Graduate Studies: University of Eastern Philippines

Republic of the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar
GRADUATE STUDIES
Subject: Math 823- Advanced Modern Algebra

Name: Diamarie Mae A. Lathrop
Professor: Dr. Florence Caceres
ACTIVITY 5
1. Decide whether each of the following sets is a ring with respect to the usual operations of
addition and multiplication. If it is not a ring, state at least one condition that it fails to hold.
a. the set of all integers that are multiples of 5
Answer:
Let 5x be the set of all integers that are multiples of 5.
S= {5x| x ∈ ℤ}
 Axioms for Addition
 Closure
Let a= 5x ∈ S and b= 5y ∈ S for x, y ∈ ℤ
a+ b= 5x + 5y
a+ b = 5 (x+y) ∈ S, as (x+y) ∈ ℤ
Thus, it is closed under addition.
For instance,
5x = 5, 10, 15, 20,…
5+10 = 15
Since 15 is an element of 5x, ∴ it is closed under addition.
 Associativity
1
Let a= 5x, b= 5y , c=5z ∈ S where x, y,z ∈ ℤ
a + (b+c) = 5x + (5y +5z)

= 5x+5y+5z
= (5x+5y) + 5z
a + (b+c) = (a+b) + c
For instance,
Let a = 5, b= 10 and c= 15
Where a, b, and c ∈ 5ℤ
a+ (b+c) = (a+b) + c
5 + (10+15) = (5+10) + 15
30 =30
Thus, addition in S is associative.
 Additive Identity
Since
0 = 5(0)
and
5x+ 0 = 0 + 5x = 5x
The identity element of S is zero.
 Additive Inverse
For a= 5x ∈ S , there exist

5(-x) = -5 ∈ S
such that
5x + (-5)x = (-5x) +5x = 0
Therefore, S contains additive inverse.
 Commutativity
Let a=5x, b= 5y ∈ S where x, y ∈ ℤ

a+b= b+a
5x+ 5y= 5y + 5x
For instance,
Let a= 5 and b =10

Where a and b ∈ 5ℤ
2
a+b = b+a
5 + 10 = 10 + 5
15=15
Therefore, addition in S is commutative.
 Axioms for Multiplication
 Closure
Let a= 5x ∈ S and b= 5y ∈ S for x, y ∈ ℤ
ab= (5x) (5y)

ab = 25xy
ab = 5 (5xy) ∈ S, as (5xy) ∈ ℤ
Thus, S is closed under multiplication.
For instance,
Let a , b ∈ 5x
a= 5 ; b = 10
5 ∙ 10 = 50 ∈ 5x
 Associativity
Let a= 5x, b= 5y, c=5z ∈ S where x, y,z ∈ ℤ
a∙ (b∙c) = 5x ∙ (5y ∙5z)

= 5x∙(25yz)
= 125 xyz
a ∙ (b∙c) = (5x∙5y) ∙ 5z
a ∙ (b∙c) = (a ∙ b) ∙ c
For instance,
Let a , b,c ∈ 5x
a = 5 ; b= 10 ; c= 15
(a ∙ b) ∙ c=a ∙ ¿c)
(5 ∙ 10) ∙ 15=5 ∙ ¿15)
750 = 750
Thus, multiplication in S is associative.
 Multiplicative Identity
3
1 is the multiplicative identity.
 Commutativity
Let a=5x, b= 5y ∈ S where x, y ∈ ℤ

ab= ba
5x∙ 5y= 5y ∙ 5x
For instance,
Let a= 5 and b =10
Where a and b ∈ 5x
a ∙b = b ∙ a
5 ∙ 10 = 10 ∙ 5
50=50
Therefore, multiplication in S is commutative.
 Axioms Combining Addition and Multiplication
Let a= 5x, b= 5y, c=5z ∈ S where x, y,z ∈ ℤ
a ∙ (b+c) = 5x ∙ (5y + 5z)

