Elaida Nicole Malig

PROTEIN AND THE ELEMENT SULFUR

(focus ka sa mga amino acids na may sulfur po)

Protein – is a macronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass. It is commonly

found in animal products, though it is also present in other sources such as nuts and
legumes (no need to define)
Example of food high in protein:

Sulfur - is a chemical element with the symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant,
multivalent and nonmetallic.
- It is used in black gunpowder, matches, and fireworks, vulcanization of rubber, used
as fungicide, insecticide and fumigant, manufacture of phosphate fertilizers and in
the treatment of certain skin disease. (How about sa proteins anong use ng sulfur?)
What does sulfur look like?
 Proteins contains between 3 and 6% sulfur amino acids. A very small percentage of
sulfur comes in the form of inorganic sulfates and other forms of organic sulfur present
in foods such as garlic, onion, broccoli etc.

Visit the links and read them. Understand what has been written and added below.
Sulfur-containing amino acids (the building blocks of protein) contribute
substantially to the maintenance and integrity of cellular systems by influencing
cellular redox state and cellular capacity to detoxify toxic compounds, free radicals
and reactive oxygen species. Methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, and taurine are the
4 common sulfur-containing amino acids, but only the first 2 (methio and cyst) are
incorporated into proteins. Each of these amino acids contributes significantly to the
cellular pool of organic sulfur and generally to sulfur homeostasis. Define cellular pool
of organic sulfur and sulfur homeostasis and ano ang use nila???
Methionine is an essential amino acid, obtained by dietary intake.
Cysteine is non-essential and a metabolite of methionine metabolism.
Methionine is required for protein synthesis while its activated form, S-
adenosylmethionine (SAM), serves as a methyl donor in numerous biological reactions.
Paano nabubuo ang SAM?
1. Initially, ATP is attached to the sulfur atom of methionine to form SAM, a reaction
catalyzed by methionine adenosyl transferase (MAT).
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6361141/
Methionine is the initiating amino acid in the synthesis of virtually all eukaryotic proteins.
Source: https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/136/6/1636S/4664439

Cellular redox state - is a term used widely in the research field of free radicals and
oxidative stress. Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0891584901004804#:~:text=R
edox%20state%20is%20a%20term,free%20radicals%20and%20oxidative
%20stress.&text=There%20are%20many%20redox%20couples,redox%20couple%20in
%20a%20cell.
Redox homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of many cellular processes including
responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS), signalling, protection of protein thiols,
oxidation–reduction reactions as well as the removal of xenobiotics. Source:
https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article/14/1/60/511887
Cysteine has the ability to form disulfide bonds and plays a crucial role in protein
structure and in protein-folding pathways. Cysteine may be converted to such
important products as glutathione and taurine. Search mo ano ang glutathione and taurine
pati mga uses nila. Taurine (isa ring amino acid na may sulfur) is present in many tissues
at higher concentrations than any of the other amino acids. Although taurine accounts for
only 3% of the free amino acid pool in plasma, it accounts for 25% (liver), 50%
(kidney), 53% (muscle), and 19% (liver) of this free amino acid pool.

Summary:
Connection of sulfur to protein – Sulfur plays an important role in crucial functions in
your body, such as making protein, regulating gene expression, building and repairing DNA,
and helping your body metabolize food (e.g. protein-rich foods).
Role of Sulfur to Protein Metabolism – Sulfur amino acid nutrition involves considering
the different roles of these amino acids, which are recognized to exert several significant
influences. They are precursors of essential molecules and act as mediators affecting
metabolism and cell functions.
 Sulfur Amino acids regulates protein synthesis and breakdown and consequently
protein deposition, which correspond to the balance between the two processes
(synthesis and breakdown). Define protein synthesis, protein breakdown, and protein
deposition.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17707628/
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-
nutrition/article/role-of-sulfur-amino-acids-in-controlling-nutrient-
metabolism-and-cell-functions-implications-for-
nutrition/2749F7B38B1C8FAECC2C49D4D6561804/core-reader#:~:text=Like
%20other%20amino%20acids%2C%20sulfur,lead%20to%20reduced
%20protein%20synthesis.&text=Like%20methionine%2C%20cysteine%20is
%20used,the%20metabolism%20of%20methionine%20(Fig.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/foods-with-sulfur#what-sulfur-is