MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD

PROBLEM SET 2 (70 pts.)

1. Determine whether the following statement is open or closed. (5 pts.)

15
a. 5 = 3 = closed (true)
b. 𝑟 + 5 = 5 + 𝑟 = closed (true)
c. 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛𝑚 − 4 = open
d. 𝑎 + 4 = 5 + 𝑎2 + 4 = open
e. −2 − 7 = −5 = closed (false)

2. Translate each of the following phrases into mathematical expression. (10 pts.)
a. Five more than thrice a certain number.
= 3x + 5
b. Eight less than twice a number.
= 2x - 8
c. The product of 9 and a number.
= 9x
d. The sum of three consecutive integers.
= [(x) + (x + 1) + (x+2)]
e. Stephen’s age seven years from now.
=x+7
f. There are 7 more jeeps than vans.
=y=x+7
g. The difference of the squares of two consecutive odd integers.
= (x + 2)^2 – x^2
h. The area of the rectangle if one side is five more than the other side.
= A = x (x + 5)
i. Jose is seven years older than Paulo who is half as old as Ramil. (Express each of their ages
in terms of one unknown.)
= Let x = Age of Paulo
x + 7 = Age of Jose
2x = Age of Ramil
j. The number with hundred’s digit n, tens digit m, and units digit p.
= 100n + 10m + p

3. Translate the following statements into equations. Use as few variables as possible. (10 pts)
a. If the side of the square is increased by 2 feet, the area is increased by 12 sq. ft.
= (x + 2)^2 = y + 12
b. When four is multiplied by seven less than a number, the result is 10 less than 6 times the
number.
= 4 (x – 7) = (6y – 10)
c. Raymond is four times as old as Remy. He is also seven years older than her.
= 4x = x + 7
d. A rod 25 feet long is cut into two pieces such that one piece is 9 feet longer than twice the
length of the other piece.
= 25 = x + (2x + 9)
e. A car travels at 15 mph and a truck travels at 32 mph. The car needs two and a half hour
more than the truck to travel the same distance.
= 15 (x + 5/2) = (32) (x)
 f. The hypotenuse of the right triangle is 15 cm long. If each leg were decreased by 2 cm the
hypotenuse would be decreased by 4 cm.
= (a – 2)^2 + (b – 2)^2 = (15)^2 - 4
g. The tens digit is 5 more than the units digit. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 3
less than one-fifth the number.
= x + (x + 5) = (z/5) - 3
h. The total number of Angel’s coin us 45 and there are three times as many 1-peso coin as 5-
peso coins.
= 3x + y = 45
i. A man has Php 45,000 which he invests partly at a simple interest of 5% and the rest at 3 %
per annum. The annual income from 3.5% investment exceeds the income from the 5%
investment by Php 65. Represent the amount of each investment.
= (x) (0.05) + PHP 65 = (PHP 45000 – x) (0.035)
j. How many ounces of pure nickel must be added to 135 ounces of alloy 65% nickel to
produce an alloy which is 80% pure?
= Let x = amount of pure nickel to be added
0.65 (135) + x = 0.8 (135 + x)

4. Write the following statements in roster notation. (5 pts.)

a. The set of counting numbers from 1 to 10.
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
b. The set of positive odd numbers less than 15.
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}
c. The set of integers from 1 to 10 that is divisible by 3.
= {3, 6, 9}
d. The set of positive real numbers between 1 and 3.
= {1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9}
e. The set of prime numbers less than 25.
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}

5. Enumerate all the subsets of each of the following sets. (5 pts.)

a. A = {l, o, v, e}
{∅} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{l} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{o} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{v} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{e} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{l, o} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{l, v} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{l, e} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{o, v} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{o, e} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{v, e} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{l, o, v} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{l, o, e} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{o, v, e} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{l, v, e} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}
{l, o, v, e} ⊆ {l, o, v, e}

6. Use the set-builder notation to describe each of the following: (5 pts.)

a. {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, ...}
= {x/x is multiple by 4}
b. { 0, 1, 4, 9, 25, 36}
= {x/x is a perfect square less than 49}
c. { -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
= {x/x is an integer between -5 and 5}
d. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
= {x/x is a prime number less than 13}
e. {January, March, May, July, August, October, December)
 = {x/x is a month that has 31 days}

7. Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {6, 9}, C = {4, 8}. Answer each of the following questions. Justify your
answers. (5 pts.)
a. Is 𝐶 ⊆ 𝐴?
= Yes, because every element in set C, which is 4 and 8, can also be seen in set A.
b. Is 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴?
= No, because in order for it to be a subset, you should see every element in set B in set A.
Here, you cannot see the number 9 that is in set B in set A.
c. Is 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐴?
= Yes, because you can see every element in set C in set A, and set A also has extra elements
in it.
d. Is 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐵?
= Yes, because the set has similar elements.
e. Is (𝐶 ∪ 𝐴) ⊆ 𝐴?
= Yes, because if you combine set C and set A, it will just be similar to set A which has the
same elements.

8. Let A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {x, y}. Use the set-roster notation to write each of the following sets.
Moreover, determine the cardinality of each set. (5 pts.)
a. A x A
= {(a, a) (a, b), (a, c), (a, d), (b, a), (b, b), (b, c), (b, d), (c, a), (c, b), (c, c), (c, d), (d, a), (d, b), (d,
c), (d, d)} = has a cardinality of 16
b. A x B
= {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y), (c, x), (c, y), (d, x), (d, y)} = has a cardinality of 8
c. B x A
= {(x, a), (x, b), (x, c), (x, d), (y, a), (y, b), (y, c), (y, d)} = has a cardinality of 8
d. B x B
= {(x, x), (x, y), (y, y), (y, x)} = has a cardinality of 4

9. State whether or not the following relations are functions.

a. {(2, 2), (4, 4), (6, )} = function
b. {(5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)} = not function
c. {(0, 2), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)} = not function
d. {(𝑥, 𝑦)| 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 8} = function
𝑥+3
e. {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 = 𝑥−5} = function

10. Determine whether the given sets are binary operations under addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and exponential. Justify your answer. (10. pts.)
a. set of natural numbers
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Exponential
It is a binary It is not a binary It is a binary It is not a binary It is a binary
operation under operation under operation under operation under operation under
addition because subtraction multiplication division because exponential
it will still be a because there is a because the result there are because the result
natural number chance that you will still be a natural circumstances will still be a
when you add it. can get a negative number when we wherein the results natural number.
Ex: 15 + 5 = 20 integer when you use multiplication. could turn into a Ex: 4^2 = 16
do subtraction. Ex: 5 x 5 = 25 fraction or a
Ex: 10 – 20 = -10 decimal.
Ex: 10/3 = 3.33
 b. set of rational numbers
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Exponential
It is a binary It is a binary It is a binary It is not a binary It is not a binary
operation under operation under operation under operation under operation under
addition because subtraction multiplication division because exponential
any element from because any because it will stay it is possible that because the result
the set of rational element will still be as a rational number the result can be can be a square
numbers will still a rational number when we use undefined when root when the
be a rational when we perform multiplication. we do division exponent is also a
number when we subtraction. Ex: 2/3 x 5/2 = 10/6 Ex: 9/0 = rational number.
do addition. Ex: 3/7 – 1/7 = 2/7 or 5/3 undefined Ex: (6/2)^1/5 =
Ex: 3/2 + 4/2 = 5√3
7/2

11. Find the value of the following: (5 pts.)

a. If 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 2𝑎 – 3𝑏 + 4𝑎𝑏, find the values of
i. 5 ∗ 2
= 2(5) – 3(2) + 4(5)(2) = 44
2
ii. 3 ∗ 5
= 2(3) – 3(2/5) + 4(3)(2/5) = 48/5 or 9.6

b. If 𝑎 ∘ 𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑏 and 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑏 2 – 𝑏, find (2 ∘ 3) ∗ 4.
= 2 ∘ 3 = (2)^2 + 2(3) = 10
= 10 ∗ 4 = (4)^2 – 4 = 12

c. If 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑏 and 𝑎 ∘ 𝑏 = 3𝑎 + 5𝑏, find the value of:

i. (4 ∘ 5) ∗ 6
= (4 ∘ 5) = 3(4) + 5(5) = 37 (4∘5)*6 = 37^2 – 2(6) = 1369 – 12 = 1357
ii. 4 ∗ (5 ∘ 6)
= (5 ∘ 6) = 3(5) + 5(6) = 45 4*(5∘6) = 4^2 – 2(45) = -74