= 25xy + 25 xz
= (5x ∙ 5y) + (5x ∙ 5z)
a ∙ (b+c) = (a ∙ b) + (a ∙ c)
For instance
Let a= 5 ; b = 10 ; c =15 , where , a, b, and c ∈ 5ℤ
a ∙ (b+c) = (a ∙ b) + (a ∙ c)
5 ∙ (10+15) = (5 ∙ 10) + (5 ∙ 15)
5 ∙ 25 = 50 +75
125=125
Thus, the distributive law holds in S.
Since all the axioms are satisfied, therefore, the given set is ring.
b. the set of all real numbers of the form with 𝑚 ∈ ℤ and 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
Answer:
S = {set of all real numbers of the form with 𝑚 ∈ ℤ and 𝑛 ∈ ℤ}
 Closure
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 3 and y= m 2 + n2 √ 3
4
x + y = (m 1 + n1 √ 3) + (m 2 + n2 √ 3)
x + y = (m 1 + m 2) + (n1+ n2 )√ 3 ∈ S
It is closed under addition.
 Associativity
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 3 ; y= m 2 + n2 √ 3 ; z= m3 + n3 √ 3
x+ (y+z) = m 1 + n1 √ 3 + [(m 2 + n2 √ 3) + (m3 + n3 √ 3)]

= m 1 + n1 √ 3 + [(m 2 + m3) + (n2 + n3 )√ 3]
= m 1+ (m 2 + m3) + [n1 (n2 + n3 )√ 3]
= ¿ ¿+ m 2 ¿ + m3 + [(n1 n2 ¿+ n3 )]√ 3
= [(m 1 + n1 √ 3) + (m 2 + n2 √ 3)] + (m3 + n3 √ 3)
x+ (y+z) = (x+y) + z
This implies that addition in S is associative.
Let x= m1 + n1 √ 3
x+0 = (m 1 + n1 √ 3) + 0
= 0 + m 1 + n1 √ 3
x+0 = m 1 + n1 √ 3
The identity element is zero.
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 3
x= m1 + n1 √ 3
- x= - (m 1 + n1 √ 3 ) ∈ S
m 1 + n1 √ 3 + [- (m 1 + n1 √ 3 )] = 0
5
 Commutativity
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 3 ; y= m 2 + n2 √ 3
x+ y = (m 1 + n1 √ 3) + (m2 + n2 √ 3)
= (m1 +m2) + (n1+ n2 )√ 3
= (m2 +m1) + (n2 + n1)√ 3
= (m 2 + n2 √ 3) + (m1 + n1 √ 3)
x+y = y + x
 Closure
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 3 and y= m 2 + n2 √ 3
xy = (m 1 + n1 √ 3)(m 2 + n2 √ 3)
= m 1 (m 2 + n2 √ 3) + n1 √ 3 (m 2 + n2 √ 3)
= m 1 m2+m 1 n2 √ 3 + m 2 n1 √ 3 + n1 n2 3
= (m 1 m2 +3 n1 n2) + (m 1 n2 +m 2 n1)√ 3
xy = (m 1 + m 2) + (n1+ n2 )√ 3 ∈ S
Therefore, S is closed under multiplication.
 Associativity
Let x= m1 + n1 √ 3 ; y= m2 + n2 √ 3 ; z= m3 + n3 √ 3
x(y∙z) =( m1 + n1 √ 3 ) [(m2 + n2 √ 3) ∙ (m3 + n3 √ 3)]

= [( m 1 + n1 √ 3 )(m 2 + n2 √ 3)(m3 + n3 √ 3)]
x(y∙z) = (x∙ y) ∙ z
6
 Commutativity
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 3 ; y= m 2 + n2 √ 3
xy = yx
( 1 + n1 √ 3)( 2 + n2 √ 3)= (m 2 + n2 √ 3) (m 1 + n1 √ 3)
m m
m 1 m2+m2 n1 √ 3 +m 1 n2 √ 3+¿ n1 n23=m 1 m2+m1 n2 √ 3 +m 2 n1 √ 3+¿ n1 n23
Therefore, multiplication in S is commutative.
Let x= m1 + n1 √ 3 ; y= m2 + n2 √ 3 ; z= m3 + n3 √ 3
x(y+z) = ¿ ¿ + n1 √ 3 ) [(m 2 + n2 √ 3) + (m3 + n3 √ 3)]

