Division 200.

Earthwork

Section 201. Clear And Grub

201.01 Description. Clear, grub, remove, and dispose of vegetation and debris within designated limits.

201.02 Material. None.

201.03 Construction. Clear and grub all surface objects, trees, stumps, roots, and other designated obstructions.
Mow as required. Disregard all undisturbed and sound stumps and nonperishable solid objects more than 1 meter
below subgrade and embankment slopes. Leave stumps and nonperishable solid objects that extend less than 75 mm
above the ground line or low water level when they are outside excavation and embankment areas. Cut stumps flush
or below the final slope line. Preserve trees, shrubs, plants, and other objects to remain within established limits.
Dispose of material and debris.
Bury disposable material and debris at designated locations with at least 300 mm of cover material. Obtain
written arrangements with property owners and governmental authorities for disposal locations outside the
right-of-way limits.
Remove low-hanging and unsound branches from remaining trees or shrubs. Use proper tree surgery
practices to trim tree branches. Trim branches of trees extending over the roadbed to provide a clear height of at
least 6 m. Seal the cut or scarred tree or shrub surfaces with an asphaltum base paint made for tree surgery.

201.04 Measurement.

A. Subsection 109 and as follows:

B. Each:
1. Classify trees and stumps less than 100 mm in diameter as brush.
2. Measure the diameter of trees 1 m above the ground.
3. Measure stumps by taking the average diameter at the cutoff.

201.05 Payment.

Pay Item Pay Unit

Clear and grub Hectare, station,

lump sum
Remove trees or stumps Each
Size_____________
 Section 202. Remove Structures And Obstructions

202.01 Description. Raze, remove, dispose of, or salvage buildings, fences, structures, pavements, abandoned
pipelines or utilities, and other obstructions. Backfill cavities.

202.02 Material. None.

202.03 Construction.

A. Remove, salvage, or dispose of material promptly. Dispose under Subsection 201.03.

Backfill basements or cavities to the level of the surrounding ground under Subsection 203.03(E).
B. Remove Bridges, Culverts, and Other Drainage Structures. Remove existing
substructures to the natural stream bottom. Remove those parts outside the stream to 300 mm
below natural ground surface.
Dismantle designated Agency-retained material without damage. Match mark the pieces,
transport, and store at designated locations. Remove all other structures from the right-of-way.
A. Remove Miscellaneous Material. Dispose of designated concrete pavement, base course,
sidewalks, curbs, gutters, buildings, foundations, slabs, ballast, gravel, bituminous material, and
pavement materials under Subsection 201.03.
Break concrete selected for use as riprap into pieces less than 75 kg. Stockpile or place as
shown.
Store salvageable ballast, gravel, bituminous material, and other pavement material at
designated locations. Ensure stored material is free from dirt or foreign matter. Saw concrete
pavement, sidewalks, curbs, gutters, and similar structures to be left in place to a true vertical line
or remove to an existing joint.

202.04 Measurement.

A. Subsection 109.01 and as follows:

B. Excavation and backfill of cavities are included in the measure.

202.05 Payment.

Pay Item Pay Unit

Remove structures Lump sum

and obstructions
Remove _______ Each, kilometer, square meter, cubic
meter
 Section 203. Excavation And Embankment

203.01 Description. Excavate, haul, dispose of, place, and compact specified materials necessary to construct the
project.

