CRT Learning Module: Course Code Course Title Units Module Title

CRT LEARNING MODULE
Course Code TLE 5

Course Title Teaching Common Competencies in
Industrial Arts
Units 3
Module Title Carpentry
College for Research & Technology of Cabanatuan

HOW TO USE THIS DIGITIZED LEARNING MODULE
Welcome to the module in Carpentry. This module contains training materials and
activities for you to complete this module. This module also covers the basic knowledge
and skill in common competencies in Carpentry.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

complete each learning outcome of the module. Each of the learning outcomes is
provided with Modules. Follow these activities on your own and answer the self-check at
the end of each learning outcome. You may remove a blank answer sheet at the end of
each module (or get the answer sheets from the online facilitator) to write the answers
for each self-check. If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for
assistance.
This module was prepared to help you gain basic knowledge and skill in Carpentry.
This will be the source of Information for you to acquire knowledge and skill in this
particular trade independently and at your own pace, with minimum supervision of help
from your instructor.
 Talk to your online facilitator and agree on how you will both organize the
Training of this unit. Read each through the module carefully. It is divided into
sections, which cover all the skills and knowledge you need to successfully
complete this module.
 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section. Read
Modules and complete self-check. Suggested references are included to
supplement the materials provided in this module.
 Most probably your facilitator will be your supervisor or manager. Your online
facilitator will support and correct you.
 Your online facilitator will tell you about the important things you need consider
when you are completing activities and it is important that you listen and take
notes.
 You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job.
Make sure you practice new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will
improve both your speed and memory and also your confidence.
 Talk to more experienced workmates and ask for their guidance.
 Kindly the self-check questions at the LMS (EDMODO) to test your own progress.
 When you are ready, ask your online facilitator to watch you online via Zoom or
Google Meet to perform the activities outlined in this module.
 Ask your online facilitator work through the activities: ask for written feedback on
your progress. Your online facilitator keeps feedback/pre-assessment reports for
this reason. When you have successfully completed each element, ask the
facilitator to mark on the reports that you are ready for assessment.
 When you have completed this module, and feel confident that you have sufficient
practice, your online facilitator will arrange an appointment with registered
assessor’s to assess you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your
competency Achievement Record.
TEACHING COMMON COMPETENCIES IN INDUSTRIAL ARTS
Contents of this Learning Module
No. Module Title Topic Code

1 Carpentry  Prepare Module 1.1
Construction
Materials and Module 1.2
Tools
 Maintain Module 1.3
Tools and
Equipment
Module 1.4
 Perform
Mensuration
and Module 1.5
Calculation
 Interpret
Drawings
and Plans
 Practice
Occupational
Health and
Safety
MODULE CONTENT
MODULE TITLE : Carpentry
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes in common competencies
in Carpentry.
Number of Hours:
6 hours (2 Weeks)
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
1. Express their ideas through virtual interaction.
2. Create a computation problem of board foot and conversion in excel.
3. Create their own e-essay using social media platform.
4. Create a reflection paper using of any social media platform
LEARNING OUTCOME # 1: VIRTUAL INTERACTION
Contents:
1. Classroom Policies and Introduction to the Course
2. Discussion of the course syllabus and study
3. Prepare Construction Materials and Tools
4. Maintain Tools and Equipment
Assessment Criteria
1. Oral questioning through virtual interaction using online platforms will made.
2. Answers should clear, brief and concise.
3. Students should be well-prepared and well-groomed.
Conditions
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
1. Hard copy and soft copy of the module

2. Laptop or gadget
3. Gmail Account
4. Stable internet or mobile data connection
Assessment Method:
Oral Questioning through Virtual Interaction
Learning Activities (Study Guide)

1. Using EDMODO app on your phone or the website on your laptop, go to the Teaching
Common Competencies in Industrial Arts class.
2. Click on the FOLDERS section (on menu bar)
3. Click the folder MODULE 1: Carpentry. The digitized Modules, Task Sheets and Job
Sheets are available in this folder.
4. All the Self-Checks are contained in the folder MY ACTIVITIES.
Learning Outcome #1
1. Virtual Interaction
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Read Module No. 1.1 (Prepare Contained in the Module 1: Carpentry folder in
Construction Materials and Tools) EDMODO (Module 1.1)
2. Answer self-check for 1.1 The self-checks are available thru the folder
SELF CHECKS. The activity is timed (15
minutes). The results will be immediately be
available after clicking SUBMIT and the system
will run through the items incorrectly answered
(and show the correct answer)
3. Read Module No. 1.2 (Maintain Contained in the Module 1: Carpentry folder in
Tools and Equipment) EDMODO (Module 1.1)
MODULE 1.1
Prepare Construction Materials and Tools
Learning Objective: After reading this MODULE, you should be able to:
1. Explain the parts of wood.
2. Identify materials and tools applicable to a specific
construction job
INTRODUCTION TO WOOD
Woodworking is the activity or skill of making items from
wood, and includes cabinet making (cabinetry and furniture),
wood carving, joinery, carpentry, and woodturning.
Wood carving is a form of woodworking by means of a
cutting tool (knife) in one hand or a chisel by two hands or with
one hand on a chisel and one hand on a mallet, resulting in a
wooden figure or figurine, or in the sculptural ornamentation of a
wooden object. The phrase may also refer to the finished product,
from individual sculptures to hand-worked moldings composing
part of a tracery.
Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining
together pieces of wood or lumber, to produce more complex
items. Some wood joints employ fasteners, bindings, or adhesives,
while others use only wood elements. The characteristics of
wooden joints - strength, flexibility, toughness, appearance, etc. -
derive from the properties of the materials involved and the
purpose of the joint. Therefore, different joinery techniques are
used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery
used to construct a house can be different from that used to make
puzzle toys, although some concepts overlap.
Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary
work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building
materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber
bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters traditionally worked
with natural wood and did the rougher work such as framing, but
today many other materials are also used and sometimes the finer
trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered
carpentry.
Woodturning is the craft of using the wood lathe with hand-
held tools to cut a shape that is symmetrical around the axis of
rotation. Like the potter's wheel, the wood lathe is a simple
mechanism which can generate a variety of forms. The operator is
known as a turner, and the skills needed to use the tools were
traditionally known as turnery.
WHAT IS WOOD?
Wood
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the
stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic
material a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in
tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists
compression.
Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel, as a
construction material, for making tools and weapons, furniture and
paper.
Parts of Wood
Pith: At the very center of the tree is the pith, which is the oldest
part of the tree. The pith, together with the tree’s first few annual
rings, is called juvenile wood. The pith area has a greater
tendency to crack than the rest of the wood in a tree.
Try to avoid carving pieces of wood that include the pith. If you do
carve wood containing the pith, design the piece so the pith
doesn’t show from the viewing angle.
Annual Rings: Radiating out from the pith are the annual rings.
Each ring has two components: early wood (also called spring
wood) and late wood (also called summer wood).
Early wood grows at the beginning of the tree’s growing season
—the tree’s period of active growth. This wood is made up of large
cells with thin walls. As the season progresses, the growth activity
slows down and the cells become smaller with thicker walls; this is
late wood. Late wood is normally darker than early wood
because it has a higher concentration of cellulose. You will
normally see one annual ring for each year of the tree’s growth.
The rings can vary in width because of weather and other
conditions during the growing season.
When a tree is cut into boards or blocks for carving or turning, the
beautiful figure you see is created by the annual rings.
Cambium Layer: The cambium layer is located between the bark
and the wood. This is where cell division takes place, and when
the cells divide, they become either wood cells or bark cells.
If a tree is cut in the spring or summer, when active cell division is
taking place, you’ll feel a slippery, slimy area just under the bark—
this is the cambium layer. During this active growth period, the
bark and wood are loosely bonded together, so when the wood is
dried, there is a very good chance the bark will fall off. During the
fall or winter, when there is very limited cell division taking place,
the wood and bark will be tightly bonded together. If you want to
create a
carving where the bark remains intact
on the wood, the tree must be harvested in the fall or winter.
Bark: The bark is the tree’s protective covering—its skin. Bark is
made up of living and dead cells, which keep moisture and gases
contained in the tree. Bark also helps the tree resist attacks by
insects and micro-organisms and protects the tree from damaging
weather conditions.
Heartwood and Sapwood: As a tree grows, there comes a time
when the entire trunk of the tree is not required to supply water to
the leaves. When this occurs, the vessels in the center of the tree
fill with extractives, minerals, and tannins. This filled area then
becomes what is known as heartwood.
TYPES AND USES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND
TOOLS
This lesson will enable you to identify materials and tools
applicable to a specific job in carpentry.
Materials Uses
Lumber Construction/Carpentry
Nails Construction/Carpentry
Screw Construction/Carpentry
G.I wire Construction/Carpentry
Cement Construction/Carpentry
Sand Construction/Carpentry
Gravel Construction/Carpentry
Water Construction/Carpentry
Steel Reinforcement Construction/Carpentry
G. I Sheet Construction/Carpentry
Tools Uses
Saw Cutting lumber or board
Tri-Square Testing squareness
Level hose Testing level
Level bar Testing level
Hammer Driving nails
Chisel Cutting
Plane Smoothing
Drill bit Drilling/Boring holes
Oil stone Sharpening
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS AND TOOLS
In this lesson you will describe the materials and tools according to
their description per job requirement in carpentry.
Materials:
Lumber - sawn Timber
Nails - made of metal used for fastening woods
Cement - a powdered substance which when mixed with water

