝑦
4 2 4 2
𝑑𝑑2 𝑑𝑑2
= y + + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − y + − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
2 2
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4 4
𝑑𝑑2 𝑑𝑑2
= y + + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 - y − + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
2 2
4 4
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(S2P)2 - (S1P)2 = 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

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(S2P)2 - (S1P)2 = 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 A2 - B2 = (A+B)(A-B)
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(S2P + S1P) (S2P - S1P) = 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
(S2P - S1P) = …………………(3)
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𝑆𝑆2𝑃𝑃+𝑆𝑆1𝑃𝑃
tC
If y<<D & d<<D then, S1P ≈ S2P ≈ D
S2P + S1P = 2D
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2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
(S2P - S1P) =
2𝐷𝐷
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ar
(S2P - S1P) =
𝐷𝐷
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𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
∆l = …………………(4)
𝐷𝐷
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Eq. (4) gives the path difference of two interfering waves.

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Point P will be bright if,
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λ
∆l = S2P – S1P = n λ = 2n (where n = 0,1,2,3,……)
2
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
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∆l = …………………From eq. (4)
𝐷𝐷
tC
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑 λ
= n λ = 2n
𝐷𝐷 2
λD
yn = n ……………(5)
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𝑑𝑑
Eq.(5) represents distance of the nth bright fringe
from the central bright fringe. ar If the path difference (∆l) between S1P and S2P is an
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integral multiple of λ, the two waves arriving there will
interfere constructively producing a bright fringe at P.
λ
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∆l = S2P – S1P = n λ = 2n (where n = 0,1,2,3,……)

2
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Point P will be dark point if,
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λ
∆l = S2P – S1P = (2n-1) (where n = 1,2,3,……)
2
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ 𝑑𝑑
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∆l = …………………From eq. (4)
𝐷𝐷
tC
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ 𝑑𝑑 λ
= (2n-1)
𝐷𝐷 2
λD 2n−1 λD 2n 1 λD
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′
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛 = (2n-1) = = −
2𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 2 2 𝑑𝑑
1 λD
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ = 𝑛𝑛 − ………………..(6)
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2 𝑑𝑑
Eq.(6) represents distance of the If the path difference between S1P and S2P is half
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nth dark fringe from the central bright fringe. integral multiple of λ, there will be destructive
interference and a dark fringe will be located at P.
λ
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∆l = S2P – S1P = (2n-1) (where n= 1,2,3,……..)

2
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λD 1 λD
FRINGE WIDTH (W): ′
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛 = (2n-1)
2𝑑𝑑
= 𝑛𝑛 −
2 𝑑𝑑
(From eq. 6)
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The distance between any two ′ λD 1 λD
successive bright or any two 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛+1 = [2(n+1)-1] = (𝑛𝑛 + 1) −
2𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑
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successive dark fringe is called fringe 1 λD 1 λD
′
W = ∆y’ = 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛+1 - 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ = 𝑛𝑛 + - 𝑛𝑛 −
tC
width. 2 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑
λD λD λD λD λD
y n= n (From eq. 5) ′
W = ∆y’ = 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛+1 - 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ = 𝑛𝑛 + - 𝑛𝑛 −
𝑑𝑑
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𝑑𝑑 2𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2𝑑𝑑
λD λD λD 2λD λD
yn+1= (n+1) =n + ′ ′
W = ∆y’ = 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛+1 - 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛 = =
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
W = ∆y = yn+1- yn = n
λD
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+
λD
-n
λD
2𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
λD Thus, both bright and dark
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W= ∆y = yn+1- yn =
λD W= fringes are equidistant and
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 have equal width.
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Path difference of two interfering waves,
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𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
∆l = …………………(1)
𝐷𝐷
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Distance of the nth bright fringe from the central
bright fringe,
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λD
yn = n ……………(2)
𝑑𝑑
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Distance of the nth dark fringe from the central
bright fringe, ar
1 λD
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ = 𝑛𝑛 − ………………..(3)
2 𝑑𝑑
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λD
FRINGE WIDTH (W)=
O
𝑑𝑑
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Condition for constructive & destructive interference in terms of Phase difference:
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If the Path difference (∆l) between O & E is wavelength (λ) then Phase difference (∆ϕ)
between them is 2πc.
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Path difference of two interfering waves:
∆l = λ ∆ϕ = 2π 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
tC
∆ϕ 2π ∆l = …………………(1)
= 𝐷𝐷
∆l λ
∆ϕ =∆l 2π Distance of the nth bright fringe from the
ge
λ central bright fringe,
𝑑𝑑 2π
∆ϕ =𝑦𝑦 λ ar λD
𝐷𝐷 yn = n ……………(2)
𝑑𝑑
λD 𝑑𝑑 2π
∆ϕn = n
nT
𝑑𝑑 𝐷𝐷 λ ∆ϕ = 0, 2π, 4π, 6π, … …
∆ϕn = n 2π where n= 0,1,2,3,… Condition for constructive interference in
O
terms of Phase difference

