International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105142

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International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijmecsci

Brinell indentation behavior of the stainless steel X2CrNi18-9: Modeling

and experiments
A. Bahri a, M. Ellouz b, M. Klöcker b, T. Kordisch b, K. Elleuch a,∗
a
Laboratory of Materials Engineering and Environnement (LGME), National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P.1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
b
FH-Bielefeld University of applied sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Interaktion 1, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: Stainless steel X2CrNi18-9 plays an important role in many industrial fields, namely in the agro alimentary in-
Stainless steel x2crni18-9 dustry based on its corrosion resistance. Meanwhile, its mechanical and tribological resistance still presents a
Brinell indentation challenge. In the olive oil extraction industry, the stainless steel X2CrNi18-9 presents a complex damage mech-
Johnson-Cook
anism under concentrated load. In the present study, a Brinell indentation test was carried out on the stainless
FE simulation
steel X2CrNi18-9 under a load range between F = 10 N and F = 613 N. A three-dimensional finite element (FE)
model has been elaborated in order to simulate and understand the mechanical response under this specific con-
centrated load given by the Brinell test. The mechanical behavior of stainless steel has been described by the
Johnson-Cook elasto-plastic model and its damage mode by the Johnson-Cook failure model. The main experi-
mental and numerical results show a stress concentration in the border and in the center of the indents throughout
the indentation tests caused by the plastic deformation. The SEM investigations show typical indents increasing
in size with increasing load and a pile-up phenomenon as a result of a large E/Y ratio (Young’s modulus/yield
stress). The elaborated FE numerical model of the Brinell indentation test shows a very satisfactory correlation
to the experimental test results.

1. Introduction
Stainless steels are widely used in many fields due to their promis-
ing mechanical and tribological properties and their resistance against
corrosion phenomena [1–10]. Stainless steel was used in various appli-
cations, namely nuclear and automotive domain [9,10], petroleum field
[11,12] and agro alimentary industry [2,3]. In particular the stainless
steel X2CrNi18-9 is widely used for construction of mixer, container and
crusher in agro alimentary industry [1–4]. Meanwhile, this kind of stain-
less steel without coating is applied for specific applications to made the
crusher in olive oil extraction procedure [1,2,4] presents an important
challenge for several reasons: (i) the poor mechanical properties against
penetration of hard material as reported in previous study [2,4], (ii)
the complicated deformation and damage behavior under concentrated
stress resulting from the penetration of hard material [4] and (iii) the
type of the external solicitation like impact, sliding again other metallic
materials.
Many authors have studied the mechanical behavior of stainless
steel using several techniques [13–16]. Recently, several authors have
analyzed its mechanical response by tensile [13,14] and compression
[15,16]. Other researchers have investigated its mechanical properties
by the mean of bending test [17,18]. However, the obtained results
from such kind of tests reveal a complex behavior to analyze and under-
stand. Several studies were conducted on coated and uncoated metallic
materials in order to understand their mechanical behavior under in-
dentation test [19–29]. But only, a few of those have focused to study
the uncoated stainless steel [25–29], especially not the stainless steel
X2CrNi18-9 [30,31].
The finite element modeling (FEM) presents an efficient tool to in-
vestigate the stress distribution throughout the coating and the sub-
strate. A typical FEM simulation has been investigating the Vickers and
Brinell indentation [21,22]. Ma L. et al. [22] have used the FEM to de-
termine the contact diameter in elastic plastic materials. The numeri-
cal method allows the authors to develop a new physical measurement
method to determine the indentation contact position. Based on a lit-
erature review, a combined experimental and numerical methodology
[19,23,24] is shown to be the best way of analyzing and characterizing
materials using the indentation test. Johnson Cook elasto-plastic and
failure model are commonly used to describe the mechanical response
of the stainless steel X2CrNi18-9 [4,32] but not the response resulted
after an indentation test.
This paper focuses on studying the mechanical behavior of the stain-
less steel X2CrNi18-9 under concentrated normal load. An experimental
and numerical Brinell indentation test was conducted under a wide load