acts as binder of aggregate
Sand - fine gritty, substance found in the shore and desert

Plywood - thin cross laminated sheet of wood
Gravel - coarse aggregate
Tools:
Pull-push-rule - used for measuring long distances
Claw hammer - used for driving and pulling out nails
Cross-cut-saw - tool used for cutting across the grain

Ripsaw - used for cutting along the grain
Plumb-bob - used for vertical alignment
Try square - used to test the squareness of a stock
Hack saw - fine toothed saw used to cut metals and pipes
Level bar - tool used in checking vertical and horizontal position
REQUISITION PROCEDURE
The information that follows will teach you how to accomplish the
form in order to acquire materials.
Procedure:
1. State the name of the project and date when you requested for
materials.
2. Fill in the classification of the project and its purpose.
3. Write the number of required materials.
4. List the unit of materials to be requisitioned.
5. Enumerate the materials with their description.
6. List the cost per unit and the total cost.
7. Write your name as requisitioned.
8. Secure the approval of authorities concerned.
SAMPLE OF A REQUISITION FORM
Suggested Project: Bulletin Board DATE

Balance on Requisition Materials Unit Total
Hand Unit and price
Quantity Description
1 Piece ¾ Plywood 700.00
1 Liter Stain P110.00
Maple
1 Kilo Finishing P 30.00
nail 11/2
1 Foot Sand Paper P 50.00
1 Liter QDE P 150.00
Boysen
(Green)
1 Liter Thinner P 80.00
(Lacquer)
1 Piece Paint brush P 20.00
2
1 Piece Paint brush P1040.00
____________________________
_____________________________________
REQUISITIONER SHOP TEACHER
___________________________
SUPPLY OFFICER
FLOW CHART IN RECEIVING TOOLS, EQUIPMENT,
SUPPLIES, AND MATERIALS IN THE SHOP
REQUESTED MATERIALS AND TOOLS ACCORDING TO

THE PREPARED LIST
Bill of Materials
A bill of materials is a list of all things needed in a project together

with their description, sizes and amount or price. All information
needed should be in the bill of materials.
Parts of a Bill of Materials
1. Quantity tells the amount of materials to be purchased.
2. Unit gives the measure of materials to be purchased.
3. Description states the detailed name of materials.
4. Unit cost gives the price of each material.
5. Amount is the cost of all materials.
Suggested Project: Bulletin Board
ACQUIRE AND INSPECT MATERIALS/TOOLS
It is important to inspect and check materials and tools for

defects and damage before receiving them so that you can ask for
replacements for those that you found defective.
1. Check if the materials and tools are complete in terms of
quantity and specification (number of pieces, length, width, etc.)
2. Check the physical condition of tools, (check tools against the
specification, quantity, and quality,) see to it that parts are
complete, cutting edges or tooth free from damages,
3. Check the accessories of each material and tool. See to it that
nothing is missing.
4. If any of the materials or tools is found missing or defective,
report it immediately to the supply officer or teacher.
5. Get a replacement for the materials and tools found defective.
6. Sign the requisition form as you receive materials and tools.
7. Store the received materials and tools in a safe area or store
room nearest your workplace. (store materials, in proper order,
bulky and heavier materials at the bottom lighter and smaller
items on top of the pile)
8. Always handle the materials and tools carefully. (avoid dropping
the tools on the floor, do not expose tools and materials on
sunlight or rains).
Self-check 1.1
MULTIPLE CHOICE. From the given choices below, Choose the letter of the correct
answer that best describes the given statements.
1. It is a thin cross laminated sheet of wood.

a. Plywood b. Nails c. Cement d. Sand
2. This is made of metal used for fastening.
3. It is a powdered substance mixed with water.
4. It is a fine, dry, gritty substance mixed with water.
5. It is a sawn timber.
a. Lumber b. Wood c. Timber d. Sand
6. It is used for measuring long distances.
a. Pull-push rule b. Try-square c. Ruler d. Caliper
7. It is used for driving and pulling out nails.
a. Claw hammer b. Rip saw c. Plumb bob d. Triangular File
8. It is a tool used for cutting along the grain.
9. It is used for vertical alignment.
10. It is a tool used to test the squareness of a stock.
a. Pull-push rule b. Try-square c. Ruler d. Caliper
MODULE 1.2
Maintain Tools and Equipment

1. Identify the preventive maintenance of the tools and

equipment.
2. Perform basic preventive maintenance;
3. Explain how to store tools and equipment’s.
Definition of Terms
Finishing materials – chemical or substance applied in finishing
carpentry
Hardware – metal supplies used in furniture
Inventory – the accounting of tools and materials
Label – refers to the indicated name of tools and equipment
Lubricants – oils or grease which is use to help the machine to
run smoothly
Mensuration – the act or art of measuring
Perimeter – the bounding line or curve of a plain area
Power tools – handy machines operated by current/electricity
Scaler – marked for use in measurement
Segregate – set aside things from the others
Standard – serves as a measure of reference
Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain carpentry job
Store – to put tools and materials in their proper places
Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine
CHECK CONDITION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF HANDTOOLS
A. Measuring tools
1. Pull-Push Rule - flexible tape that slides into a material case
and it is used to measure irregular and regular shapes.
2. Ruler - 12-inch or one foot rule and it is used to take/make
simple measurements.
3. Meter Stick - used to measure a work piece.
4. Try Square - squaring, measuring and testing tool used to
check adjacent surfaces for squareness.
5. Caliper - used to transfer measurements from the rule to the
work.
B. MARKING LINING TOOLS
1. Pencil - used to layout or mark cutting lines.
2. Marking Gauge - wood or metal tool consisting of a beam,
head and a point used to mark a line parallel to the grain of the
wood.
3. Chalk Line - used to establish a straight line on a surface.
4. Divider - tool with two metal legs used to lay-out an arc circle
or step off division on a line.
5. Compass - used to scribe arcs and circle in a metal wood.
C. TESTING TOOLS
1. Try Square - tool used in squaring, measuring and testing the
squarenes of a wood.
2. Steel Square - framing square used to mark out the work for
squaring and checking of angles and is used in the construction of
roof framing and large furniture.
3. Spirit Level - tool used for testing vertical and horizontal
surfaces.
4. Plumb bob - tool used to test the vertical and horizontal
surfaces.
D. EDGE CUTTING TOOLS
1. Chisel - tool used to trim and shape wood.
2. Plane - used to obtain a smooth and flat surface.
3. Spoke shave - small plane like tool from irregularly shaped
objects.
4. Cabinet scraper - rectangular piece of steel with two cutting
edges used for working flat and curved shapes.
E. TOOTH-CUTTING TOOLS
1. Cross Cut Saw - handsaw used to cut the wood across the
grain.
2. Rip-saw - hand saw used to cut the wood along the grain.
3. Back Saw - handsaw with a metal back and plywood and
joinery.
4. Compass Saw - used to cut irregular shape either in large or
small board.
5. Turning Saw - used to rip, cross and cut curves in lumber.
6. Coping Saw - u-shaped saw used for cutting irregular shape in
small board.
7. Dovetail Saw - small back saw with a straight chisel type
handle used to cut very fine joints.
F. BORING TOOLS
1. Auger bit - tool used to make hole in woods.
2. Expansive bit - tool used to drill holes of various sizes in
woods.
3. Drill Bit - tool used for boring holes either in metals, woods or
plastics.
G. HOLDING TOOLS
1. C-Clamp - used for holding together pieces of lumber while
working.
2. Bench Vise - used to hold any materials or tools in place.
3. Bar Clamp - used to hold large boards or frames together
while assembling or gluing.
H. MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS
1. Oil Stone - used for sharpening edge cutting tools such as
chisel.
2. Files - used to smoothen metal and wood surfaces.
3. Paint Brush - used to apply paint or varnish on wood surfaces
4. Nail Set - used to drive the head of nails lower than surface of
wood.
5. Saw Set - used to bend the upper half of each tooth to one
side or the other to form a set.
I. PORTABLE POWERTOOLS
1. Sander - portable power tool used for sanding furniture pieces.
2. Router - used for shaping surfaces and edges of furniture
parts.
3. Jigsaw - power tool used primarily for cutting curved or
irregular shapes of wood surfaces.
4. Circular saw - power saw used for many types of cutting,
particularly on large panel stock.
5. Electric Drill - power drill which is used to drill holes in various
materials to perform a multitude of tasks.
J. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
1. Goggles - used to protect the eyes against flying debris and
harmful liquids.
2. Ear Protector - used to protect the ears against high
frequency noise.
3. Face Mask - used to prevent the inhalation of sprayed paint
fumes.
4. Gloves - used to protect the hands while working.
5. Apron - used to protect the worker against flying debris.
K. DRIVING TOOLS
1. Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull out nails on wooden
surfaces.
2. Mallet - made out of wood or rubber used to drive other tools
like chisel.
3. Nail Set - used in setting the head of a finishing nail below the
surface of the wood.
4. Screw Driver - used to drive and loose screws.
LUBRICATING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Read and analyze the use of preventive Maintenance Schedule
form.
2. Determine the types of tools and machine needed to be
lubricated.
3. Fill out a requisition slip form in releasing the lubricants needed.
4. Secure a borrower’s slip from your teacher.
5. Fill out the slip form correctly intended for the needed tools.
6. Perform the task according to the prescribed schedule and the
assigned machine.
7. Perform lubricating procedure.
8. Determine the parts of the machine needed to be lubricated.
9. Apply thin coat of oil on the parts for a long period of time.
10. Open the bearing cover and apply grease.
11. Apply grease on sealed bearing with the use of a grease gun.
Self-check 1.2
A. Classify the different types of tools.