203.02 Material. Borrow (as specified by Agency).

203.03 Construction.

A. Common Excavation. Excavate and use or dispose of all material encountered not
otherwise classified. Clear, grub and remove topsoil before beginning excavation, grading, and
embankment operations. Finish excavation and embankment surfaces smooth and uniform. Obtain
the Engineer's approval before wasting excavation material. Excavate and perform embankment
operations without disturbing material outside staked construction limits.
Dispose of surplus or unsuitable excavated material. Obtain written arrangement with
property owners and governmental authorities for disposal locations outside the right-of-way
limits. Use suitable surplus material to widen embankments and flatten slopes within the
right-of-way. Cover rocks and boulders with at least [300] mm of embankment material. Place no
excess or unsuitable material in wetlands.
Obliterate roadways by grading to restore the original ground contour. Form natural,
rounded slopes. Remove and dispose of pavement and base courses under Section 202.
A. Rock Excavation. Remove material that cannot be excavated without blasting or using
rippers as rock excavation. Include all boulders and detached stones with a volume of 2 m3 or
more. Excavate material classified as rock to a depth between [150-300] mm below the subgrade.
Shape the rock surface to drain. Backfill to subgrade under Subsection 203.03(E).
Presplit rock slopes when specified. Plan diameter, spacing, and loading presplit holes to
produce a neat break. Drill presplit holes to the full depth of the ledge. Demonstrate to the
Engineer with a 30-m test section that diameter, spacing, and loading will produce an acceptable
back slope. Continue presplitting if the back slope is acceptable. Establish another test section
until satisfactory results are obtained.
Handle and load explosives to manufacturer's recommendations.
A. Borrow Excavation. Provide borrow material meeting specifications from off the right-
of-way or from outside excavation limits. Make arrangements and pay all costs involved in
procuring borrow. Permit Engineer to cross-section after stripping and before use.
Furnish a certified hazardous waste site assessment for borrow areas located off the right-
of-way. Provide an alternate borrow source or conduct more detailed testing in suspect locations.
Use suitable and available common and rock excavation before using borrow excavation.
Obtain approval to use borrow in lieu of on-site excavation. Grade borrow areas uniformly to
drain.
A. Unsuitable Excavation. Excavation will be considered unsuitable if it contains deposits of
saturated or unsaturated soil mixtures or organic matter unacceptable for embankment material.
Remove unsuitable material found in the subgrade. Excavate to the specified or directed
depth. Backfill and compact under Subsection 203.03(E).
Dispose of material that cannot be properly stabilized and compacted under Subsection
203.03(A).
A. Construct Embankment. Place rocks, broken concrete, and other solid materials in
embankment areas other than those designated for placing or driving piling.
Bench when placing embankment on hillsides or against existing embankment with
slopes steeper than 1 to 6. Bench continuously in loose lifts of less than [300] mm. Ensure
benching can accommodate placing and compacting equipment. Begin all horizontal cuts at the
intersection of the ground line and the vertical side of the previous bench. Step existing slopes to
keep the embankment from wedging against structures. Compact excavation from benching with
the new embankment material.
Remove all organic matter where embankment is placed when natural ground is within
[1.5] m of the subgrade. Scarify the cleared surface to a minimum depth of [150] mm. Compact to
specified embankment density. Disc all remaining sod thoroughly before constructing
 embankment where the natural ground is greater than [1.5] m below subgrade.
Scarify existing roadways containing granular material within 1 meter of the subgrade to
a depth of [150] mm. Compact to specified embankment density.
Compact embankment without applying excessive pressure against structures. Place fill
adjacent to the end bent of a bridge only to the bottom of the backwall until the superstructure is in
place. Place embankment simultaneously on both sides of a concrete wall or box-type structure.
Place and spread roadway embankment in uniform horizontal lifts of less than [250] mm
loose measurement. Compact to specified density before placing next lift. Obtain approval to
increase lift thickness. Maintain proper moisture content to achieve the required density and
stability.
Place rock embankments in lifts equal to the average rock dimension. Restrict maximum
rock dimension to 1 m. Distribute spalls and finer rock fragments to level and smooth each lift.
Place succeeding lifts to not damage previously completed lifts. Dump rock on the lift being
constructed and push into place. Do not construct rock lifts within [600] mm of finished subgrade.
Place at least [600] mm of compacted embankment over structures before placing rock.
Compact lifts in embankment areas, other than rock, to at least [95] percent of the
maximum density. Increase or decrease moisture content of material to meet the specified density.
Use AASHTO T 99 Method C to determine maximum density. Use AASHTO T 191, T
238, or T 205 to assess in-place field density.
Compact the first layer of fills over swampy ground in lifts sufficient to support
equipment. Compact uniformly across the area to produce a compacted embankment that does not
rut under loaded hauling equipment.

203.04 Measurement

A. Contract Quantities. Use plan quantities. Revise only when specified as permissible and
base on plan cross sections.
B. Subsection 109.01 and as follows:
1. Measure volume in its original position. Include slides not attributable
to carelessness and authorized excavation.
2. Measure authorized excavation below grade.
3. Measure unsuitable materials excavated and removed to achieve proper
compaction in cut sections and in embankment foundations.
4. Exclude measure of suitable material temporarily removed and
replaced to aid compaction.
5. Use alternate measurement methods such as three-dimensional
measurements where the cross section method is impractical.
6. Consider prewatering of excavation and borrow areas as incidental to
excavation.
7. Include embankment costs as incidental to excavation when the
Contract does not specifically provide for measurement of embankment. Include the cost
for benching and recompacting in the unit bid price for excavation.
8. Consider water incidental to the work.

203.05 Payment. Include the cost of presplitting in the unit bid price for rock excavation.
Pay removal of hazardous material under Subsection 109.04.

Pay Item Pay Unit

Common excavation Cubic meter

Rock excavation Cubic meter
Unsuitable excavation Cubic meter
Borrow excavation Cubic meter or megagram
Embankment Cubic meter
Linear grading Station or kilometer
 Section 204. Subgrade Preparation

204.01 Description. Shape and compact subgrade before placing a base or surface course.

204.02 Material. None

204.03 Construction. Shape subgrade for its full width to required grade and cross section. Scarify the top [150]
mm of the subgrade and increase or decrease moisture content to achieve specified density and stability. Compact to
[100] percent of maximum density.
Use AASHTO T 99 Method C to determine maximum density. Use AASHTO T 191, T 238, or T 205 to
assess in-place field density.
Stabilize the subgrade to allow placing base or surface course material without rutting or displacing the
roadbed.
Ensure the finished subgrade surface is smooth and conforms to prescribed elevations before constructing
the base or surface course. Limit the maximum variation from the subgrade to the prescribed elevation to [12] mm.
Correct all finished sections damaged during construction operations.