es
ss
la
Distance of the nth dark fringe from the
∆l = λ ∆ϕ = 2π central bright fringe
tC
∆ϕ 2π 1 λD
= 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ = 𝑛𝑛 − ………………..(3)
∆l λ 2 𝑑𝑑
∆ϕ =∆l 2π
ge
λ ∆ϕ = π, 3π, 5π, 7π, …….
𝑑𝑑 2π
∆ϕ =𝑦𝑦 λ ar
𝐷𝐷 Condition for destructive interference
1 λD 𝑑𝑑 2π in terms of Phase difference
∆ϕn = 𝑛𝑛 −
nT
2 𝑑𝑑 𝐷𝐷 λ
1
∆ϕn = 𝑛𝑛 − 2π 2
where n= 1,2,3,…
O
Prepared by : Abdullah
Prepared Momin
by: Abdullah Momin
es
Intensity Distribution:
ss
We can calculate the intensity at a point P
on the screen where the phase difference P
A
la
between the two waves is ϕ.
𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 = 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 ………………….. (1)
tC
S1′ y
𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 = 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝛟𝛟 ………….. (2)
S1
ge
E = 𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 + 𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 [From eq. (1) & (2)]
O
d d/2
E = 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝛟𝛟 S• O’
ar
E = 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 [ 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝛟𝛟 ]………… (3) d/2
S2 S2′
nT
By using
𝑪𝑪+𝑫𝑫 𝑪𝑪−𝑫𝑫
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑪𝑪 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑫𝑫 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 D
O
B
Prepared Momin
by: Abdullah Momin
es
ss
𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎+𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚+ 𝛟𝛟 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎−𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚+ 𝛟𝛟
We can calculate the intensity at a point P 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝛟𝛟 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
on the screen where the phase difference
la
between the two waves is ϕ. 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝛟𝛟 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
𝟐𝟐𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎+ 𝛟𝛟
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
𝛟𝛟
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 = 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 ………………….. (1)
tC
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝛟𝛟 𝛟𝛟
𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 = 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝛟𝛟 ………….. (2) 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝛟𝛟 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 + 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝛟𝛟 𝛟𝛟
ge
E = 𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 + 𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 [From eq. (1) & (2)] 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝛟𝛟 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 ………… (4)
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
E = 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝛟𝛟 Putting eq. (4) in eq. (3), we get
ar
E = 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 [ 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + 𝛟𝛟 ]………… (3)
E = 𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 +
𝛟𝛟
𝛟𝛟
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
nT
By using
𝛟𝛟 𝛟𝛟 𝛟𝛟
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑪𝑪 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑫𝑫 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
𝑪𝑪+𝑫𝑫
𝑪𝑪−𝑫𝑫 E = 𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 + = 𝑨𝑨 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛚𝛚𝛚𝛚 +
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
O
𝛟𝛟
Amplitude (A) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
𝟐𝟐
Prepared Momin
by: Abdullah Momin
es
ss
Amplitude (A) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
𝛟𝛟 For constructive interference phase difference
𝟐𝟐
la
(𝛟𝛟) is 0, 2π, 4π, 6π, … …
Intensity ∝ (Amplitude)2 2 𝛟𝛟
tC
Intensity = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒0 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐
Intensity ∝ (Amplitude)2 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜

𝛟𝛟 2 Intensity = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒02 = 𝟒𝟒 𝑰𝑰0
𝟐𝟐
ge
𝛟𝛟 For constructive interference phase difference (𝛟𝛟)
𝟐𝟐 ar is π, 3π, 5π, 7π,
2 π
𝟐𝟐
nT
Intensity = 𝟎𝟎
O
Prepared Momin
by: Abdullah Momin
es
ss
For constructive interference phase difference
la
(𝛟𝛟) is 0, 2π, 4π, 6π, … …
2 𝛟𝛟
tC
𝟐𝟐
Intensity = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒02 = 𝟒𝟒 𝑰𝑰0
ge
For constructive interference phase difference (𝛟𝛟)
ar is π, 3π, 5π, 7π,
2 π
𝟐𝟐
nT
Intensity = 𝟎𝟎
O
es
ss
la
tC
Thank you
ge
ar
nT
O
OnTarget Classes
#6
es
ss
la
tC
Conditions for
ge
Obtaining Steady
ar
Interference
nT
Class 12
Maharashtra Board
O
es
Conditions for Obtaining
ss
01 Steady Interference
la
tC
Interference Methods for Obtaining
02 Coherent Sources
ge
ar
nT
/OnTarget Classes
O
Conditions for Obtaining Steady Interference
es
1. The two sources of light should be coherent:
 The two sources which have a constant
ss
P
phase difference or same phase at all time
at the given point is called coherent sources.
la
 If the phases and phase difference vary with
time, the positions of maxima and minima will
tC
also change with time and the interference S1
pattern will not be steady.
ge
 For this reason, it is preferred that the two
secondary sources used in the interference
experiment are derived from a single original
ar
source as was shown in Fig. S2
nT
O
es
2. The two sources of light must be Point P will be bright if,
ss
monochromatic: λD
yn = n ……………(1)
Mono = Single , chromatic = colour 𝑑𝑑
la
 A light which have single frequency or
tC
wavelength is called monochromatic 1 λD
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ = 𝑛𝑛 − ………..(2)
light. 2 𝑑𝑑
 From the condition of bright and dark
ge
fringes, the position of these fringes λD
as well as the width of the fringes
FRINGE WIDTH (W) = …..(3)
ar 𝑑𝑑
[Eq. (1), (2) and (3)] depend on the
wavelength of light and the fringes of
nT
different colours are not coincident.
The resultant pattern contains
coloured, overlapping bands.
O
es
ss
monochromatic: λD
yn = n ……………(1)
la
tC
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ = 𝑛𝑛 − ………..(2)
light. 2 𝑑𝑑
ge
ar 𝑑𝑑
nT
O
es
ss
monochromatic: λD
yn = n ……………(1)
la
tC
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ = 𝑛𝑛 − ………..(2)
light. 2 𝑑𝑑
ge
ar 𝑑𝑑
nT
O
es
3. The two interfering waves must have the
ss
same amplitude:
Only if the amplitudes are equal, the intensity of dark
la
fringes (destructive interference) is zero and the
contrast between bright and dark fringes will be
tC
maximum.
Intensity ∝ (Amplitude)2
ge
For bright fringes For Dark fringes
Imax ∝ (A1 + A2)2 ar Imin ∝ (A1 - A2)2
If A1=A2=A then Imax ∝ (A + A)2 If A1=A2=A then Imin ∝ (A - A)2
nT
Imax ∝ (2A)2= 4A Imin = 0
O
es
4. The separation between the two slits must be small in comparison
ss
to the distance between the plane containing the slits and the
observing screen: P
la
This is necessary as, the width of the fringes will A
be sufficiently large to be measurable and the
tC
fringes are well separated and can be clearly
S1′ y
seen.
S1
λD
ge
FRINGE WIDTH (W) = O
d d/2
𝑑𝑑 S• O’
ar d/2
S2 S2′
nT
D
O
B
es
5. The two slits should be narrow:
ss
If the slits are broad, the distances
from different points along the slit to
la
a given point on the screen are
significantly different and therefore,
S1
tC
the waves coming through the same
slit will interfere among themselves,
causing blurring of the interference
S•
ge
pattern.
S2
ar
nT
O
Methods for Obtaining Coherent Sources
es
i) Lloyd’s mirror:
 The light from a source is made to fall on a plane mirror.
ss
 Some of the light falls directly on the screen as shown by the blue lines in the figure and
some light falls after reflection, as shown by red lines.
la
 The reflected light appears to come from a virtual source and so we get two sources.
tC
They are derived from a single source and hence are coherent.
 They interfere and an interference pattern is obtained as shown in the figure.
ge
ar
nT
O
es
ii) Fresnel biprism:
ss
 A biprism is a prism with vertex angle of
nearly 180o.
la
 It can be considered to be made up of
tC
two prisms with very small refracting
angle ranging from 30’ to 1o, joined at
their bases.
ge
ar
nT
O
es
ii) Fresnel biprism:
 Monochromatic light from a
ss
source is made to pass
through a narrow slit S as
la
shown in Fig. and fall on the
biprism.
tC
 The two halves of the biprism
form virtual images S1 and S2.
These are coherent sources
ge
having obtained from a single
secondary source S.
 The two waves coming fromar
S1 and S2 interfere and form
nT
interference fringes like that
in Young’s double slit
experiment in the shaded
O
region shown in the figure.