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: Khaled.elleuch@enis.tn, khaled.elleuch@enis.rnu.tn (K. Elleuch).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.105142
Received 24 June 2019; Received in revised form 3 September 2019; Accepted 7 September 2019
Available online 08 September 2019
0020-7403/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Bahri, M. Ellouz and M. Klöcker et al.
Table 1
Stainless steel X2CrNi18-9 chemical composition.
C Si Mn P S
0.028 0.49 1.4 0.034 0.017
Fig. 1. Shematic configuration of the Brinell indentation test.
range. A three dimensional FE model has been performed using Johnson
Cook elasto-plastic and failure models to describe the deformation and
the damage evolution of stainless steel. A good agreement was obtained
when comparing the numerical data with the experimental results prov-
ing the efficiency and the limits of the numerical model.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experimental procedure
A 30 × 30 × 2.8 mm3 X2CrNi18-9 stainless steel substrate was pre-
pared for the experiment. Table 1 shows the chemical composition of
the stainless steel X2CrNi18-9.
The Brinell indentation test has been performed on the stainless
steel X2CrNi18-9 substrate. The Brinell indentation test has been con-
ducted with the indenter ZHU 2.5 using a standard 2.5 mm carbide metal
ball with normal load range between F = 10 N to F = 613 N with dwell
time T = 12 s. The indentation diameter was measured automatically by
the main of an optical microscope coupled with the indenter device.
Fig. 1 shows the adopted configurations. In order to determine the to-
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105142
Cr Mo Ni Co N
18.21 0.46 8.15 0.11 0.045
pography taking place in the indentation area, micrographs were taken
with different magnifications in defined zones using SEM ZEISS 1450
VPSE. It is important to note that all indentation measurements have
been repeated at least three times for the accuracy of the results.
2.2. Numerical methodology
The indentation test is considered as one of the most powerful
methodology for characterizing the mechanical properties of metallic
material, in particular coating-substrate model [19,20]. The evolution
of penetration depth against normal load presents the principal results
of the indentation test. The main aim when conducting such a test is
to determine the elastic modulus as well as the hardness. More infor-
mation can be obtained about the substrate behavior when converting
the load-penetration curve into stress-strain curve. Further, conducting
experimental indentation tests, coupled with numerical study could be
the adequate way for characterizing metallic material.
The numerical analysis was elaborated using the FE software
ABAQUS. A dynamic explicit calculation mode has been used during nu-
merical calculation. Within the numerical simulation, the Brinell inden-
ter was considered as a rigid body. To save the calculation time, the nu-
merical model 4 × 4 × 3 mm3 dimension was elaborated. The X2CrNi18-
9 stainless steel has been considered as elasto-plastic model using C3D8R
linear hexahedral elements. There are 65,956 nodes and 58,850 finite
elements as shown in Fig. 2. The bottom surface of the substrate has
been constrained.
Before conducting the numerical simulation the mesh sensitivity
has been studied with different grid size as reported in several stud-
ies [4,33]. A mesh refinement has been used for the top surface of the
substrate numerical model (the indentation area) in order to avoid the
influence of the mesh size on the obtained results. This should optimize
the calculation time as well as the accuracy of the model. A non-uniform
mesh has been used throughout the thickness of the substrate. The ele-
ment thickness of the bottom surface is 0.1 mm, on the top surface the
element is equal to 0.01 mm.
During the numerical simulations, a Johnson Cook elasto-plastic
model was applied for the stainless steel X2CrNi18-9 as reported in sev-
Fig. 2. Illustration of the stainless steel X2CrNi18-9
indentation model used in the numerical simulation,
Brinell indentation and adopted mesh.
A. Bahri, M. Ellouz and M. Klöcker et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105142

Table 2
Material properties and Johnson cook parameters of the X2CrNi18-9 [4,32,34].