1. Claw hammer
a. Driving tool b. Holding tool c. Edge Cutting Tool d. Testing Tool
2. Bar Clamp
3. Spoke Shave
4. Steel Square
5. Back Saw
a. Tooth Cutting Tool b. Measuring Tool c. Lining Tool d. Miscellaneous
6. Pull Push Rule
7. Compass
8. Triangular File
9. Varnish
a. Finishing material b. Hardware c. Lining Tool d. Miscellaneous
10. Hinge
a. Finishing material b. Hardware c. Lining Tool d. Miscellaneou
LEARNING OUTCOME # 2: EXCEL COMPUTATION OF
BOARDFOOT
Contents:
1. Perform Mensuration and Calculation
Assessment Criteria
1. Excel computation should accurate and clear answer.
2. Excel computation should well prepared and organize.
3. Excel computation should have table.
Conditions

2. Laptop or gadget
3. Gmail Account
5. Microsoft Excel
Assessment Method:
Excel Computation of Board foot

Learning Outcome #2
1. Excel Computation of Board foot

1. Read Module No. 1.3 (Perform Contained in the Module 1: Carpentry folder in
Mensuration and Calculation EDMODO (Module 1.1)
)
MODULE 1.3
Perform Mensuration and Calculation

1. Accurately measure lumber length, width, and thickness.
2. Compute for lumber length, width and thickness.
3. Create excel computation for board foot.
Definition of Terms
Area – extent of part of a surface enclosed within a boundary
Calculation – the act or process of or result of calculating
Circumference – distance around the circle
Classification – group or category within an organized system
Decimal – number expressed in a counting system that uses units
of 10, especially a decimal fraction
Dimension – measurable extent such as length, thickness and
width
Fraction – number expressed as a quotient of two other numbers
Fraction – number expressed as a quotient of two other numbers
Geometric Shapes – characterized by straight line, regular
curves and angles
Graduation – scale of a measuring tool
Mensuration – act or art of measuring
Perimeter – bounding line or curve of a plain area
Standard – serves as a measure of reference
Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain furniture job
Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine
Volume – space inside a solid figure
TYPES OF MEASURING TOOLS

1. Pull-push rule – used for measuring long pieces of stock.
2. Zig Zag Rule – a folded measuring tool.
3. Ruler – used for measuring short pieces of stock.
4. Caliper – used for measuring diameter.
5. Try Square – used for checking flatness and squareness.
6. Meter Stick – a measuring device which is one (1) meter in
length.
7. Divider – used for dividing distances.
8. Compass – used for scribing arcs and circles.
9. Protractor – used for laying out angles.
HANDLING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS / TOOLS
A. DO’S
1. Wipe measuring tools/instruments before returning them to the
storage room.
2. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag
rules, calipers, dividers and compasses to avoid stock-up.
3. Make sure that grits like sand do not get inside the housing or
case of a pull-push rule to avoid wearing off of the graduations.
4. Check the lock of a pull-push rule if it is working.
B. DON’T’S
1. Do not wipe off edges of the steel tape of pull-push rule with
bare hands to avoid injury.
2. Do not pull the steel tape of pull-push rule too much to avoid
the coil spring from damage.
3. Do not use the caliper as tongs.
LINEAR MEASUREMENTS FOR THE 6 FACES OF LUMBER
A lumber has 6 faces: 2 ends, 2 edges and 2 surfaces
Hence; the linear measurements obtained are:

1. End 1 to end 2 or A B = Length (L )
2. Edge 1 to Edge 2 or C D = Width ( W )
3. Surface 1 to surface 2 or E F = Thickness / Height ( T / H )
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS
The two (2) systems of measurements are: the English and
the Metric System. The
English system originated in England also known as the U.S.
customary system of measurement while the Metric System was
developed in France and also known as the S. I.
(International Standard).
I. (UNIT OF MEASURES) - LINEAR MEASUREMENT
ENGLISH METRIC
Yard ( yd ) meter
Foot ( ft ) / („ ) decimeter 1/10 meter
Inch (in. ) / (“ ) centimeter 1/ 100 meter
millimeter 1 /1000 meter
II. READING OF MEASUREMENTS

A. Reading the inch
The inch is divided into segments called graduations. Each
graduation represents a measurement in form of a proper fraction.
The inch can be divided into 16, 8, 4 and 2, equal parts.
Note: The illustration is not the actual length of an inch.
B. Reading the centimeter and millimeter
III. CONVERTING FRACTION TO DECIMAL

In converting fractions to decimals, divide the numerator by its
denominator whether it is proper, improper or mixed fraction.
Sample Solutions:
A. Proper fraction 2/5 = 0.4
B. Improper fraction 11/3 = 3.66
C. Mixed fraction 2 ½ = 2.5
IV. CONVERTING UNITS OF MEASURE
Sample Solutions in Conversion
A. Foot to inches
3 ft = _________ inches
Solution: Multiply 3ft by 12 inches / ft = 36 inches
B. Inch to feet
48 inches = ________ Feet
Solution: Divide 48 inches by 12 inches / feet = 4feet
V. TAKING DIMENSIONS
Ways of taking dimension
1 Measure end to end of stock with a tool
2 Measure edge to edge with a tool
3 Measure outside diameter of a cylindrical object using a caliper
4 Measure inside diameter with a caliper
5 Lay-out width
CALCULATING BOARDFOOT OF LUMBER
BOARD MEASURE - is the term to indicate that the board foot is

the unit of measurement for most lumber items. A board foot is
defined as a piece one inch thick (nominal) by one foot wide
(nominal) by one foot long (actual) or its equivalent. For instance
a 2 x 6 also equals one board foot for each foot of length.
Board footage is calculated by multiplying the nominal
thickness in inches (T) by the nominal width in inches (W) by the
actual length in feet (L) and dividing by 12.
The formula is: T x W x L = Board ft.12 Where: T = nominal

thickness in inches W = nominal width in inches L = length in feet.
This can be computed using the following formulas:
1. no of pcs. x T” x W” x L” = BOARDFOOT
12x12
EX. 2 pcs x 1” x 12” x 120”= 20 Bdft
12 x 12
NARRA- 70/ Board foot
20 Bdft x 70/ Bdft= 1, 400
2. no of pcs. x T” x W” x L’ = BOARDFOOT
12
EX. 2 pcs x 1” x 12” x 10’ = 20 Bdft
12
3. no of pcs. x T” x W’ x T’ = BOARDFOOT
EX. 2pcs x 1” x 1’ x 10’ = 20 Bdft
Example 1: A 4/4 board 8 inches wide and 8 feet long has 5.33
bd.ft.
8in x 8ft x 1in 8in x 96in x 1in
= 5.33 bd.ft. - or - = 5.33 bd.ft.
12 144
Example 2: An 8/4 board 7 inches wide and 10 feet long has