= ¿ ¿ + n1 √ 3 )+ [(m 2 + m3) + (n2 + n3 )√ 3]
= m 1 m2 + m 1 m3 + 3 n1 n2+ 3 n1 n3 + (m 1 n2 + m 1 n3 + n1 m 2 + n1 m3)√ 3
=[(m 1 m2 +3 n1 n2) + (m 1 n2+ n1 m 2)√ 3] + [(m 1 m3 +3 n1 n3) + (m 1 n3+ n1 m3)
√ 3]
x (y+z) = (xy) + xz
Since all the axioms are satisfied, therefore, the given set is ring.
c. the set of all positive real numbers
Answer:
S= {set of all positive real numbers, R+}
 Closure
Let x and y be any real numbers, R+
x + y ∈ R+
Therefore, set S is closed under addition.
 Associativity
7
Let x, y and z be any real numbers, R+
x + (y+z) = (x+y) + z ∈ R+
This implies that the addition in S is associative.
Let x ∈ R+ but 0 ≠ R+
Since set of positive real numbers does not contain an additive identity 0, thus the
given set is not a ring.
2. Find all zero divisors in ℤ𝑛 for the following values of .
a. 𝑛 = 8
Answer:
ax= 0modn
ax= 0mod8
Multiplication Table for ℤ8
x [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
[0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0]
[1] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
8
[2] [0] [2] [4] [6] [0] [2] [4] [6]
[3] [0] [3] [6] [1] [4] [7] [2] [5]
[4] [0] [4] [0] [4] [0] [4] [0] [4]
[5] [0] [5] [2] [7] [4] [1] [6] [3]
[6] [0] [6] [4] [2] [0] [6] [4] [2]
[7] [0] [7] [6] [5] [4] [3] [2] [1]
Elements [2],[4],[6] are zero divisors of ℤ8.
b. 𝑛 = 12
Answer:
ax= 0modn
ax= 0mod12
Multiplication Table for ℤ12
x [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]
[0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0]
[1] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]
[2] [0] [2] [4] [6] [8] [10] [0] [2] [4] [6] [8] [10]
[3] [0] [3] [6] [9] [0] [3] [6] [9] [0] [3] [6] [9]
[4] [0] [4] [8] [0] [4] [8] [0] [4] [8] [0] [4] [8]
9
[5] [0] [5] [10] [3] [8] [1] [6] [11] [4] [9] [2] [7]
[6] [0] [6] [0] [6] [0] [6] [0] [6] [0] [6] [0] [6]
[7] [0] [7] [2] [9] [4] [11] [6] [1] [8] [3] [10] [5]
[8] [0] [8] [4] [0] [8] [4] [0] [8] [4] [0] [8] [4]
[9] [0] [9] [6] [3] [0] [9] [6] [3] [0] [9] [6] [3]
[10] [0] [10] [8] [6] [4] [2] [0] [10] [8] [6] [4] [2]
[11] [0] [11] [10] [9] [8] [7] [6] [5] [4] [3] [2] [1]
Elements [2],[3],[4], [6],[8],[9], [10] are zero divisors of ℤ12.
3. For the given value of , find all the units in ℤ𝑛.
a. 𝑛 = 8
Answer:
ℤ8 = {[0],[1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7]}
X8 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
[1] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
[2] [2] [4] [6] [0] [2] [4] [6]
[3] [3] [6] [1] [4] [7] [2] [5]
[4] [4] [0] [4] [0] [4] [0] [4]
[5] [5] [2] [7] [4] [1] [6] [3]
[6] [6] [4] [2] [0] [6] [4] [2]
10
[7] [7] [6] [5] [4] [3] [2] [1]
[1][1] = 1 ; [1]-1 = [1]
[3][3]=1 ; [3]-1 = [1]
[5][5]=1 ; [5]-1 = [1]
[7][7]=1 ; [7]-1 = [1]
Therefore, unit elements of ℤ8 are [1], [3], [5], and [7].
b. 𝑛 = 12
Answer:
ℤ12 = {[0],[1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11]}
X12 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]
[1] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]
[2] [2] [4] [6] [8] [10] [0] [2] [4] [6] [8] [10]
[3] [3] [6] [9] [0] [3] [6] [9] [0] [3] [6] [9]
[4] [4] [8] [0] [4] [8] [0] [4] [8] [0] [4] [8]
[5] [5] [10] [3] [8] [1] [6] [11] [4] [9] [2] [7]
[6] [6] [0] [6] [0] [6] [0] [6] [0] [6] [0] [6]
[7] [7] [2] [9] [4] [11] [6] [1] [8] [3] [10] [5]
[8] [8] [4] [0] [8] [4] [0] [8] [4] [0] [8] [4]
11
[9] [9] [6] [3] [0] [9] [6] [3] [0] [9] [6] [3]
[10] [10] [8] [6] [4] [2] [0] [10] [8] [6] [4] [2]
[11] [11] [10] [9] [8] [7] [6] [5] [4] [3] [2] [1]
[1][1] = 1 ; [1]-1 = [1]
[5][5]=1 ; [5]-1 = [1]
[7][7]=1 ; [7]-1 = [1]
[11][11]=1 ; [11]-1 = [1]
Therefore, unit elements of ℤ8 are [1], [5], [7], and [11].
4. Find a specific example of two elements and in a ring such that 𝑎𝑏 = 0 and
𝑏𝑎 ≠ 0.
Answer:
Using the ring M2 (Z),
a= [ 10 00] and b= [ 01 00]