es
ss
la
tC
Thank you
ge
ar
nT
O
OnTarget Classes
#7
es
ss
la
tC
ge
Optical Path
ar
nT
Class 12
Maharashtra Board
O
Optical Path
es
Optical path in a medium can be defined as the corresponding path in vacuum
that the light travels in the same time as it takes in the given medium.
ss
t=0 t
vvacuum = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 x 108 m/s
la
vmedium = velocity of light in medium = 2 x 108 m/s
tC
distance distance
Speed = time =
dvacuum time Speed
ge
t
dmedium dvacuum
t= =
ar vmedium vvacuum
vvacuum vvacuum
dvacuum= dmedium x
nT
Refractive index (n) =
vmedium vmedium
dmedium
dvacuum=n dmedium Optical Path
O
Glass Slab
Optical Path
es
Optical path in a medium can be defined as the corresponding path in vacuum
that the light travels in the same time as it takes in the given medium.
ss
t=0 t
Optical path = dvacuum = n dmedium
la
tC
Path difference = dvacuum – dmedium
dvacuum Path difference = n dmedium – dmedium
ge
Path difference = dmedium (n – 1)
ar
nT
dmedium
O
Optical Path
es
Glass Slab
ss
P
la
tC
S1 S1′ y
d d/2
ge
O
S• O’
d/2
ar
S2 S2′
nT
D
O
es
ss
la
tC
Thank you
ge
ar
nT
O
OnTarget Classes
#8
es
ss
la
tC
Diffraction
ge
ar
of Light
nT
Class 12
Maharashtra Board
O
es
Fresnel and Fraunhofer
01
ss
Diffraction
la
Experimental set up for
Diffraction 02
tC
Fraunhofer diffraction
of Light Fraunhofer Diffraction at
ge
03 a Single Slit
ar Width of the central bright fringe
(Central Maxima)
nT
/OnTarget Classes
O
es
ss
la
tC
ge
Diffraction of Light
ar
nT
O
es
Screen
ss
X & Y – Region of diffraction
Bright
la
Region
tC
X
Less
Light Bright
ge
S•
Shadow
Obstacle
arY Region
Opaque
nT
Object
O
Diffraction at an obstacle Screen

es
X & Y – Region of diffraction
ss
Shadow
la
Region
X Light
tC
S• Bright
Region
ge
Slit
ar Y
Shadow
Region
nT
Screen
Diffraction at a slit
O
Prepared by :
Diffraction of Light Abdullah Momin
es
ss
la
tC
ge
ar
nT
O
es
ss
la
The phenomenon of bending of light around
tC
edges of the objects and entering into the
shadow region is called the diffraction of light.
ge
ar
nT
O
es
Types of Diffraction
ss
la
tC
Fraunhofer diffraction Fresnel diffraction
If the distances between the primary If the distances between the primary
ge
source of light and the screen are very source of light and the screen are small,
large, the diffraction is called Fraunhofer the diffraction is called Fresnel
diffraction.ar diffraction.
In this case, the wavefront incident on In this case, the wavefront incident on
the obstacle can be considered to be a the obstacle can be considered to be a
nT
plane wavefront. spherical wavefront.
O
Experimental set up for Fraunhofer diffraction
es
ss
la
tC
ge
ar
nT
S – Source of Light YY’ – Plane wavefront AB – Slit or aperture
O – Centre of the slit AB D – Distance between the slit and the screen
O
F – Focal length of the convex lens a – Slit width