11.67 bd.ft.
7 x 10 x 2 7 x 120 x 2
= 11.67 bd.ft. - or - = 11.67 bd.ft.
12 144
Self-check 1.3
Computation for board foot: Compute the board foot of the ff. sizes of think, width and
length of lumber in Microsoft excel. Use the 3 formulas in computing board foot and send
to my email add gemamauricio@crt.edu.ph.
Filename: (ex. GEMALYN MAURICIO, TLE 5, BTVTE 2 (Your name, subject, course and
year))
LEARNING OUTCOME # 3: E-Essay
Contents:
1. Interpret Drawings and Plans
Assessment Criteria
1. E-essay should clearly state the purpose of writing.
2. E-essay should organize, significant and personal.
3. E-essay should use words correctly and with imagination.
Conditions

2. MS Word
3. Pen
4. Paper
Assessment Method:
E-essay

Learning Outcome #3
1. E-essay
1. Read Module No. 1.4 (Interpret Contained in the Module 1: Carpentry folder in
Drawings and Plans) EDMODO (Module 1.4)
MODULE 1.4
Interpret Drawings and Plans

1. Analyze signs, symbols and data;
2. Interpret technical drawings and plans
3. Apply freehand sketching
Definition of Terms
Axis – line about which a body turns or rotates

Design – drawing showing the plan, elevations, sections, and
other features.
Detail drawing – separate drawing showing a small part of a
machine or structure
Dimension – definite measure shown on a drawing in detail
Isometric Drawing – drawing which resembles a respective
drawing
Orthographic Projection – arrangement in a drawing of the
three principal views of an object
Perspective Drawing – the representation of an object on a plan
surface, pertaining to materials, styles and finish presented as to
have the same appearances as when seen from a particular
viewpoint
Projections – the cutting out of any part or any member of a
structure
Reduced – made smaller than the actual size as in the size of
object
Scaled Drawing – drawing plan made according to a scale,
smaller than the actual work
Sketch – freehand drawing of an object
Specification – written instruction to the worker containing all
the information
DRAWING SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

Alphabet of Lines
In sketching orthographic drawing, certain conventional lines are
used for a definite purpose. These lines are commonly called
Alphabet of Lines.
OBJECT OR VISIBLE LINE
Thick, dark line used to show the outline of the object. Define
features you can see in a particular view
CONSTRUCTION LINE
Lines that are very light and very thin use to construct layout
work
DIMENSION LINE
Thin and dark lines use to show the size (span) of an object
with a numeric value. Usually terminates with arrowheads or tick
markings.
HIDDEN LINE
Short dash lines use to show non visible surfaces that are not
visible in orthographic view. Usually shows as medium thickness.
CENTER LINE
Long and shot dash lines. Usually indicates centre of holes,
circles and arcs. Line is thin and dark.
EXTENSION LINE
A light line that extends from the edge or end of a main
object line on a drawing, used in conjunction with dimension lines
to help determine the dimension of a particular feature.
CUTTING PLANE LINE
It is extra thick line use to show cutaway views or plane of
projection where a section view is taken. Arrow indicates direction
of view.
LEADER LINE
A thin line used to connect a dimension line with a particular
area or point on the drawing. It is also use to show notes or
labels.
PHANTOM LINE
Long line followed by two short dashes use to show alternate
position of a moving part.
SHORT-BREAK LINE
Thick wavy line that is used to break the edge of a surface of
a part for clarity on a hidden surface
LONG-BREAK LINE
Long, thin lines that is used to show that the middle section
of an object has been removed so it can be drawn on a smaller
piece of paper
CENTER TABLE COMPONENTS
Legs – 4 pcs. 45 mm x 45mm x500 mm wood (tanguile)

Rails – (short) 2 pieces 25 mmx70 mm x 600 mm
Rails – (long) 2 pieces 25 mm x 70mm x 800 mm
Top – 1pcs 25mmx600 x 800mm plywood/ plyboard
Assemblies Joints
Mortise and tendon joint – for the rails and legs (see details on the
attached working drawing)
Dimensions and specification (See dimensions and
specifications on the attached working drawing)
1. Legs must be tapered.
2. All joints must be filled with glue.
3. All wood used must be tanguile.
4. All dimensions must be in millimeters.
Self-check 1.4
What are the different components of the center table based on the working drawing?
What are the specified joints used in joining the legs and rails of the center table and
why it is used?
LEARNING OUTCOME # 4: REFLECTION PAPER
Contents:
1. Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures
Assessment Criteria
1. Reflection paper should clearly state the purpose of writing
2. Reflection paper should contain actual real-life experiences.
3. Reflection paper should organize, significant and personal.
Conditions
1. Hard copy and soft copy of the course syllabus

2. MS Word
3. Pen
4. Paper
Assessment Method:
Submission of Reflection Paper

Learning Outcome #4
1. Reflection Paper
1. Read Module No. 1.5 (Practice Contained in the Module 1: Carpentry folder in
Occupational Health and Safety EDMODO (Module 1.5)
Procedures)
MODULE 1.5
Practice Occupational Health and Safety

Procedures
1. Identify the hazard and risk.
2. Explain on how to control hazard and risk.
3. Maintain occupational health and safety awareness.
Definition of Terms
Accident – is an event occurring unintentionally or by chance
Control – means to direct or determine
First Aid – as it implies includes all forms of remedies given
immediately to humans in order to minimize or prevent casualties
or fatalities caused by accidents or normal course of time
Hazard – involves unforeseen incident that is physically
unfavorable to humans or animals
Occupation – is an activity in which one is engaged in
Safety – state of being out of danger, uninjured, not involving risk
Sanitize – to maintain high standard of housekeeping
Self-Discipline – refers to doing things spontaneously without
being told or ordered
Signs – generally refer to objects made by flat sheet metal or
wood suspended by a stand or nailed on the post or wall which are
located strategically
Sort – to take out unnecessary items and dispose the same
Sweep – means to clean the workshop
Symbols – are generally common illustrations printed on the signs
which sometimes carry a descriptive word or few words
Systematize – means to arrange necessary items in good order
for use
Toxic – deadly, harmful and poisonous
OHSP – Occupational Health and Safety Procedures
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
HAZARDS AND RISKS IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL
Requirements in Conducting/Identifying Hazards

Survey the workplace to identify hazards
This survey must be in writing and must be available to all
workers
Determine whether any hazard requires Personal Protective
Equipment
Pay special attention to working conditions or process that can
produce hazards.
Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new
equipment is installed to avoid accidents.
Any reassessment must be written and must be available to
workers upon request.
WORKING CONDITIONS THAT CAN PRODUCE HAZARDS

1. Falling objects
2. Objects that can puncture skin
3. Objects that could roll over worker’s feet
4. Toxic chemicals
5. Heat
6. Harmful Dust
7. Radiation
Signs, Signals and Barricades
Signs, signals and barricades are important, if not critical, to
the safety of the construction workers.
Accident Prevention Signs and Tags