ab = [ 10 00][ 01 00] = [ 00 00]
0 0
ab= [
0 0]
ba = [ 01 00][ 10 00]= [ 01 00]

12
ba ≠ [ 00 00]
5. Decide which of the following are fields with respect to the usual operations of addition and
multiplication. For each one that fails to be a field, state a reason.
a. the set of all real numbers of the form where and are integers.
Answer:
S= { : m,n ∈ ℤ}
 Closure
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 2 and y= m2 + n2 √ 2
x + y = (m 1 + n1 √ 2) + (m 2 + n2 √ 2)
x + y = (m 1 + m 2) + (n1+ n2 )√ 2 ∈ Z
 Associativity
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 2 ; y= m 2 + n2 √ 2 ; z= m3 + n3 √ 2
13
x+ (y+z) = m 1 + n1 √ 2+ [(m 2 + n2 √ 2) + (m3 + n3 √ 2)]
= m 1 + n1 √ 2 + [(m 2 + m3) + (n2 + n3 )√ 2]
= m 1+ (m 2 + m3) + [n1 (n2 + n3 ) ]√ 2
= ¿ ¿+ m 2 ¿ + m3 + [(n1 n2 ¿+ n3 ) ]√ 2
= [¿ ¿+ m 2 ¿ + (n1 n2 ¿ √ 2 + (m ¿ ¿ 3+n3 ) √ 2 ¿]
= [(m 1 + n1 √ 2) + (m 2 + n2 √ 2)] + (m3 + n3 √ 2)
x+ (y+z) = (x+y) + z
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 2
x+0 = (m1 + n1 √ 2) + 0
= 0 + m 1 + n1 √ 2
x+0 = m1 + n1 √ 2
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 2
x= m 1 + n1 √ 2
- x= - (m 1 + n1 √ 2 ) ∈ S
m 1 + n1 √ 2 + [- (m 1 + n1 √ 2 )] = 0
 Commutativity
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 2 ; y= m 2 + n2 √ 2
x+ y = (m1 + n1 √ 2) + (m2 + n2 √ 2)
= (m1 +m2) + (n1+ n2 )√ 2
= (m2 +m1) + (n2 + n1)√ 2
= (m2 + n2 √ 2) + (m1 + n1 √ 2)
x+y = y + x
14
 Closure
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 2 and y= m 2 + n2 √ 2
xy = (m1 + n1 √ 2)(m 2 + n2 √ 2)
= m1 (m 2 + n2 √ 2) + n1 √ 2 (m2 + n2 √ 2)
= m 1 m2+m1 n2 √ 2 + m2 n1 √ 2 + n1 n2 2
= (m1 m2 +2 n1 n2) + (m1 n2 +m2 n1)√ 2
xy = (m1 + m2) + (n1+ n2 )√ 2 ∈ Z
 Associativity
Let x= m1 + n1 √ 2 ; y= m 2 + n2 √ 2 ; z= m3 + n3 √ 2
x(y∙z) =( m 1 + n1 √ 2 ) [(m2 + n2 √ 2) ∙ (m3 + n3 √ 2)]

= [( m 1 + n1 √ 2 )(m2 + n2 √ 2)(m3 + n3 √ 2)]
x(y∙z) = (x∙ y) ∙ z
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 2 ; y= m 2 + n2 √ 2 ; z= m3 + n3 √ 2
x(y+z) = ¿ ¿ + n1 √ 2 ) [(m2 + n2 √ 2) + (m3 + n3 √ 2)]