Fraunhofer Diffraction at a Single Slit
es
Location of minima (Dark fringe)
and maxima (Bright fringe) :
ss
AB – Slit or aperture
la
a – Slit width
tC
O – Centre of the slit AB
D – Distance between
the slit and the screen
ge
F – Focal length of the
convex lens
ar
nT
O
es
The wavelets from the single wavefront reach the centre Po on the screen in
same phase and hence interfere constructively to give Central or Primary
ss
Maximum (Bright fringe).
la
A θ = 0°
tC
0 •
1 •
2 •
3 •
ge
4 •
a 5 •
6 • • Po Bright
7
ar •
8 •
9 •
10 •
nT
11
•
12
•
B D
Plane
O
Wavefront Slit Screen

es
Central
The wavelets from the single wavefront reach the centre Po onBright
the screen in
Fringe
same phase and hence interfere constructively to give Central or Primary
ss
(Primary Maxima)
Maximum (Bright fringe).
la
A θ = 0°
tC
0 •
1 •
2 •
3 •
ge
4 •
a 5 •
6 • • Po Bright
7
ar •
8 •
9 •
10 •
nT
11
•
12
•
B D
Plane
O
Wavefront Slit Screen

es
Location of minima (Dark fringe)
and maxima (Bright fringe) :
ss
Point P will be dark if the
la
path difference between
the two extreme ray of light
tC
is λ. BC = λ
In ∆ACB
ge
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
sin θ = = =
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎
BC = a sin θ
a sin θ = λ
ar Young’s Double Slit Experiment
nT
If the path difference (∆l) between S1P and S2P is an
λ integral multiple of λ, the two waves arriving there will
sin θ = ……….(1)
a interfere constructively producing a bright fringe at P.
O
∆l = S2P – S1P = n λ (where n = 0,1,2,3,……)

es
Point P will be dark if the
path difference between θ
ss
A
the two extreme ray of •
0
light is λ. •
1
• • P Dark
la
2
λ 3•
sin θ = …..(1) 4•
tC
a 5• θ
If θ is very small and measured 6• • Po Bright
•
7 λ/2
in radian then sin θ ≅ θ. 8•
•
ge
9
λ 10•
θ = …….(2) 11
• C
a 12
• θ
(1st Dark Fringe or 1st
ar
Plane B λ
Wavefront Slit
minima)
nT
Screen
The pairs (0,6), (1,7), (2,8), (3,9), (4,10), (5,11) and (6,12) interfere destructively with path
O
difference λ /2 and give First Secondary Minimum (1st Dark fringe).

