Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter will cover all apsects concering the overall data in the research and all the methods

underatken to achieve all the goals of the study which includes the research design, sampling technique,

locale of the study, research instrument, data gathering procedure, data analysis, trustworthiness and

more importantly, the protection of the rights of participants. This chapter will be dedicated to the

description of the methods and procedures done in order to obtain data, how they will be analyzed,

interpreted and how the conclusion will be met.

RESEARCH DESIGN

In our study, we utilized qualitative - narrative analysis research design. As stated by Polit and

Beck (2012), qualitative research are intended to describe the dimesion of the phenomenon of interst as

well as to explored the nature and the manner in which it is manifested. Narrative Analysis is an inquiry

where researchres analyzes the stories that people create which uncovers the ideologies embedded in

them and to understand how individuals interpret their lived experiences (Stokes, 2003).

We chose this research design because this will greatly explore, describe and conceptualize how

clinical instructors were able to cope up and adapt with the challenges they've encountered amidst the

COVID - 10 pandemic.

THE RESEARCHERS
 We, the researchers, are Level II students of Bachelor of Science of Nursing in PHINMA -

University of Pangasinan. Since the course of nursing offer countless opportunities and benefits such as

its part in the education system, this would help us if ever we plan to lead the path into the academic

side of nursing.

SELECTION OF THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS

We recruited our study participants through purposive sampling. The participants should meet

the following criteria: a) are clinical instructors currently teaching via the online setting, and b) are

clinical instructors of PHINMA - University of Pangasinan.

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

The researchers focused on the clinical instructors that are currently based on the College of

Health Sciences of PHINMA - University of Pangasinan - Dagupan Campus. Considering the situation

regarding the pandemic, we utilized the usage of questionnaires to be given online to clinical instructors

via the use of Google Forms. Links were given via Messenger or email.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

We, the researchers employed a questionnaire as the primary research instrument to

supply necessary information to complete the study. Questionnaire is a form of inquiry

document, which contains a systematically compiled and well organized series of questions
intended to elicit the information which will provide the insight into the nature of the problem

under the study (Barile, 2016).

Part I of the questionnaire is consisting of questions identifying their socio economic

demographic profile as to age, sex and civil status. Then, the part II of the questionnaire is

consist of questions identifying the challenges to teaching nursing skills in the COVID-19

Pandemic and they managed to address the problems they encountered.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researchers conducted data gathering through online. Researchers presented a letter

of permission to conduct a data gathering among the clinical instructors of Phinma University of

Pangasinan that is addressed to the Dean of College of Health and Sciences. Then, the

researchers distributed a set of survey questionnaire related to the research study to the clinical

instructors, and they are given ample amount of time to answer the given survey questionnaire.

The data collected from the participants, will be tabulated and researchers will interpret the

findings.

DATA ANALYSIS

According to Lenfesty, Reichling, and Schultz (2014), there are seven steps generally utilized

during a narrative study. This guideline is not necessarily universal but what researchers are expected to

follow.
 The first step is to “Identify a problem of phenomenon to explore.” Determining a research

problem to study and identifying the focus of the phenomenon is the first step in the study.

The second step is to “Select one or more participants to study.” The researchers must select

one or more volunteer individuals who can provide a relevant study and understanding of the

phenomenon.

The third step is to “Collect the story from the participant.” There are several ways to collect

stories or field texts from the participants of the study. The most common way to collect a story is to

directly have a personal conversation or interview with them. Field texts can also be collected on

recorded journal or diary, letters sent by participants, stories from their family members, photographs

and other personal artifacts.

The fourth step is to “Restory or retell the individual’s story.” This step prioritizes the organizing,

sequencing of the data, connecting the relevant ideas and afterward retelling a story that portrays the

individual’s experiences. Two approaches regarding this step are problem solution and three-

dimensional space approaches. In problem solution approach, the focus is to solve the problem and the

approach usually include: characters, setting, problem, actions, and resolution. The three-dimensional

space approach focuses on the experiences and interactions of the individuals.

