Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 1
COMPANY PROFILE
Painting
Final completion and handing over the project.
1.2.1 Major activities
Construction of residential building required following paper work before the start of actual
construction. These steps are;
Preparation of drawings as per requirements of consumers.
Estimation of material cost, labour cost & contingencies.
Approval of drawings & estimates from Client.
Approval of drawings from City Development Authority. It is most important because
residential building drawings should meet the authority defined rules.
Start of construction work either through contractor or labour hired on daily basis
CHAPTER 2
BRICKS:
A brick is a building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in
masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is
now used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar. Bricks are produced in numerous
classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in
bulk quantities.
1. Type of brick used in our site: Burnt brick.
2. Size of burnt brick used: 9inch x 4.5inch x 3 inch’s
CEMENT:
Cement is main construction material used in a building construction. It acts as a binding
material. There are many types of cement available in the market, such as ordinary Portland
cement, pozzolonic cement, rapid hardening cement, low heat cement and etc.
Different Grades of cement are,
1. 33grade
2. 43 grade
3. 53 grade
4. Grade of cement used in our site: 43 Grade.
COARSE AGGREGATES:
Coarse aggregates are an integral part of many construction applications, such
as a granular base placed under a slab or pavements, or as a component in mixer, such as asphalt
or concrete mixer.
Coarse aggregate is mined from rock quarries and or dredged from river beds, therefore
the size, shape, hardness, texture and many other properties can vary greatly based on location.
Even materials coming from the same quarry or pit and type of stone can vary greatly. Generally
coarse aggregates can be characterized as either smooth or rounded or angular and the density
range for natural coarse aggregates is 2.4 to 2.9 times of times the density of water.
Different sizes of aggregates used are : 20mm, 40mm.
FINE AGGREGATES:
Construction aggregates is a broad category of coarse to medium grained particulate
material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and
geosynthetic aggregates. Fine aggregates in building construction is the materials used for
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, RIT, HASSAN Page 6
INTERNSHIP REPORT
mixing with cement, bitumen, lime, gypsum and other form of concrete, the fine aggregate gives
volume, stability, resistance to wear and other desired physical properties to the finished product.
The type of fine aggregate used: M-Sand.
STEEL:
Reinforcement steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in
reinforced concrete and reinforcement masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete
under tension. Concrete is strong under compression, but has weak tensile strength. Rebar
(reinforcing bar) significantly increases the tensile strength of the structure. Rebar's surface is
often deformed to promote a better bond with the concrete.
Procurement engineer job description procurement engineers oversee the purchasing of technical
goods and services for an industrial operation. Procurement engineers have very detailed
knowledge of the equipment; materials and supplies used in a particular industry, and are able to
identify companies that all sell them.
CHAPTER 3
TASKS PERFORMED
In the first session of the internship we were explained about the project and its complete
details such as details of different section of construction, consultants, total area of the project,
budget s, details about commercial type of construction etc.
Construction of residential building required following paper work before the start of actual
construction. These steps are;
5. Start of construction work either through contractor or labour hired on daily basis.
After the completion of documentation work, the actual construction on plot begins. Following
are the steps;
1. Site clearance
2. Demarcation of site
4. Excavation
5. Laying of PCC
8. Concreting
10. Deshuttering
14. Plastering
16. Painting
FOOTING:
Prior to the construction of stone masonry footing, a trench with depth ranges from 1m to
1.5m should be excavated. The width of excavation would be controlled by amount of loads
exerted on the footing. So, the width of footing is specified based on the imposed loads and
properties of soil on which the footing is constructed.
The soil at the bottom of the trench must be compacted properly. At this stage, the
excavation is ready for the construction of stone masonry footing. The properties of the stone
masonry must be as follows otherwise they will be disqualified for the construction of stone
masonry footing:
1. The stone should be Durable.
2. It must be free from Cracks.
3. It must be free from Cavity.
4. It must be Hard and Tough.
The thickness of the stones should be one fourth of their width. If it is possible, the width
of each stone used for the construction of footing first course should match the stone masonry
footing width. If such stones are not obtainable, then the joints can be provided and is acceptable.
Stones need to be adequately wetted before they are laid in the foundation. This measure is
considered to prevent water absorption which may affect the motor. The masonry work is done
in order avoid soil erosion of backfilling and also to increase the strength of the footing.
9. Then the heart stones and smaller stone sizes will be covered by mortar and spaces
should be filled with mortar to improve footing strength.