es
Point P’ will be dark if the path
difference between the two • P’ Dark
ss
extreme ray of light is 2λ.
The wavelets from the
la
A θ
single wavefront diffract at 0 •
an angle θ such that BC is •
tC
1
2λ and reach the point P’. 2 • • P Dark
3 • λ/2
The pairs (0,3), (1,4), (2,5), 4 •
(3,6), (4,7), (5,8), (6,9), (7,10), 5 • θ
ge
(8,11) and (9,12) interfere
6 • •O Bright
7 • λ
destructively with path 8 •
difference λ/2 and give ar 9 • 3λ/2
Second Secondary
10 • C
Minimum (2nd Dark fringe).
11
• θ
12
•
nT
B 2λ
Plane
Wavefront Slit
O
Screen
es
Point P’ will be dark if the path
difference between the two • P’ Dark
ss
extreme ray of light is 2λ.
la
BC = a sin θ A θ
a sin θ = 2 λ 0 •
•
tC
2λ 1
sin θ = 2 • • P Dark
a 3 • λ/2
If θ is very small and 4 •
measured in radian then 5 • θ
ge
6 • •O Bright
sin θ ≅ θ. 7 • λ
8 •
2λ ar 9 • 3λ/2
θ = …….(3) 10 •
a 11
• θ
C
(2nd Dark Fringe or 2nd 12
•
nT
B 2λ
minima) Plane
Wavefront Slit
O
Screen
es
λ
θ = …….(2)
a • P’ Dark
ss
(1st Dark Fringe or 1st minima)
2λ
θ = …….(3)
la
a A θ
(2nd Dark Fringe or 2nd minima) 0 •
•
tC
1
2 • • P Dark
3λ • λ/2
θ= 3
•
a 4
5 • θ
ge
(3rd Dark Fringe or 3rd minima) 6 • •O Bright
4λ 7 • λ
θ= 8 •
a ar 9 • 3λ/2
(4th Dark Fringe or 4th minima)
10 • C
11
• θ
nλ
12
•
nT
B 2λ
θ= Plane
a Wavefront Slit
(nth Dark Fringe
O
Screen
or nth minima)
es
Point Q will be Bright if the path difference
3𝜆𝜆
. • P’ Dark
ss
between the two extreme ray of light is
2
(0,4), (1,5), (2,6), …… and θ • Q Bright
la
(8,12) interfere destructively A
with path difference λ/2. 0•
•
tC
1
However few wavelets will 2• • P Dark
reach the point Q and there 3•
will be some light and due 4•
•
5 λ/2
ge
to this First Secondary 6• •O Bright
Maximum (Bright fringe) is 7•
formed. 8• λ
ar 9•
10•
Path difference 11
• Cθ
12
•
nT
3𝜆𝜆 Plane B
BC = a sin θ = 3λ/2
2 Wavefront Slit
O
Screen
es
Point Q will be Bright if the path difference between the two extreme
3𝜆𝜆
. • P’ Dark
ss
ray of light is
2
Path difference θ • Q Bright
la
A
3𝜆𝜆 0•
BC = a sin θ = •
tC
1
2 2• • P Dark
3•
3𝜆𝜆 4•
sin θ = •
5 λ/2
ge
2𝑎𝑎 6• •O Bright
If θ is very small and measured
7•
8• λ
in radian then sin θ ≅ θ. ar 9•
10•
3𝜆𝜆 11
• Cθ
θ= 12
•
nT
2𝑎𝑎 Plane B
3λ/2
(1st Bright Fringe or Wavefront Slit
O
1st secondary maxima) Screen

es
• Q’ Bright
Point Q’ will be Bright if the path difference
5𝜆𝜆
. • P’ Dark
ss
2
However few wavelets will θ • Q Bright
la
reach the point Q’ and there A
will be some light and due •
•
tC
to this second Secondary • • P Dark
Maximum (2nd Bright fringe) • λ/2
is formed. •
• λ
ge
Path difference • •O Bright
• 3λ/2
5𝜆𝜆 •
BC = a sin θ = ar • 2λ
2 • C
• θ
•
nT
B 5λ/2
Plane
Wavefront Slit
O
Screen
es
• Q’ Bright
Point Q’ will be Bright if the path difference
5𝜆𝜆
. • P’ Dark
ss
2
Path difference θ • Q Bright
la
A
5𝜆𝜆 •
•
tC
BC = a sin θ = • • P Dark
2
• λ/2
5𝜆𝜆 •
• λ
ge
sin θ = • •O Bright
2𝑎𝑎
• 3λ/2
If θ is very small and measured •
in radian then sin θ ≅ θ. ar • 2λ
• C
5𝜆𝜆 • θ
θ= •
nT
2𝑎𝑎 B 5λ/2
Plane
(2nd Bright Fringe or Wavefront Slit
O
2nd secondary maxima) Screen

