LAB REPORT-8

NAME : Muhammad usman

REGISTRATION NO : 20-ME-184
SECTION :D
SEMESTER :2
EXPERIMENT NO :8
DEPARTMENT : MECHANICAL ENGG.

Experiment Topic:
“Logic gate using diodes”
Introduction:
In this experiment, we will deal the logic gates and see how various inputs affect their output and circuit
components. Basically, logic gates are used to make decisions so that the electrical component will be ON only
when the correct logic is used. Various logic gates have various names that help to decide the the output when a
certain input is given.
Now, we will define the logic gates.
Logic gates:
A logic gate is any electronic device which implements a Boolean function. Basically, it is a logical operation
performed on one or more binary inputs that produces a single binary output. Logic gates perform basic logical
functions and are the fundamental building blocks of digital integrated circuits. There are seven basic logic
gates given below:
 AND gate
 OR gate
 NOT gate
 NAND gate
 NOR gate
 XOR gate
 XNOR gate
All the above mentioned gates take two input except the NOT gate.
Now, we will discuss some terms related to logic gates.
Voltage Variation:
Each logic gate type has its individual range of logic level voltage variation. One possible logic assignment is as
follows.
Logic-1 : ≈ 5 V ; Logic-0 : ≈ 0 V.
We will investigate three logic types:
1) The diode-resistor logic (DRL)
2) The diode-transistor logic (DTL)
3) The transistor-transistor logic (TTL)
Diode-resistor Logic (DRL):
Diode-resistor logic (DRL), is the construction of Boolean logic gates from diodes. Diode logic was used
extensively in the construction of early computers, where semiconductor diodes could replace bulky and costly
active vacuum tube elements. The most common use for diode-resistor logic is in diode–transistor logic (DTL)
integrated circuits.
Diode-transistor Logic (DTL):
Diode–transistor logic (DTL) is a class of digital circuits that is the direct ancestor of transistor–transistor logic.
It is called so because the logic gating function is performed by a diode network and the amplifying function is
performed by a transistor.
Transistor-transistor Logic (TTL):
Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors. Its name signifies that
transistors perform both the logic function and the amplifying function, as opposed to Resistor–transistor logic
(RTL) or Diode–transistor logic (DTL).
Now, we will move towards our topic that is AND gate.

AND Gate:
It is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunctions. A HIGH output (1) results only if both the inputs
to the gate are HIGH (1). If one input is high, a LOW output (0) results. Similarly, a low output results if both
outputs are low. In another sense, we can say that the function of OR effectively finds the minimum between
the two binary digits.
Symbol:
The symbol for an OR gate is shown below:

Representation:
An AND gate function between two input sources “A” and “B” is written as “A*B” and is
read as “A AND B”.
Procedure:
First, we will connect two diodes in series. Then, a DC source is connected to the resistor of 1 K Ohm, which is
connected to one of the diodes. An LED is connected at the output, to the other diode and is grounded on the
other side. Also, one terminal voltage source is connected to both diodes, whose value will either be 0 V (low)
or 5 V (high). Now, the changing the state of the diodes, we can check various results for AND gate.
Conditions:
These are the four possible conditions for an OR gate.
1. When the first input source is OFF (0) and the other is ON (1). The output source will be OFF (0).

2. When the first input source is ON (1) and the other is OFF (0). The output source will also be OFF (0).

3. When both of the input sources are ON (1) the output source is also ON (1).
4. When both of the input sources are OFF (0) the output source is also OFF (0).

Truth Table:
A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic functions specifically in connection with Boolean algebra,
boolean functions which sets out the functional values of logical expressions on each of their functional
arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by their logical variables.
A B Output
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
0 0 0

Analysis:
Second Simulation:
All of the above logics applied here can also be done by another simulation shown below:
1. When the first input source is OFF (0) and the other is ON (1). The output source will be OFF (0).

2. When the first input source is ON(1) and the other is OFF (0). The output source will also be OFF (0).
3. When both of the input sources are ON (1) the output source is also ON (1).

4. When both of the input sources are OFF (0) the output source is also OFF (0).
Conclusion:
In this lab we learnt how AND gate works and found out that it gives ‘1’ only when both inputs are ON.

THE END