The fifth step is to “Collaborate with the participant/storyteller.” Collaboration involves the

participants and the researchers working closely which will help decrease the potential gap between the

narrative told and the narrative reported.

The sixth step is to “Write a story about the participant’s experiences.” This step has a central

place in the narrative report. The setting in which the individual experiences the central phenomenon

should be described in detail.

 The seventh and the last step is to “Validate the accuracy of the report.” An accurate report is

important in safeguarding the integrity of the story. Collaboration, triangulation, and story checking are

the steps that should be done to validate the accuracy of the story.

ESTABLISHING TRUSTWORTHINESS OF DATA

Lincoln and Guba, as cited by Polit and Beck (2012) proposed four criteria for

developing the trustworthiness of qualitative research study, which are: credibility,

dependability, conformability, and transferability which represent the criteria of internal validity,

reliability, objectivity and external validity respectively. Conducting research is a time-

consuming procedure. The researchers must ensure that the knowledge gathered is accurate and

true to the human experience. Simply put, trustworthiness implies that everyone can completely

rely on the study because it is founded on and created on integrity and truthfulness.

Credibility. This refers to the truth of the data or the participant views and the interpretation and

representation of them by the researcher (Polit & Beck, 2012). It essentially determines whether

the results accurately represent the original data from the participant's perspective and are

appropriately interpreted based on the information gathered. Prolonged engagement, continuous

observations, triangulation, participant checks, and vivid documentation of information are all

strategies that can be used to ensure credibility. Given the time and circumstances during the

production of this paper, some of these techniques were not appropriate for the analysis. Member

checks, on the other hand, will be use. This entails providing participants with evidence,

interpretations, and assumptions in order to ensure that what was written will be consistent with

the information gathered during the interview. This

would enhance the data as researchers and participants look at the data with different eyes (as

cited in Korstjens & Moser, 2018). Also, all unclear responses will be investigated during the

interview to maintain trust in the accuracy of the results by asking for clarifications and

analyzing the informants' verbatims and expressions in order to obtain the researchers' objective

answers from the informants.

Dependability. It refers to the constancy of the data over similar conditions (Polit & Beck, 2012;

Tobin & Begley, 2004). To limit researcher bias, the researchers will use bracketing, a method of

separating ideas and opinions about the phenomenon under analysis before, during, and after the

interview and data collection.

Confirmability. This refers to the degree of confidence that all of the study results represent the

participants' perspectives and narratives, rather than the researcher's possible biases. Each team

member will have to clarify their thoughts and ideas about the analysis, and the original data of

the participants will have to be carefully interpreted.

Transferability. This refers to findings that can be applied to other settings or groups

(Houghton, Casey, Shaw, & Murphy, 2013; Polit & Beck, 2012). This study aims to provide

outsiders or readers and even other researchers, not just a view of the behaviors and experiences

of the clinical instructors during the inquiry, but also a description of the research context as

well.

Authenticity. Authenticity refers to the ability and extent to which the researcher expresses the

feelings and emotions of the participant’s experiences in a faithful manner (Polit & Beck, 2012).
This study will help readers to learn about and understand the perceptions and transitions of

clinical instructors.

PROTECTION OF RIGHTS

Our obligation as researchers is to ensure that we act as advocates of our participants. It is

a must that we treat everyone equally and with respect no matter who they are. There are three

ways to ensure that the rights of the participants are protected: respect for person, beneficence,

and justice.

Respect for Person is a concept all people deserve the right to fully exercise their

autonomy. We researchers must ensure that the participants have the right to decide whether or

not to participate in the research study. We researchers will deliver the effective time to gather

data legitimately to provide satisfactory profundity in collecting the data.

Beneficence is characterized as an act of charity, kindness, and benevolence with a solid

essence of doing great to others including moral obligation. We researchers will make sure that

participants have the right to freedom from harm and right to protection from exploitation

Justice This is defined as the “ethical obligation to distribute the benefits and burdens of

research fairly” (“General Ethical Principles, n.d). We researchers will provide a fair treatment

treating those who decline to participate in a study fairly without any prejudice.