= ¿ ¿ + n1 √ 2)+ [(m2 + m3) + (n2 + n3 )√ 2]
= m 1 m2 + m1 m3 + 2 n1 n2+ 2 n3 + (m 1 n2 + m 1 n3 + n1 m2 + n1 m3)√ 2
=[(m 1 m2 +2 n1 n2) + (m1 n2+ n1 m2)√ 2] + [(m1 m3 2 n1 n 3) + (m1 n3+ n1 m3)√ 2
]
x (y+z) = (xy) + xz
15
Hence, S is a ring.
 Commutativity
Let x= m 1 + n1 √ 2 ; y= m2 + n2 √ 2
xy = yx
(m1 + n1 √ 2)(m 2 + n2 √ 2)= (m 2 + n2 √ 2) (m1 + n1 √ 2)
m 1 m2+m2 n1 √ 2 +m1 n2 √ 2 n1 n22=m1 m 2+m1 n2 √ 2 +m2 n1 √ 2+¿ n1 n22
Therefore, multiplication in S is commutative. Thus, S is a commutative ring.

Since it also have identity 0 + 0√ 2 , we need to check it has no zero divisors.
Let 2 + √ 2 and -1 + √ 2 ∈ S
(2+√ 2) (-1+√ 2) = -2+2√ 2 -√ 2 -2
(2+√ 2) (-1+√ 2) ≠ 0
Therefore, it has no zero divisors.
Since S is commutative ring with unity but it does not have multiplicative inverse,
hence, it is not a field.
16
b. the set of all real numbers of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏√ 2 where and b are rational numbers.
Answer:
S= { 𝑎 + 𝑏√ 2 : a,b ∈ Q}
 Closure
Let x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2 and y= a 2 + b 2 √ 2
x + y = (a 1 + b 1 √ 2) + (a 2 + b 2 √ 2)
x + y = (a 1 + b 2) + (a 1+ b 2)√ 2 ∈ Q
 Associativity
Let x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2 ; y= a 2 + b 2 √ 2 ; z= a 3 + b 3 √ 2
x+ (y+z) = a 1 + b 1 √ 2+ [(a 2 + b 2 √ 2) + (a 3 + b 3 √ 2)]

= a 1 + b 1 √ 2 + [(a 2 + a 3) + (a 3+ b 3)√ 2]
= a 1+ (a 2 + a 3) + [b 1 (b 2+ b 3) ]√ 2
= ¿ ¿+ a 2 ¿ + a 3 + [(b 1 b 2 ¿+ b 3) ]√ 2
= [¿ ¿+ a ¿ + (b 1 b 2 ¿ √ 2 + (a ¿ ¿3+ b3 ) √ 2 ¿]
= [(a 1 + b 1 √ 2) + (a 2 + b 2 √ 2)] + (a 3 + b 3 √ 2)
x+ (y+z) = (x+y) + z
Let x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2
17
x+0 = (a 1 + b 1 √ 2) + 0
= 0 + a1 + b1√ 2
x+0 = a 1 + b √ 2
Let x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2
x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2
- x= - (a 1 + b 1 √ 2 ) ∈ S
a 1 + b 1 √ 2 + [- (a 1 + b 1 √ 2 )] = 0
 Commutativity
Let x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2 ; y= a 2 + b 2 √ 2
x+ y = (a 1 + b 1 √ 2) + (a 2 + b 2 √ 2)
= (a 1 +a 2) + (b 1+ b 2)√ 2
= (a 2+ a1) + (b 2+ b 1)√ 2
= (a 2 + b 2 √ 2) + (a 1 + b 1 √ 2)
x+y = y + x
 Closure
Let x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2 and y= a 2 + b 2 √ 2
xy = (a 1 + b 1 √ 2)(a 2 + b 2 √ 2)
= a 1 (a 2 + b 2 √ 2) + b 1 √ 2 (a 2 + b 2 √ 2)
= a 1 a2 +a 1 b2 √ 2 + b 1 a2 √ 2 + b 1 b2 2
= (a 1 a2 +2 b1 b2) + (a 1 b2 +a2 b1)√ 2
18
xy = (a 1 + a 2) + (b 1+ b 2)√ 2 ∈ Q
 Associativity
Let x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2 ; y= a 2 + b 2 √ 2 ; z= a 3 + b 3 √ 2
x(y∙z) =( a 1 + b 1 √ 2 ) [(a 2 + b 2 √ 2) ∙ (a 3 + b 3 √ 2)]