1. General. Signs and symbols required shall be visible at all
times when work is being performed, and shall be removed or
covered promptly when the hazard does not exist anymore.
2. Danger Signs. Danger signs shall be used only where an
immediate hazard exists.
Danger signs should be read as the predominating color for the

upper panel; outline on the borders; and a white lower panel for
additional sign wording.
3. Caution Signs. Caution signs shall be used only to warn

against or caution against practices.
Caution sign shall have yellow as the predominating color;
black upper panel and borders; yellow lettering of “caution” on the
black panel; and the lower yellow panel for the additional sign
wording. Black lettering shall be used for additional wording.
Standard color of the background shall be yellow; and the
panel, black with yellow letters. Any letter used against the yellow
background shall be black. The colors shall be those of opaque
glossy samples.
4. Exit Signs. Exit signs, when required, shall be lettered in

legible red letters, not less than 6 inches high, on a white field and
the principal stroke of the letters shall be at least three-fourths in
width.
5. Safety Instructions Signs. Safety instruction signs, when

used, shall be with green upper panel with white letters to convey
the principal message. Any additional wording on the sign shall be
black letters on the white background. 6.
6. Directional Signs. Directional signs, other than automotive

traffic signs specified in the paragraph below, shall be white with a
black panel and white directional symbol.
Any wording on the sign shall be black letters on the white
background.
7. Traffic Signs. Construction areas shall be posted with legible
traffic signs at point hazard. All traffic control signs or devices used
for protection of construction workers shall conform to
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards.
8. Accidental Prevention Tags. Accident prevention tags shall

be used as temporary means of warning of an existing hazard
such as defected tools, equipment’s, etc.
They shall not be used in place of, or as a substitute for, accident
prevention signs.
Specifications for accident prevention tags similar as shown below
shall apply.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Here are the types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use for
safety purposes:
A. Face protection
Goggles and face protection must be used when at risk from
flying particles, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids and
chemical gases. There are various goggles for face protection with
certain design criteria for safety.
B. Foot Protection
Safety shoes with impact protection are used in work areas
where heavy objects or tools could be accidentally dropped on the
feet.
Safety shoes with puncture protection are required when working
around nails, wire tacks, scrap metals and other objects that could
fierce the feet.
C. Hand Protection
Gloves are required to protect your hands from cuts, scrapes,
punctures, burns, chemical absorption, and exhaust temperatures.
It is crucial that the type of glove being used is the right one for
the job.
D. Hearing Protection
Appropriate ear muffs or ear plugs must be made available as a
last resort if it is not possible to make the workplace less noisy.
The requirement is a small part of the occupational noise exposure
standard which requires employers to ensure that workers are
exposed to less than 90 decibels of noise over an 8 hour period.
E. Respirators
Appropriate respirators must be worn as a last resort if it is not
possible
Occupation Health and Safety (OHS) Procedures for

controlling hazards and risks.
1. Conduct a hazard assessment like

 Survey workplace to identify hazards (put them in writing)
 Determine whether any hazard required Personal Protective
Equipment.
 Pay attention to working conditions that can produce hazards
 Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new
equipment is installed
2. Select appropriate equipment. Ensure that all Personal
Protective Equipment used is the right kind of equipment for the
job, and is maintained properly
3. Have knowledge on the following:
 Which PPE is necessary
 How to identify if it fits properly
 How to put on, remove, adjust and wear Personal Protective
Equipment
(PPE)
 How to dispose of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 The limitation of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Procedure in dealing with workplace, accidents, fire and

Emergencies
A. Dealing with Accidents
1. Keep calm, don’t panic and study the situation.
2. Report immediately to your teacher
3. Apply first aid to the victim while waiting for a nurse or a
physician
4. Bring the patient to the nearest clinic or hospital
B. Dealing with Fire

1. Do not panic, stay calm.
2. Call the attention of everybody.
3. Use your firefighting equipment to control extinguish the fire.
4. Call the office or the fire station
C. Dealing with Emergencies

1. Stay calm and study the situation.
2. Call the attention of your teacher.
Maintain occupational health and safety awareness
Which is an Ideal Working Station?

What is 5S?
The 5Ss are Japanese words that start with letter S. But in
the Philippines, some thought of 5 English words that all begin
with letter S which is equivalent to these Japanese words; it is
therefore necessary to remember the Japanese’ 5Ss. What is
important aside from retaining this into our minds is to make it
part of our daily habit.
Below are the 5Ss and their English equivalent:
5Ss is not simply a list of action items. It is an integrated concept

of action, condition and culture. The nature and implication of
each S needs to be understood as follows:
1. SEIRI (SORT) is an Action to identify and eliminate all

unnecessary items from your workplace.
2. SEITON (SYSTEMATIZE) is an ACTION to put every necessary
items in good order.
3. SEISO (SWEEP) is an ACTION to clean your workplace
thoroughly.
4. SIEKETSU (SANITIZE) is a CONDITION where high standard of
good housekeeping is maintained so that there is no dust and rust
anywhere.
5. SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE) is a CONDITION where all
members practice accordingly. It is a CULTURE.
How to practice 5Ss?

1. SEIRI (SORT) means “take out unnecessary items and dispose’
Step 1 – Look around your workplace. Discover and identify items
which are unnecessary to your work. Then, dispose all
unnecessary items.
“NEVER KEEP ANYTHING WHICH IS UNNECESSARY TO YOUR
WORK.”
Step 2 – If you cannot decide whether an item is necessary or
not, put
“DISPOSAL NOTICE” with the data on the item and set item aside.
Step 3 – After a period, say two months, check if someone has
the item or not. If no one needed the item, that means the item is
not needed for your work.
Note: Disposal can be done in either of the following ways:
1. Sell it to outside of the workplace.

2. Move to other department/section where the item is needed.
3. Throw it away, dispose as garbage.
4. In disposing the belongings, it is better to make people know
who has the authority for disposal.
5. It is also better to make people know where to return excessive
stock of materials and supplies.
6. While looking around for unnecessary items in your workplace,
look at every nook like when you are looking for cockroaches. It
will be a bonus to you if you find some useful items.
2. SEITON (SYSTEMATIZE) means “Arrange necessary items in
good order to use”
Step 1.Make sure that all unnecessary items are eliminated from
your workplace.
Step 2.Decide with your workmates which things to put when
taking into account the flow of your work. The principle is to put
most frequently needed items close to the user so as to minimize
the movement of the person. Things which are not so often used
could not be placed slightly further away.
Step 3. It is necessary to make sure that everyone at your
workplace knows what is kept for efficient use. Make a list of
things with location and put it in a locker or cabinet. Label each
drawer/cabinet to show what is kept inside.
Note:
The object of SEITON (SYSTEMATIZED) is to make your workplace
a safe and efficient place to work in.
3. SEISO (SWEEP) means “Clean your workplace”. There is a very

strong correlation between quality of products and cleanliness of
the workplace where products are manufactured. Accordingly,
SEISO (SWEEP) should be practiced every day, and sometimes,
even during the day.
The following are suggested for your SEISO (SWEEP) operation:

1. Do not wait until things get dirty. Clean your workplace,
including machines, equipment, tools and furniture regularly so
that they do not have chance to get dirty.
2. Put things inside for 3 minutes every day.
3. You and your workmates should be responsible for the dirty
works around you. The janitors or sweepers will look after the
common areas only.
4. Never throw anything and make it your habit.
5. Cleaning is also checking.
4. SEIKETSU (SANITIZE) means” Maintain high standard of
housekeeping”. So as not to waste your effort, do not stop after
implementing initial 3Ss.
The following are suggested for your SEIKETSU (SANITIZE)

operation:
1. Create a maintenance system for housekeeping. Make a
schedule of cleaning for your workplace.
2. Interdepartmental competition is a very effective means of
sustaining and enhancing people’s interest on 5Ss.
Note:
1. Indicate the names of the persons responsible for the work area
and for the machine.
2. Regular inspection and evaluation on the level of 4Ss by each
work are necessary.
3. Do not criticize poor cases, but also praise and commend good
practices or good performances.
5. SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE) means “Do things

spontaneously without being told or ordered.” It is to make every
one practice 4Ss spontaneously and willingly as habit or way of
life. There is no other way to foster such culture than practicing
4Ss regularly until such time when everyone becomes fond of
5Ss.
To help such corporate culture conducive to 5Ss, the following

need to be emphasized:
1. Treat your workplace as your own home.
2. You are spending most of your “WAKING TIME” at your
workplace than at home.
3. Your workplace is an important place where to make income for
yourself and your family.
4. Make your workplace as clean and comfortable as your home.
Note:
In enhancing SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE) of workers in a
workplace, the rules of management are very important. People
with managerial duties should be worthy of respect and emulation.
What can an individual gain from the 5Ss?