Material properties
Density (Kg/m3 ) Young’s modulus (GPa) Poisson’s ratio Room temperature (K)

7900 177–200 0.3 298

Johnson Cook elasto-plastic model

A (MP‘a) B (MPa) N M‘ C 𝜀0 (s − 1 )

253.32 685.1 0.3128 2.044 0.07 1.00

Johnson Cook failure model

d1 d2 d3 d4 d5
0.53467 0 0 −0.01913 0

eral studies [4,32]. The latter can be expressed by the formula (1). Where hc is the plastic penetration, hmax present the maximum pen-
( ( )) etration, and he is the elastic penetration. R presents the radius of the
𝜀̄̇ ( )
𝜎̄ = (𝐴 + 𝐵 𝜀̄ 𝑛 ) 1 + 𝐶 𝑙𝑛 1 − 𝑇 ∗𝑚 (1) indentation ball.
𝜀̄̇ 0
The hardness HBW is evaluated by dividing the normal load F (unit is
where σ̄ presents the equivalent stress, A is the initial yield stress, 𝜀 is
̇ N) by the indenter ball diameter Di (unit is mm) as presented by Eq. (6):
the equivalent plastic strain, n is the hardening exponent, 𝜀̄̇𝜀̄ is the nor-
0
malized equivalent plastic strain rate (𝜀̄̇ strain rate and 𝜀̄̇ 0 the reference 2𝐹
𝐻𝐵𝑊 = 0.102 ( √ ) (6)
strain rate) and T∗ is the homologous temperature.
𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖 − 𝐷𝑖 2 − 𝑑 2
In order to investigate the failure phenomena, a Johnson Cook failure
model expressed by the formula (2) was adopted. The latter is coupled
where dis the contact diameter.
with Johnson Cook elasto-plastic model.
( 𝑝 )[ ]( )
−𝑑
𝜀𝑓 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 𝑒 3 𝑞 1 + 𝑑4 𝑙𝑛 𝜀̇ ∗ 1 + 𝑑5 𝑇 ∗ (2) 3. Results and discussion
where 𝜀f is considered a function of the stress triaxiality, d1 , d2 , d3 ,
3.1. Experimental indentation
d4 and d5 are material constants. In our model failure occurs when the
parameter D reaches a value of 1 as presented by the formula (3):
The Brinell indentation test has been elaborated on the stainless
1
𝐷=∫ 𝑑 𝜀̄ (3) steel X2CrNi18-9 between a normal load of F = 10 N and F = 613 N.
𝜀𝑓 𝑝𝑙 Fig. 3 shows the load-penetration curve for all applied load. It can be
The Johnson Cook elasto-plastic and failure properties have been observed that the loading part of the load-penetration curves are char-
taken from the literature review [4,32,34]. Table 2 illustrates the acterized by a non-linearity induced by the nonlinear material behavior
adopted parameters. and by increasing the contact area as reported in literature [35]. The
The contact depth and the contact area Ac have been calculated final penetration reaches 7 μm at a load of F = 10 N and 45 μm at a load
based on the following equations: of F = 613 N.
ℎ Fig. 4 illustrates the indentation areas which have been clearly de-
ℎ𝑐 = ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 (4) tected by SEM technique a smooth indent can be observed whose diam-
2
eter increases significantly when increasing the normal load. The diam-
( )
𝐴𝑐 = 𝜋𝑎2 = 𝜋 2 𝑅 ℎ𝑐 − ℎ2𝑐 (5) eters of indentations have been directly measured from the indentation

Fig. 3. Experimental load-penetration curve of the stainless

X2CrNi18-9.
A. Bahri, M. Ellouz and M. Klöcker et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105142

Fig. 4. SEM photos of the Brinell indents at different loads: (a) F = 77 N, (b) F = 153 N, (c) F = 307 N, (d) F = 613 N, with das the diameter an hf as the depth.

micrograph, while the final penetration depth (hf ) of indentation was

deduced from the load-penetration curves. When analyzing the inden-
tation of the different load no cracks were detected inside the indent.
During the indentation experiment, the material moves outside the bor-
der of the indent, this phenomenon may create a pile-up at the border of
the indentation. The pile-up increases the measured indentation diame-
ter. Based on the literature [22,36], Oliver et al. [36], have mentioned
that during the indentation test the pile-ups exhibit an important change
related to geometry, so that it becomes difficult to predict the pile-up
without considering a numerical study. Within the numerical simula-
tion, the presence and the evolution of the pile-up will be verified by
the numerical model comparing both, the contact radius ac and the sur-
face Ac with the experimental results.