= [( a 1 + b 1 √ 2 )(a 2 + b 2 √ 2)(a 3 + b 3 √ 2)]
x(y∙z) = (x∙ y) ∙ z
Let x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2 ; y= a 2 + b 2 √ 2 ; z= a 3 + b 3 √ 2
x(y+z) = ¿ ¿ + b 1 √ 2 ) [(a 2 + b 2 √ 2) + (a 3 + b 3 √ 2)]

= ¿ ¿ + b 1 √ 2)+ [(a 2 + a 3) + (b 2+ b 3)√ 2]
= a 1 a2 + a 1 a3 + 2 b1 b2+ 2 b3 + (a 1 b2 + a 1 b3 + a 1 b2 + b 1 a3 )√ 2
=[(a 1 a2 +2 b1 b2) + (a 1 b2 +b 1 a 2)√ 2] + [(a 1 a3 2 b1 b3) + (a 1 b3 +b 1 a 3)√ 2]
x (y+z) = (xy) + xz
Hence, S is a ring.
 Commutativity
Let x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2 ; y= a 2 + b 2 √ 2
xy = yx
(a 1 + b 1 √ 2)(a 2 + b 2 √ 2)= (a 2 + b 2 √ 2) (a 1 + b 1 √ 2)
a 1 a 2+a 2 b1 √ 2 +a 1 b2 √ 2+b 1 b 22=a 1 a 2+a 1 b2 √ 2 +b 2 a1 √ 2+ ¿ b 1 b22
19

Since it also have identity 0 + 0√ 2 , we need to check it has no zero divisors.
Let 2 + √ 2 and -1 + √ 2 ∈ S
(2+√ 2) (-1+√ 2) = -2+2√ 2 -√ 2 -2
(2+√ 2) (-1+√ 2) ≠ 0
All elements of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏√ 2 has multiplicative inverse, where a,b ∈ Q.

Therefore, the given set is a field.
20
c. the set of all complex numbers of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏i where and b are rational
numbers.
Answer:
S= { 𝑎 + 𝑏i : a ,b ∈ Q}
 Closure
Let x= a 1 + b 1 i and y= a 2 + b 2 i
x + y = (a 1 + b 1 i) + (a 2 + b 2 i)
x + y = (a 1 + b 2) + (a 1+ b 2)i ∈ Q
 Associativity
Let x= a 1 + b 1 i ; y= a 2 + b 2 i ; z= a 3 + b 3 i
x+ (y+z) = a 1 + b 1 i+ [(a 2 + b 2 i) + (a 3 + b 3 i)]

= a 1 + b 1 i + [(a 2 + a 3) + (a 3+ b 3)i]
= a 1+ (a 2 + a 3) + [b 1 (b 2+ b 3) ]i
= ¿ ¿+ a 2 ¿ + a 3 + [(b 1 b 2 ¿+ b 3) ]i
= [¿ ¿+ a ¿ + (b 1 b 2 ¿ i + (a ¿ ¿3+ b3 )i ¿]
= [(a 1 + b 1 i) + (a 2 + b 2 i)] + (a 3 + b 3 i)
x+ (y+z) = (x+y) + z
Let x= a 1 + b 1 √ 2
x+(0+0i) = (a 1 + b 1 i ¿ + 0
= 0 + a1 + b1i
x+(0+0i) = a 1 + b i
21
Let x= a 1 + b 1 i
x= a 1 + b 1 i
- x= - (a 1 + b 1 i ) ∈ S
a 1 + b 1 i + [- (a 1 + b 1 i )] = 0
 Commutativity
Let x= a 1 + b 1 i ; y= a 2 + b 2 i
x+ y = (a 1 + b 1 i ¿ + (a 2 + b 2 i)
= (a 1 +a 2) + (b 1+ b 2)i
= (a 2+ a1) + (b 2+ b 1)i
= (a 2 + b 2 i) + (a 1 + b 1 i)
x+y = y + x
 Closure
Let x= a 1 + b 1 i and y= a 2 + b 2 i
xy = (a 1 + b 1 i)(a 2 + b 2 i)
= a 1 (a 2 + b 2 i) + b 1 i (a 2 + b 2 i)
= (a 1 a2 −b1 b2) + (a 1 b2 +a2 b1)i
xy = (a 1 + a 2) + (b 1+ b 2)√ 2 ∈ Q
22
 Associativity
x(y∙z) =( a 1 + b 1 i ) [(a 2 + b 2 i) ∙ (a 3 + b 3 i)]