1. The 5Ss makes your workplace more pleasant. In practicing
5Ss, you have to start from discussing and agreeing what to put
for efficient use by everyone.
With your workmates, you have to clean the workplace. Such
human relation and working environment will make you and your
workplace pleasant.
2. The 5Ss makes your work more efficient. If you have to look for
something and take so much time finding it, you are not only
wasting your time but also wasting your energy and moral.
On the other hand, if everything at your workplace is arranged in

proper order and readily available for use; your work flow will
always be very smooth. It improves not only your efficiency but
also improves the rhythm of your work and the more you will
enjoy it. If you have a work, better to enjoy it.
3. The 5Ss improves your safety. A clear and tidy working

environment where everything is properly placed, where clear
instructions are readily available, and where no one throws
anything is safer place to work in.
Practicing 5Ss improves your own safety. You can enjoy your work
more with less risk.
4. The 5Ss improves quality of your work and your products.
People affect environment. On the other hand, the environment
also affects people. If you are accustomed to work in a clear and
tidy environment, you can develop your sensitivity so that you can
feel and identify any defect in work. On the contrary, messy and
untidy environment will adversely affect your sensitivity.
Therefore, good environment will improve the quality of your
work. It is quite natural that quality products come only from clean
and well-organized workplace.
5. The 5Ss makes a quality life of people. The process of 5Ss

requires people to think, consult and agree with others and
cooperate with each other.
At the same time, practicing the 5Ss gives people satisfaction of

being creative, friendly with others and seeing chances better.
In summary:
 5Ss improves CREATIVITY of people
 5Ss improves COMMUNICATION
 5Ss improves HUMAN RELATION among people
 5Ss enhances COMRADERSHIP among people
 5Ss gives VITALITY to people
Vitality of the people is the locomotion to move the company
forward.
A Healthy Shop Is a Safe Shop

The shop should be pleasant place where you will enjoy your
work. Large manufacturing companies have learned that the shop
accidents are greatly reduced when the shop itself is well lighted
and well-ventilated. The introduction of ventilating and blower
systems, which free the air of dust and particles of dirt, have gone
a long way toward reducing accidents. Good lighting, both natural
and artificial, likewise safeguards the worker. The healthy shop is
a safe shop. After all, the protection of health is the first rule of
“Safety First in the Shop”.
Safe Procedures
1. Control measures should be regularly reviewed through:
• Workplace communication and consultation;
• Safety and health committee meetings;
• Regular equipment and work safety checks;
• Incident, accident and near-miss records;
• Injury and lost time records; and
• Repair and maintenance reports
2. Workers should be continuously trained specifically on

information and instruction on:
• Workplace safety and health;
• Hazards and risks associated with work activities;
• Safe work practices and procedures, safe handling (including
lifting and moving), safe operation of equipment and the control
measures in place;
• Safe use of plant and associated equipment, electrical safety,
safety in confined spaces and other training required under
hazard-specific regulations;
• Safe use of hazardous substances relevant to the work to be
performed;
• Correct use, fit and care of PPE , tools and equipment and why
the equipment is needed
 Emergency and first aid procedures;
 Sun protection to prevent skin cancer;
 Fire protection;
 Information on dust, fumes and air quality; and
 Recognition of poorly ventilated areas and confined spaces .
Self-check 1.5
Reflection Paper
Instruction: Choose one picture of which you’re an Ideal Working Station and why?
Send your reflection paper (MS Word) in my email add gemamauricio@crt.edu.ph.
year))
CRT LEARNING MODULE
Course Code TLE 5
Industrial Arts
Units 3
Module Title Drafting

Welcome to the module in Drafting. This module contains training materials and
and skill in common competencies in drafting.

assistance.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete

each learning outcome of the module. Each of the learning outcomes is provided with
Modules. Follow these activities on your own and answer the self-check at the end of
each learning outcome. You may remove a blank answer sheet at the end of each
module (or get the answer sheets from the online facilitator) to write the answers for
each self-check. If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for
assistance.
notes.

2 Drafting  Perform Module 1.1
Mensuration
and Module 1.2
Calculation
 Interpret
Technical Module 1.3
Drawings
and Plans
Module 1.4
 Draft
Architectural
Layout and
Details
 Draft
Electrical
and
Electronic
Layout and
Details
MODULE CONTENT
MODULE TITLE : Drafting
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes in drafting. It is important
to have basic knowledge and skills in drawing because this can be used or applied
construction to be undertaken. This is also designed to teach students how to interpret
simple working drawing.
Number of Hours:
6 hours (2 weeks)
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Compute the excel problem of unit conversion and area of geometric figures.
2. Create a power point presentation with the images of their floor plan and electrical
layout.
REFERENCES:
https://www.roomsketcher.com/floor-plans/
http://shsph.blogspot.com/2016/06/drafting-learning-modules.html
LEARNING OUTCOME # 1: COMPUTATION OF UNIT CONVERSION
AND AREA OF GEOMETRIC FIGURES
Contents:
1. Perform mensuration and calculation

Assessment Criteria
1. Computation should accurate and clear answer.
2. Computation should well prepared and organize.
3. Computation should have table.
Conditions

2. Laptop or gadget
3. Gmail Account
5. Microsoft Excel
Assessment Method:
Excel Computation of unit conversion and area of geometric figures

1. Using EDMODO app on your phone or the website on your laptop, go to the
Introduction of Industrial Arts class.
3. Click the folder MODULE 2: Drafting. The digitized Modules, Task Sheets and Job
Learning Outcome #2
1. Excel Computation of unit and Area of Geometric Figures

1. Read Module No. 1.1 (perform Contained in the Module 2: Drafting folder in
mensuration and calculation) EDMODO (Module 1.1)
MODULE 1.1
PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

1. Identify the different geometric figures.

2. Convert unit of measurement from one form to another.
3. Carry out measurement and calculation.
GEOMETRIC FIGURES
The geometric figures commonly used in drawing pictures are
lines, angles, triangles, quadrilaterals, regular polygons, circles and
arcs and solids.
LINE. A line is a set of points. A portion of the line between two

distinct points is a called a line segment.
The following are the different kinds of lines.
1. Straight line. It is the shortest distance between two points.

2. Parallel lines. These are lines on the same plane which will
not meet no matter how long you extend them.
3. Perpendicular lines. These are two intersecting lines which
form right angles.
ANGLE. An angle is a figure formed by two rays with common end
point.
Angles are classified according to their measures. The following

are the different kinds of angles.
1. Straight angle. It is an angle whose measure is 1800.
2. Right angle. It is an angle whose measure is 900.
3 Acute angle. It is an angle whose measure is less than 900.
4. Obtuse angle. It is an angle whose measure is more than 900

but less than 1800.
5. Complementary angles. These are two angles whose sum

measures 900.
6. Supplementary angles. These are two angles whose sum

measures 1800.
POLYGON. A polygon is a closed figure formed by line segments
intersecting at end points. The line segments are called sides of
the polygon. Polygon is classified according to the number of
sides.
The following are the different kinds of polygon.
1. Triangle. It is a three-sided polygon. The different kinds of

triangles are as follows:
a. Equilateral has all three sides equal.

b. Isosceles has two of the sides equal.
c. Scalene has three sides of unequal length.
d. Right is where one of the angles is a right angle
2. Quadrilateral. It is a four sided polygon.
The different kinds of quadrilaterals are as follows:

a. Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite
sides parallel and equal.
b. Rectangle is a parallelogram with a right angle.
c. Square is a rectangle with four equal sides.
d. Rhombus is a parallelogram with a right.
e. Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides
parallel in which one of them is longer than the other.
f. Isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with its nonparallel sides
equal.
g. Trapezium is a quadrilateral with no parallel sides and no
equal angles.
3. Pentagon. It is a five-sided polygon. If all the sides and angles

of the pentagon are equal, it is a regular pentagon. The measure
of each included angle is 1080.
4. Hexagon. It is polygon with six sides. If all the sides and

angles are equal, it is a regular hexagon. The measure of each
included angle of a regular hexagon is1200.
5. Heptagon. It is a polygon with seven sides. If all the sides and
angles are equal, it is a regular heptagon and the measure of each
angle is approximately equal to 128.560.
6. Octagon. It is a polygon with eight sides. If all the sides and

angles are equal, it is a regular octagon and the measure of each
angle is 1350.
7. Nonagon. It is a polygon with nine sides. If all the sides and

angles are equal, it is a regular nonagon and the measure of each
angle is 1400.
8. Decagon. It is a polygon with ten sides. If all the sides and

angles are equal, it is a regular decagon and the measure of each
angle is 1440.
CIRCLE. A circle is a closed curve, all points are equally distant

from the center. An arc is a portion of the circumference of the
circle.
The following are terms related to a circle or parts of a circle.