3.2. Numerical modeling of the Brinell indentation test

3.2.1. Mesh sensitivity

The main objective of the current section is to show the result of the
numerical simulation done for the Brinell indentation test on stainless
steel X2CrNi18-9 in order to validate the numerical model by comparing
the simulation results to the experimental ones. It is important to note
that the simulation of the Brinell test has been conducted for the whole
load range as already defined for the experimental tests. A study of the
mesh sensitivity has been elaborated for the top surface of the substrate
in order to minimize the effect of the mesh size on the indentation re-
sults. This was carried out exemplarily for the load of F = 77 N to save
calculation time. The element sizes studied during simulation are 0.04,
0.02 and 0.01 mm. Fig. 5. presents the load-penetration curve of the ex-
perimental and numerical results under F = 77 N. It can be observed that
a good agreement between the experimental and the numerical curves
has been achieved using an element size of 0.01 mm. According to the
Fig. 5. Effect of the element size in the accuracy of the result.
obtained result the corresponding mesh will be retained during all sim-
ulations.
3.2.2. Validation of the stainless steel numerical model
Several Brinell indentations have been conducted for the stainless
steel X2CrNi18-9 under different normal loads. A comparison between
the experimental and the numerical load-penetration curves has been
done. The main results are presented in Fig. 6. It is worth noting that the
stainless steel has been described by Johnson Cook elsto-plastic model
coupled with failure model, as mentioned previously. A good agreement
A. Bahri, M. Ellouz and M. Klöcker et al.
Fig. 7. (a) Contact radius, and (b) Contact area evolution.
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105142
Fig. 6. Brinell numerical and experimental load-
penetration curves of the stainless steel X2CrNi18-9.
Fig. 8. Young’s modulus and hardness evolution as function of normal load.
has been obtained when comparing the experimental and the numerical
load-penetration curve for all applied load. This shows the robustness
of the FE simulation to describe the real indentation response. It can be
seen that when increasing the normal load a little discrepancy can be
detected between numerical and experimental curves as observed for
A. Bahri, M. Ellouz and M. Klöcker et al.
Fig. 9. Path throughout the indentation area.
Fig. 10. Von Mises stress distribution throughout the indent of stainless steel X2CrNi18-9 (cross sectional view): (a) F = 10 N, (b) F = 20 N, (c) F = 30 N, (d) F = 61 N,
(e) F = 77 N, (f) F = 153 N, (g) F = 307 N, and (h) F = 613 N.
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105142
the highest load. This difference may be related to several reasons: (i)
the difference between the geometry of the used indenter and the per-
fect shape used during simulation and (ii) some material imperfection
throughout the stainless steel can affect the experimental results, while a
perfect bulk material was considered in the numerical model. In fact, the
load-penetration curves obtained from the numerical simulation show
a lower elastic recovery than the experimental curves. This can be ex-
plained by the nature of the material microstructure that can be locally
stiffer dominate the contact with the indenter leading to a more final un-
loading than expected, similar findings were mentioned by Chen et al.,
reporting, about the spherical indentation of porous ceramics [37].
The contact radius and contact evolution area have been calculated
using the formula (5), based on the indentation load-penetration curves
as presented in Fig. 7. Fig. 7a illustrates the contact radius evolution as a
function of the normal applied load. The experimental and the numerical
evolution of the contact radius show a good agreement. Fig. 7b presents
the evolution of the contact area. A linear evolution of the contact area
can be observed as a function of the maximum indenter penetration. It
A. Bahri, M. Ellouz and M. Klöcker et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 163 (2019) 105142