= [( a 1 + b 1 i )(a 2 + b 2 i)(a 3 + b 3 i)]
x(y∙z) = (x∙ y) ∙ z
x(y+z) = ¿ ¿ + b 1 i ) [(a 2 + b 2 i) + (a 3 + b 3 i)]

= ¿ ¿ + b 1 i)+ [(a 2 + a 3) + (b 2+ b 3)i]
= [a 1 ( a 2+ a3 )−b1 (b2 +b 3)] + [a 1 ( a 2+ a3 ) +b1 ( b2+ b3 )] i
=[(a 1 a2 −b1 b2) + (a 1 b2 −b1 a2)i] + [(a 1 a3 −b1 b3) + (a 1 b3 +b 1 a 3)i]
x (y+z) = (xy) + xz
Hence, S is a ring.
 Commutativity
Let x= a 1 + b 1 i ; y= a 2 + b 2 i
(a 1 + b 1 i)(a 2 + b 2 i) = a 1 a2 + a 1 b2 i + b 1 a2i - b 1 b2
= (a 1 a2 −b1 b2) + (a 1 b2 +b 1 a 2)i
(a 1 + b 1 i)(a 2 + b 2 i)= (a 2 + b 2 i)(a 1 + b 1 i)
23
Since it also have identity 0 + 0i , we need to check it has no zero divisors.
Let 2 + 2 i and -4 -4i ∈ S
(2 + 2 i) (-4 -4i) = -8+8i -8i + 8
(2 + 2 i) (-4 -4i) ≠ 0
All elements of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏i, where a and b are rational numbers has a
a−bi
multiplicative inverse that is 2 2 , then S is a field.
a +b
6. Consider the set 𝑅 = {[0], [2], [4], [6], [8]} ⊆ ℤ10 with addition and multiplication as defined in
ℤ10. Is an integral domain? If not give a reason.
Answer:
𝑅 = {[0], [2], [4], [6], [8]} ⊆ ℤ10
Addition Table of R
+ [0] [2] [4] [6] [8]
[0] [0] [2] [4] [8] [8]
[2] [0] [4] [6] [8] [0]
[4] [0] [6] [8] [0] [2]
[6] [0] [8] [0] [2] [4]
[8] [0] [0] [2] [4] [6]
 For all x,y ∈ R,

x ⊕10 y ∈ R
Therefore, it is closed under addition.
 For all x,y, z ∈ R,

x ⊕10 (y ⊕10 z) = (x ⊕10 y) ⊕10 z
Therefore, the addition in R is associative.
 For all x ∈ R
x ⊕10 0= 0 ⊕10 x = x
Therefore, R contains an additive identity 0.
24
 For x in R
 The additive inverse of [0] is [0].
[0] + [0] = [0]
[2] + [8] = [0]
[4] + [6] = [0]
[6] + [4] = [0]
[8] + [2] = [0]
Therefore, every element of R has additive inverse in R.

x ⊕10 y = y ⊕10 x
Therefore, addition in R is commutative.
Multiplication Table of R
x [0] [2] [4] [6] [8]
[0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0]
[2] [0] [4] [8] [2] [6]
[4] [0] [8] [6] [4] [2]
[6] [0] [2] [4] [6] [8]
[8] [0] [6] [2] [8] [8]

x ⊗10 y ∈ R
Therefore, it is closed under multiplication.

x ⊗10 (y ⊗10 z) = (x ⊗10 y) ⊗10 z
Therefore, the multiplication in R is associative.
25
x ⊗10 (y ⊗10 z) = (x ⊗10 y) ⊗10 (x ⊗10 z)
(x ⊗10 y) ⊗10 z = (x ⊗10 z) ⊗10 (y ⊗10 z)
Therefore, distributive laws holds in R.
Hence, the set R satisfied all conditions of a ring.