1. Concentric circles consist of two or more circles with a
2. Eccentric circles are circles having no common center.
3. Ellipse is an oblique circle with two axes, the minor axis and
the major axis.
4. Radius is a line segment from the center to any point on the
circle.
5. Chord is a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
6. Diameter is a chord that passes through the center.
7. Sector is a portion of a circle bounded by two radii and the
intercepted arc.
8. Segment is a portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a
chord.
9. Circumference is the distance around the circle. The
circumference is equal to the diameter multiplied by 3.1416.
10. Quadrant is one-fourth of the entire area of the circle.
SOLID. A solid is a three-dimensional figure. The three

dimensions are the length, width and height.
The following are the different kinds of solids.
1. Sphere is a three dimensional figure whose points are located

at a constant distance away from the center.
2. Prism is a three dimensional figure with a polygonal base and
triangular lateral faces.
3. Cube is a prism whose faces are congruent squares. An

example of a cube is a dice.
4. Cylinder is a solid figure with two circular bases in parallel

plane and parallel line segments connecting to these bases. An
example of a cylinder is a tin can.
5. Cone is solid figure with a circular base and a surface formed

by line segments joining every point on the edge of the base to a
common point in a parallel plane.
6. Tetrahedron is a solid figure composed of four equilateral

triangles.
7. Dodecahedron is a solid figure bounded by twelve equal

regular pentagons.
8. Icosahedron is a solid figure bounded by twenty equilateral

triangles.
Measuring Tools used for the purpose of measuring dimensions,

measuring tools are imperative for implementing any work with
precision. The measuring tools are also used largely for carrying
out different types of measurements.
Importance of measuring tools

Measuring tools are essential for examining a finished product or
semi- finished product. The inspection or examination operations
include checking, or testing an object based on the required
dimensions given on a diagram or a sketch. Again the
measurements taken must be accurate.
Types of measuring tools

Ruler
-Also called as “line gauge”
- An instrument used in geometry, technical drawing,
printing, engineering and building to measure distances or to
rule straight lines.
T-Square
- A technical drawing instrument used by draftsmen primarily
as a guide for drawing horizontal lines
Protractor
-A measuring instrument, typically made of transparent
plastic or glass, for measuring angles. Most protractors
measure angles in degrees (°).
Triangular Scale
-is used in general drawing. Its main purpose is to reproduce
the dimension in full size or to reduce or enlarge them on a
drawing.
Triangles
-Used to project lines from a horizontal base
 30 x 60 Triangle
 45 x 45 Triangle
Tape or tape ruler
- is a concave, spring-steel blade ranging from 1/4" to 1"

wide and 6 to about 300 feet in length, coiled inside a carrying
case. Metric tape ruler comes in comparable widths and lengths up
to 10 meters. It provides an easy means for accurately measuring
curved surfaces.
How to Take Care of Drafting Measuring Tools
Tools will last longer when properly kept and maintained. A good
worker or draftsman keeps and takes care of these tools. The
following are some pointers:
1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if

they are in working condition. This can be detected when there is
ease and speed when in use.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth. Wipe it

dry with another piece of cloth before keeping it.
3. When not in use, the T-square is preferably hung by inserting

the hole to a nail (attached to a wall) at the end of its blade.
4. Do not abuse or misuse any piece of drawing instruments.
5. Avoid throwing tool to anybody instead hand it over
6. Avoid setting off the distances individually by moving the scale

to a new position each time, because slight errors in the
measurements may accumulate and give rise to a large error.
7. Avoid unnecessary sliding of T-square or triangles across the

drawing. Pick up the triangle by their tips and tilt the T-square
blade upward slightly before moving.
8. Report defective tool and any hazard to instructor immediately.
Formulas for Computing Volume, Area and Perimeter of a

Plane and Geometric Figures
Using the precise measuring tools and accurate formulas,
computing for volume, area and perimeter of a plane and
geometric figures can be attained.
Example No. 1
Compute the volume of a rectangular prism with the given

dimensions.
V= HxWxL
Given
H = 3.00 m
W = 5.00 m
L = 10.00 m
Solution:
V = HxWxL
= 3.00 x 5.00 x 10.00
V = 150.00 cu.m
Example No. 2
Compute the volume of a cylinder with the given dimensions.
V = ∏r2h where r is the radius of the cylinder and h is its height.
Given
r = 2.50 m
h = 10.00 m
Solution:
V = ∏r2h
= (3.1416)(2.50)2(10.00)
= (3.1416)(6.25)(10.00)
= (19.635)(10.00)
V = 196.35 m3
Example No. 3
Compute the area of a rectangle with the given dimensions.
Given: W= 8m L=12m
Solution:
A=LxW
= 6.00m x 3.00m
= 18.00 m2
TRADE MATHEMATICS/MEASUREMENT
The word measurement comes from the Greek word

"metron," meaning limited proportion. The metre (U.S.: meter)
was standardized as the unit for length after the French
Revolution, and it has been adopted throughout the world. Metric
scale is applied when the meter is used for linear measurement.
Accurate measurement is essential in many fields, and since all
measurements are necessarily approximations, a great deal of
effort must be taken to make measurements as accurate as
possible.
Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed.
Inaccurate measurement would mean waste of time, effort and
materials. The development of the skill in measuring starts with
the ability to read measurements.
Two systems of measurement
There are two systems of measurement: the English system which

originated in England and the Metric system or Systems
International (S.I) which originated in France.
The basic unit in the S.I. measurement is called the meter. The
meter is divided into 100 centimeters. Each centimeter is divided
into 10 millimeters. They are abbreviated as follows:
Millimeters- mm
Centimeters- cm
Decimeters- dm
Meters- m
In the English system, the inch is divided into 16 graduations and

the smallest graduation is read 1/16
To read measurement exceeding 1 inch say 2” and for smaller

graduations, it is read and written as: 2 4/16 or 2 1⁄4.
1 Foot + 2 inches + 3 smaller graduations, it is read and written
as: 14 3/16
In the S.I measurement, the meter is divided into 10 millimeters.
As shown below:
UNIT OF CONVERSION
System International (SI) to English

1 meter = 39.37
= 3.28083 Feet
0. 3048 meter = 1 Foot
1 centimeters = 0.3937 inch
2.54 Centimeters = 1 inch
1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch
2.54 millimeter = 1 inch
1 Kilometer = 1093.61 yards
COVERSION FROM INCHES TO METER
A simple guide is adopted so that anybody could easily determine

the equivalent values of the English to metric system or vice versa.
Example:
1. To convert meter to feet, divide the length by .30
say 6.0m = 20 ft.
.30
2. To convert feet to meter, multiply by .30
say 30ft x .30 =9.0 meters
3. To convert inches to meter, follow the additional conversion

table below:
1inch = .25m
2 inches= .050m
3inches = .075m
4inches = .10m
Self-check 1.1
Convert the given unit and compute the area of the geometric figures and send to my
email add gemamauricio@crt.edu.ph with solution.
year))
A.
1. 25mm – inches
2. 2kl – yards
3. 10m – feet
4. 30ft – m
5. 60 inches – feet
B.
6. Compute the volume of a cylinder with the given dimension.
10m
30m
7. Compute the area of a trapezoid with the given dimension.

8cm
10cm
6cm
8. Compute the volume of a rectangular prism with the given dimensions.