can be seen that for all indentations the predicted contact area (Ac ) is
in good accordance with the experimental one.
The hardness evolution has been evaluated for both methods experi-
mental and numerical one for different loads (Fig. 8). Fig. 8a. illustrates
the obtained results. An increasing of the hardness can be observed when
increasing the normal applied load. The hardness ranges are comprised
between HBW = 115 to HBW = 157 and HBW = 133 to HBW = 184 for
the numerical model and the experimental measurement, respectively.
The obtained results are comparable to the hardness values published
in the literature for the stainless steel X2CrNi18-9 [38–41]. The young’s
modulus evolution is presented in Fig. 8b, showings higher value that in
the simulation considered E-modulus at the lowest applied load F = 10 N
(E = 177 GPa) and a lower one at F = 613 N (E = 147 GPa). The load de-
pendency of the elastic modulus is the result of the plastic deforma-
tion. This can be explained by the fact that the stiffness values are more
accurate at the lowest normal loads with less effect of the plastic de-
formation. The average value of the experimental result is E ≈ 172 GPa
which corresponds nearly to the young’s modulus taken from the litera-
ture and adopted in the numerical model. As conclusion, the numerical Fig. 12. Maximum penetration in the indentation area.
model provides good prediction of the hardness and the young’s modu-
lus when comparing to both experimental and literature findings, which
confirms the reliability of the model.
In the current section, it is important to note that all numerical re-
sults are extracted from the path passing throughout the indentation
area as presented in Fig. 9. The Von Mises stress distributions in the
indentation area are illustrated in Fig. 10. A stress concentration can
be seen in the center and the border of the indents. The plastic defor-
mation is detected in the plane surface and throughout the thickness
of the substrate for all indentations. The plastic deformation shows an
important increase in the border, which can be confirmed by the plastic
strain curves extracted from the indentation area presented in Fig. 11.
It is important to note that the border of the indents is subjected to a
tensile stress becoming larger and larger when the indenter penetration
increases. This result in more significant pile-ups, presenting as a criti-
cal area of damage initiation (crack propagation) for the stainless steel.
When investigating the maximum indentation depth, (Fig. 12) a pile-up
phenomena can be observed which is the consequence of the large ratio
E/Y (Young’s modulus/ Yield stress) of the stainless steel X2CrNi18-9,
as reported in several studies [22,38]. This phenomenon becomes more
Fig. 13. Damage evolution throughout the indents.
important when increasing the normal load. The increase of the pile-up
amount will lead to higher tensile residual stress, the later tend to pull
away the metal under the indentation area. As reported in a previous The damage evolution throughout the indentation area has been ex-
study [42], the pile-up deformation depends on severals parameters, tracted and analyzed in Fig. 13 showing an increase of the damage
namely, the ratio of the indentation depth to the indenter radius, the coefficient D, according to the adopted damage criteria. The damage
ratio of the young’s modulus to the yield stress, and the work hardning. occurs when the parameter D = 1. The curves give an idea about the
area susceptible to damage at high normal loads. According to the dam-
age curves, the critical zones are the border and the center of the in-
dents. For the indentation load F = 10 N, the damage parameter D is
0.02, while, for the maximum indentation load F = 613 N the damage
parameter amounts to D = 0.36, indicating that for the whole range of
the applied load no damage should occur throughout the indentations.

4. Conclusion

In the present study, a numerical and experimental analysis of

the Brinell indentation behavior was conducted on the stainless steel
X2CrNi18-9. The latter was described by Johnson Cook elasto-plastic
model coupled with damage criteria. The main practical conclusions
can be drawn as follows:
• Both numerical and experimental hardness evaluation are in good
agreement with literature in term of load penetration curve and the
contact area.
• A pile-up phenomenon was detected at the border of the indents
which is explained by the large ratio between E/Y (Young’s modu-
Fig. 11. Plastic deformation in the indentation area. lus/Yield stress) and the indentation depth.
A. Bahri, M. Ellouz and M. Klöcker et al.
• A plastic deformation can be detected for all applied normal loads
varying between F = 10 N and F = 613 N. The highest value of the
plastic deformation is measured in the pile-up area.
• The critical areas susceptible to damage under Brinell test conditions
are the border and the center of the indentation.
• The quality of the numerical simulation results compared to the ex-
perimental ones, even under high loads was very satisfactory show-
ing the accuracy of the numerical model.
•
Johnson-Cook elasto-plastic model coupled with failure model is an
efficient model to describe the stainless steel behavior under Brinell
indentation test.
As a perspective, Brinell indentation tests will be conducted on the
stainless steel X2CrNi18-9 coated with TiN. The principal objective is
to determine the damage mechanism and the critical failure load of TiN
under high concentrated normal loads.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the DAAD. The authors gratefully thank
to Dr..-Ing. Pirabagini Kanagarajah for her kind help.
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