x ⊗10 y = y ⊗10 x
Therefore, the set R is a commutative Ring.
Its unit element is [6] such that
x ⊗10 [6]= x ∀x∈R
There is no [x] ≠0 such that
[a] [x] ≠ [0] ∀a ∈R
Therefore, there are no zero divisors in R.
Since R is a commutative ring with unity and no zero divisors, then R is an integral
domain.
7. Prove or disprove that every commutative ring with no zero divisors is an integral domain.
Answer:
Given Ring R= 2ℤ = set of all even integers, E= {. . . , -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, . . .}.
This is a commutative ring with no zero divisors but not an integral domain since it has
no unity.
26
Another example is the ring nℤ for n> 0 , applying the usual multiplication and division,
this is a commutative ring without zero divisors but is not an integral domain because it does not
contain unity (multiplicative identity).
Thus, every commutative ring with no zero divisor is not an integral domain.
27

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Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

Subject: Math 823- Advanced Modern Algebra

a. the set of all integers that are multiples of 5

 Axioms for Addition

Let a= 5x ∈ S and b= 5y ∈ S for x, y ∈ ℤ

a + (b+c) = 5x + (5y +5z)

The identity element of S is zero.

For a= 5x ∈ S , there exist

Therefore, S contains additive inverse.

Let a=5x, b= 5y ∈ S where x, y ∈ ℤ

Let a= 5 and b =10

Therefore, addition in S is commutative.

 Axioms for Multiplication

Let a= 5x ∈ S and b= 5y ∈ S for x, y ∈ ℤ

ab= (5x) (5y)

Let a= 5x, b= 5y, c=5z ∈ S where x, y,z ∈ ℤ

a∙ (b∙c) = 5x ∙ (5y ∙5z)

Let a=5x, b= 5y ∈ S where x, y ∈ ℤ

 Axioms Combining Addition and Multiplication

Let a= 5x, b= 5y, c=5z ∈ S where x, y,z ∈ ℤ

a ∙ (b+c) = 5x ∙ (5y + 5z)

Let a= 5 ; b = 10 ; c =15 , where , a, b, and c ∈ 5ℤ

b. the set of all real numbers of the form with 𝑚 ∈ ℤ and 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

 Axioms for Addition

It is closed under addition.

x+ (y+z) = m 1 + n1 √ 3 + [(m 2 + n2 √ 3) + (m3 + n3 √ 3)]

This implies that addition in S is associative.

The identity element is zero.

Therefore, S contains additive inverse.

 Axioms for Multiplication

Therefore, S is closed under multiplication.

x(y∙z) =( m1 + n1 √ 3 ) [(m2 + n2 √ 3) ∙ (m3 + n3 √ 3)]

Thus, multiplication in S is associative.

Therefore, multiplication in S is commutative.

 Axioms Combining Addition and Multiplication

x(y+z) = ¿ ¿ + n1 √ 3 ) [(m 2 + n2 √ 3) + (m3 + n3 √ 3)]

Thus, the distributive law holds in S.

Let x and y be any real numbers, R+

This implies that the addition in S is associative.

2. Find all zero divisors in ℤ𝑛 for the following values of .

Multiplication Table for ℤ8

x [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

[0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0] [0]

[1] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

[3] [0] [3] [6] [1] [4] [7] [2] [5]

[4] [0] [4] [0] [4] [0] [4] [0] [4]

[5] [0] [5] [2] [7] [4] [1] [6] [3]

[6] [0] [6] [4] [2] [0] [6] [4] [2]

[7] [0] [7] [6] [5] [4] [3] [2] [1]

Elements [2],[4],[6] are zero divisors of ℤ8.

Multiplication Table for ℤ12

Elements [2],[3],[4], [6],[8],[9], [10] are zero divisors of ℤ12.

3. For the given value of , find all the units in ℤ𝑛.

X8 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

[1] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

[2] [2] [4] [6] [0] [2] [4] [6]

[3] [3] [6] [1] [4] [7] [2] [5]

[4] [4] [0] [4] [0] [4] [0] [4]

[5] [5] [2] [7] [4] [1] [6] [3]

[6] [6] [4] [2] [0] [6] [4] [2]

[1][1] = 1 ; [1]-1 = [1]