Plinth Beam is a reinforced concrete beam constructed between the walls and its
foundation. Plinth Beam is provided to prevent the extension or propagation of cracks from the
foundation into the wall above when the foundation suffers from settlement. Plinth Beams
distributes the load of the wall over the foundation evenly.
It should be 450mm above G.L. The minimum grade of concrete is M20. It is designed as
normal beam with 25mm cover. If concrete is mixed manually, then an extra of 20% cement
need to be added to the mixture, because by hand the cement particles are not to be as effectively
distributed or wetted. This results in uneven cement distribution in the mix and reduces the
hydration of the cement. Additional cement is to compensate for this.
It is mandatory to provide plinth beam in areas that are prone to earthquake. The
minimum depth of the Plinth Beam is 20cm whereas its width should match the width of the
final course of the foundation.
Formwork of the Plinth Beam should be properly installed and adequately secured prior
to concrete needs to be compacted sufficiently to prevent steel bars from aggressive elements.
It is recommended to provide two bars with minimum diameter of 12mm at the bottom of
the beam. Similarly, two bars with minimum diameter of 10mm shall be provided at the top of
the Plinth Beam.
Reinforcement bars should be protected with 25mm concrete cover as that of a beam. As
far as stirrups are concerned, diameter must be at least 6mm and the spacing of 15cm is
sufficient.
The shuttering for plinth beam should be firmly held and secured in position before pouring the
concrete. The shuttering can be removed after 8-10 days. Plinth Beam protects the masonry wall
from cracks due to differential settlement of foundation. It is provided sufficiently above the
natural ground level.
If the concrete is not compacted properly with the help of rod it will result in segregation
of concrete. With no sufficient clear cover provided to the plinth beam it will result in exposing
up of the stirrups and reinforcement, this may also be caused due to the segregation of the
concrete due to improper compaction.
The Plinth Height is in between 300mm-450mm from ground level. It is recommended
that the minimum plinth height of 150mm is adopted from the top of the road. Damp proof
course (DPC) is laid on Plinth Level. DPC is a horizontal barrier in a wall designed to resist
moisture rising through capillary action –a phenomenon known as rising damp.
CHAPTER 4
REFLECTION NOTES
In earth work excavation, to study about the soil properties like safe bearing capacity of
soil.
In footing design, what types of footings to be constructed in site like isolated, combined
and eccentric footings?
In column design, cross check about to resist the sustained load, maximum bending
moment, maximum shear force and maximum deflection.
In beam design, we discuss about whether the beam is singly reinforced or doubly
reinforced beam to resist the sustained load, maximum bending moment, maximum shear
force and maximum deflection.
In slab design, we discuss whether the slab is one way or two ways, and then we will
design by knowing the loads. After we check end condition and moments.
Then the site way of communicate the peoples like masons, assistant engineers, site
engineers and MD to asking about progress of work.
Then what about I know that will share by the interns that way developed the
communication skill in the organization.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, RIT, HASSAN Page 20
INTERNSHIP REPORT
It was a wonderful learning experience at zenith constructions and consultancy, Mysore for 4
weeks. The exposure was given to many things like, frequently visiting sites, reading building
plan, estimation of building and materials, etc.,
Some of the highlights of the internship are:
The study of building plan and nature of project.
To apply the theoretical knowledge at the sites.
Helped to improve the managing skills at site.
Enabled the knowledge about building bylaws.
Personality development sessions by the company experts are more impressive
Exposure to face the interview with confidence
It was a major learning curve for me since it was the first time I had an exposure to such a
large construction. The main objective of the industrial training is to provide an
opportunity to undergraduates to identify, observe and practice how engineering is
applicable in the real industry. It is not only to get experience on technical practices but
also to observe management practices and to interact with on field workers. It is easy to
work with sophisticated machines, but not with people. I feel that I got maximum out of
the experience. Also, I learnt the way of work in an organization, the importance of being
punctual, the importance of maximum commitment and the importance of team spirit.
The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is
constructed within its desired properties. We get knowledge about the basic & advanced
techniques of building construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer
has to face during construction i.e. labor problems, cost management, environmental
challenges etc. I cleared many doubts regarding building construction. I have learned
about several aspects of Civil engineering field, the first hand experience of material
testing, estimation of material quantities, in-situ techniques adopted etc.
Mr. Preetham
As well as the technical and non technical staff for supporting me throughout the
Internship Program