(1st Bright Fringe or 1st secondary maxima)
es
3𝜆𝜆 • Q’ Bright
θ=
2𝑎𝑎
• P’ Dark
ss
(1stBright Fringe or
1st secondary maxima)
θ • Q Bright
la
5𝜆𝜆 A
θ= •
•
tC
2𝑎𝑎
(2nd Bright Fringe or • • P Dark
• λ/2
2nd secondary maxima) •
• λ
ge
7𝜆𝜆 • •O Bright
θ= • 3λ/2
2𝑎𝑎
•
(3rd Bright Fringe or ar • 2λ
3rd secondary maxima) • C
• θ
•
nT
For nth bright fringe, Plane B 5λ/2
1 λ Wavefront Slit
θ = n+
O
2 a Screen
es
For nth Dark Fringe or nth minima,
ss
nλ
θ=
a
la
tC
For nth bright fringe or nth
secondary maxima,
1
ge
λ
θ = n+
2 a
ar
nT
O
es
In ∆OPoP,
opp PoP y
ss
tan θ = = =
Adj OP D
la
in radian then tan θ = θ.
y
θ=
tC
D
Let ynd be the distances of nth
dark point from the central
ge
bright point.
For nth dark fringe,
θ=n
λ
a
ar From YDSE:
λ y
nT
θ = n = nd
a D Fringe Width
λD
ynd = n
a
=nW λD
W=
O
𝑑𝑑
es
In ∆OPoP,
opp PoP y
ss
tan θ = = =
Adj OP D
la
in radian then tan θ = θ.
y
θ=
tC
D
Let ynb be the distances of nth
bright point from the central
ge
bright point.
For nth bright fringe,
θ = n+
1 λ
2 a
ar From YDSE:
1 λ yn𝑏𝑏
nT
θ = n+ =
2 a D Fringe Width
1 λD 1
yn𝑏𝑏 = n+
a
= n+ 𝑊𝑊 λD
W=
O
2 2
𝑑𝑑
es
Width of the central bright fringe:
1st dark fringe
ss
The central bright fringe is spread
between the first dark fringes on
la
either side. Thus, width of the central y1d
tC
bright fringe is the distance between
the centres of first dark fringe on
either side.
ge
Width of the central bright fringe, y1d
λD ar
Wc= 2 y1d = 2 = 2W
a 1st dark fringe
For nth Dark Fringe,
nT
λ y
θ = n = nd
a D
λD
O
ynd = n =nW
a
es
Width of the central bright fringe:
1st dark fringe
ss
1 st dark fringe
The central bright fringe is spread
between the first dark fringes on
la
either side. Thus, width of the central y1d
tC
bright fringe is the distance between
the centres of first dark fringe on
either side.
ge
Width of the central bright fringe, y1d
λD ar
Wc= 2 y1d = 2 = 2W Central Bright
a 1st dark fringe
st1 dark fringe Fringe
For nth Dark Fringe,(Primary Maxima)
nT
λ y
θ = n = nd
a D
O
λD
ynd = n =nW
a
es
ss
la
tC
ge
Thank you
ar
nT
O
OnTarget Classes

Wave Optics Complete

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#1

ar 4) What is the range of frequencies

Can you recall?

Can you recall?

Can you recall?

Can you recall?

Can you recall?

Can you recall?

Can you recall?

Can you recall?

Primary and Secondary Sources of Light

Primary and Secondary Sources of Light

Primary and Secondary Sources of Light

Primary and Secondary Sources of Light

Primary and Secondary Sources of Light

Primary and Secondary Sources of Light

WavefrontRipple Effect in Light:

Red Line – Ray

Red Line – Ray

Reflection and Refraction of Light

Reflection of Light at a Plane Surface

Reflection of Light at a Plane Surface

Reflection of Light at a Plane Surface

cover a distance vT at time T.

Reflection of Light at a Plane Surface

Reflection of Light at a Plane Surface

Coherent Sources of Light

Coherent Sources of Light

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

S – Primary source of light

PQ– Observing Screen Observing Screen PQ

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

S – Primary source of light

PQ– Observing Screen Observing Screen PQ

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

If the path difference between S1P and S2P is half

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

(S2P)2 - (S1P)2 = 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Eq. (4) gives the path difference of two interfering waves.

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

∆l = S2P – S1P = n λ = 2n (where n = 0,1,2,3,……)

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

∆l = S2P – S1P = (2n-1) (where n= 1,2,3,……..)

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

terms of Phase difference

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Intensity ∝ (Amplitude)2 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Conditions for Obtaining Steady Interference

Conditions for Obtaining Steady Interference

 From the condition of bright and dark

Conditions for Obtaining Steady Interference

 From the condition of bright and dark

Conditions for Obtaining Steady Interference