204.04 Measurement.

A. Subsection 109.01 and as follows:

B. Measure the roadbed of divided highways separately.
C. Measure the length of ramps and loops between the ends of the exit and entrance noses
along the centerline.

204.05 Payment.

Pay Item Pay Unit

Subgrade preparation Kilometer or square meter

 Section 205. Overhaul

This Section has been deleted from this rewrite.

 Section 206. Excavation and Backfill for
Conduits and Minor Structures

206.01 Description. Excavate and backfill for pipe culverts, storm drains, and other minor structures. Construct
ditches where indicated.

206.02 Material. Backfill (as specified by Agency).

206.03 Construction. Excavate to line and grade shown. Dispose of unsuitable excavated foundation material under
Subsection 203.03(A). Use surplus material meeting Contract requirements as conduit backfill or as embankment.
Excavate rock, hardpan, and other unyielding material to [300] mm below the designed trench grade.
Replace excavated material with free-draining material meeting Subsection 704.01.
Bed conduit under Subsection 603.03.
Distribute backfill in uniform lifts less than [150] mm. Compact to specified density before placing
successive lifts.
Wait [7] days or meet a minimum compressive strength of [19] MPa, before backfilling against newly
constructed masonry or concrete structures.
Remove all sheeting and bracing used in structure excavation after completing the work.
Provide all shoring and temporary water control under Subsection 803.

206.04 Measurement.

A. Subsection 109.01 and as follows:

B. Measure vertical planes [500] mm outside the base of the minor structures other than
conduit.
C. Measure parallel vertical planes located [500] mm outside the horizontal projection of the
outside diameter of the pipe.
D. Measure structural excavation below the limits of roadway excavation.
E. Use the natural ground line cross section as the uppermost level when placing structures
in embankment sections.

206.05 Payment.

Pay Item Pay Unit

Excavation for _____ Cubic meter

Backfill for _______ Cubic meter
Bedding material Cubic meter or megagram
 Section 207. Erosion Control

207.01 Description. Control erosion using berms, dikes, dams, sediment basins, fiber mats, netting, gravel, mulches,
grasses, slope drains, and other erosion-control devices or methods.

207.02 Material.
Fertilizer 715.03

Seed 715.04

Mulch 715.05

Erosion control 715.07

net material

207.03 Construction. Submit schedules identifying temporary and permanent erosion-control work. Include in
schedule:
& Surface area of erodible earth material to be exposed by each earthwork operation.
& Proposed methods and materials to limit and contain erosion.
& Proposed materials to be used.
& Point of incorporation of permanent features.
Begin work only after receiving schedule approval.
Provide immediate erosion-control measures to prevent contaminating adjacent streams or other
watercourses, lakes, ponds, or other areas of impounded water. Use temporary berms, dikes, dams, mats, seeding,
and other devices or methods as required.
Seed and mulch slopes as the excavation progresses.
Coordinate installation of temporary and permanent erosion control features. Incorporate permanent
erosion-control features into the project as soon as practical. Use temporary erosion-control measures to correct
conditions during normal construction that are not addressed in the project schedule.
Coordinate clearing and grubbing with grading to permit incorporation of erosion-control features. Provide
erosion-control measures between successive construction stages. Limit the surface area of erodible earth exposed at
one time to [70,000] m² per equipment spread.
Cease earthwork operations when erosion-control features are determined to be inadequate. Resume only
after demonstrating erosion-control features are effective.
Provide temporary erosion-control measures immediately when seasonal limits prohibit permanent
measures.
Provide or replace temporary erosion-control measures to offset negligence, carelessness, or failure to
install permanent erosion-control features at no cost to the Agency.
Obtain easements for temporary erosion-control work outside the right-of-way when necessary.
Maintain installed erosion-control features until project acceptance.

207.04 Measurement. Under Division 600.

207.05 Payment. Under Division 600.

 Section 208. Salvage And Place Topsoil

208.01 Description. Excavate, salvage, and stockpile topsoil. Place topsoil following grading operations.

208.02 Material.

Topsoil Subsection 715.01

208.03 Construction. Salvage and stockpile topsoil before beginning earthwork operations. Place sediment
controls before beginning salvage operation. Stockpile topsoil so as not to interfere with natural drainage or cause
off-site sediment damage. Limit stockpile side slopes to a steepness of 1:2. Surround all topsoil stockpiles with
sediment controls. Temporarily seed stockpiles within 15 days of completion.
Disc or scarify areas to be topsoiled to a depth of at least [50] mm.
Distribute topsoil evenly to a lightly compacted depth of at least [50] mm on slopes 1:3 or steeper and [100]
mm on flatter slopes. Place during conditions that are favorable for grading, sodding, or seeding.
Correct surface irregularities to prevent the formation of depressions or water pockets. Compact topsoil
lightly to ensure contact with the underlying soil and to create a uniform seedbed.
Dispose of excess topsoil under Subsection 203.03(A).

208.04 Measurement. Subsection 109.01.

208.05 Payment. (Note to Agency: Consider requiring excavate and stockpile topsoil under Subsection 203.)

Pay Item Pay Unit

Excavate, Stockpile Cubic meter

Furnish and place topsoil Square meter
Place stockpiled topsoil Square meter