LEARNING OUTCOME # 2: POWER POINT PRESENTATION
Contents:
1. Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans

2. Draft Architectural Layout and Details
3. Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details
Assessment Criteria
1. Power point presentation be visually appealing.
2. Power point presentation should have images of their drawing of orthographic,

isometric drawing, pictorial drawing, floor plan and electrical plan.
3. Power point presentation should arrange and organize properly.
Conditions

2. Laptop or gadget
3. Gmail Account
5. Microsoft Power point
6. Bond paper
7. Pen, eraser and pencil
8. Ruler and triangle
Assessment Method:
Submission of Power point

common Competencies in Industrial Arts class.
Learning Outcome #2
1. Power point Presentation

1. Read Module No. 1.2 (Interpret Contained in the Module 2: Drafting folder in
Technical Drawings and Plans) EDMODO (Module 1.2)
3. Read Module No. 1.3 (Draft Contained in the Module 2: Drafting folder in
Architectural Layout and Details) EDMODO (Module 1.3)
Electrical and Electronic Layout and EDMODO (Module 1.4)
Details)
Contents:
1. Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans

2. Draft Architectural Layout and Details
3. Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details
Assessment Criteria
Conditions

2. Laptop or gadget
3. Gmail Account
Assessment Method:

Learning Outcome #2
1. Read Module No. 1.2 (Interpret Contained in the Module 2: Drafting folder in
Technical Drawings and Plans) EDMODO (Module 1.2)
Architectural Layout and Details) EDMODO (Module 1.3)
Electrical and Electronic Layout and EDMODO (Module 1.4)
Details)
MODULE 1.2
Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans
1. Analyze signs, symbols and data.
2. Interpret technical drawings and plans.
3. Create orthographic, isometric and pictorial drawing.
ALPHABET OF LINES
Alphabet of lines are set of conventional line symbols which

have different weights, thickness, forms and uses.
OBJECT OR VISIBLE LINE

Thick, dark line used to show the outline of the object. Define
features you can see in a particular view
CONSTRUCTION LINE
Lines that are very light and very thin use to construct layout
work
DIMENSION LINE
Thin and dark lines use to show the size (span) of an object
with a numeric value. Usually terminates with arrowheads or tick
markings.
HIDDEN LINE
Short dash lines use to show non visible surfaces that are not
visible in orthographic view. Usually shows as medium thickness.
CENTER LINE
Long and shot dash lines. Usually indicates center of holes,
circles and arcs. Line is thin and dark.
EXTENSION LINE
A light line that extends from the edge or end of a main
object line on a drawing, used in conjunction with dimension lines
to help determine the dimension of a particular feature.
CUTTING PLANE LINE
It is extra thick line use to show cutaway views or plane of
projection where a section view is taken. Arrow indicates direction
of view.
LEADER LINE
A thin line used to connect a dimension line with a particular
area or point on the drawing. It is also use to show notes or
labels.
PHANTOM LINE
Long line followed by two short dashes use to show alternate
position of a moving part.
SHORT-BREAK LINE
Thick wavy line that is used to break the edge of a surface of
a part for clarity on a hidden surface.
LONG-BREAK LINE
Long, thin lines that is used to show that the middle section
of an object has been removed so it can be drawn on a smaller
piece of paper
Early Technical Drawing
Perhaps the earliest known technical drawing in existence is a
plan view of a fortress designed and engraved on a stone tablet by
the Chaldean engineer named Gudea. It is remarkable how similar
this plan is to those made by modern architects, although it was
“drawn” thousands of years before paper was invented.
Modern Technical Drawing
The first printed form of technical drawing was the
Geometrical
Drawing published in 1849 by William Minifie. In 1876 the
blueprint process was introduced at the Philadelphia Centennial
Exposition. Up to this time, the graphic language is considered
more or less an art.
Some works were characterized by fine line drawings which
were made to resemble copper-plate engraved while others, by
the use of shade lines and water color “washes.” These technique
become unnecessary after the introduction of blueprinting. This
was the beginning of modern technical drawing. The graphic
language now became a relatively exact method of representation.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
An orthographic projection is a representation of separate
views of an object on a two-dimensional surface. It reveals the
width, depth and height of an object.
The projection is achieved by viewing the object from a point
assumed to be at infinity (an indefinitely great distance away). The
line of sight or projectors are parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of projection.
Three plane of projection
One can develop the skill in visualizing the views of an object by

imagining that the object is enclosed in a “glass box”. Each face of
the object is viewed perpendicularly to the projection plane. The
views are obtained by projecting the lines of sight to each plane of
the glass box. Since the glass box have six sides, six views of the
object can be seen.
Frontal Plane. The projection shown in the frontal plane is

called front view or front elevation.
Horizontal Plane. The projection shown in this plane is called

top view or plan view.
Profile Plane. A projection at this plane is called the side view or

end view, or side or end elevation.
Orthographic Projection
1. Prepare the following tools and materials.
- T-square
- Triangle (30x60 & 45x45)
- French curve
- Compass
- Pencil
- Technical pen
- Drawing paper
- Eraser
- Masking tape
2. Procedures in constructing orthographic projection. To draw
orthographic views of the given pictorial drawing, first determine
the number of views needed, then decide which surface will
become the front view. Establish the space needed between views
for dimensioning and calculate the center of the drawing. Then
proceed to the following steps.
Step1. Draw the vertical and two horizontal axis with at least 2cm
or more apart
Step 2. Indicate or supply marking lines according to the given

dimension of the width of the top view, height of the front and
depth of the top view.
Step 3. Construct the enclosing box of the top view and front view
by projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically.
Step 4. Construct diagonal line at 450 angle using 450 x 450

triangle from the upper right corner of the enclosing box of the
front view.
Step 5. Project down the two intersecting points to get the width
of the right side view and to form its enclosing box
Step 6. Divide proportioning distance of top view and front view by
indicating marking lines
Step 7.Draw the details of top view, front view, and right side view
by projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically
Step 8. Darken the final edges of the top view, front view, and
right side view
Step 9. Divide the space provided for dimensioning by indicating
marking lines
Step 10. Draw the line for dimension and extension lines by
projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically, and supply
arrows on the tip end of dimension lines
Step 11 Indicate both detail and overall numerical dimension.

Step12. Label the top, front and right side views, finally erase the
construction lines.
Isometric pictorial drawing
1. Prepare the following tools and materials
- T-square
- Triangle (30x60 & 45x45)
- Compass
- Pencil
- Technical pen
- Drawing paper
- Eraser
- Masking tape
Steps in isometric drawing
1. Draw the three isometric axes using 30 x 60 triangle

2. From the given orthographic views indicate the measurements
of the width, height and length on the isometric axes.
3. Draw the isometric box and complete the construction lines.
4. Darken the edges/ contour of the object, and apply shading if

required.
PICTORIAL DRAWING
Pictorial drawings are important elements of working drawing
because they show the graphic representation of an object as it
appears on the observer’s eyes.
Even a person who has no technical knowledge in technical

drawing, can easily understand the object being presented in the
drawing.
Cabinet- refers to measurements of width and height in full size

while its depth or length is one half
Two common types of perspective pictorial drawing
Parallel or one point perspective
Angular or two point perspective

Note:
A perspective can be identifies as:

MODULE 1.3
DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT AND DETAILS
1. Interpret, identify tools and materials used in working
drawings.
2. Understand the standard procedure in lay outing and detailing
architectural working plans and drawings.
3. Create their own floor plan and elevation plan.
ARCHITECTURAL WORKING DRAWINGS
The architectural working drawings together with the

specifications are the most important parts of the documents
constituting the contract. Information on the designs, locations,
and dimensions of the elements of a building is found on the
architectural working drawings while information on the quality of
materials and workmanship is found in the specifications.
A good architectural working drawing gives the contractor
the exact information he needs. It should be clear, simple, and
orderly arranged, and accurately drawn so that scaled
measurements will match with dimensions.
The finished drawings made by the architect, or draftsman
and used by the contractor are called architectural working
drawings. The architectural working drawings, together with the
specifications and the general conditions, form the legal contract
between the owner and the contractor. Since the working
drawings are a major portion of the contract documents, they
should be very carefully drawn.
Elements of Architectural working drawing
A complete architectural working drawing of a house generally

includes the following:
1. Architectural sheets
PERSPECTIVE is the view as seen by the eyes or it shows the
appearance of the finished building. This drawing represents the
actual form of the proposed building.
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN is the outline and measurements of

the proposed building and its placement on the property. It shows
the position and the location of the building with property line,
setbacks, approaches, grade contours, landscape and other
pertinent data in relation to the site. A site development plan is
drawn using a scale not smaller than
1:200meters.
LOCATION PLAN is the top view of the site or lot where the
proposed house will be built. It shows the position of the house
inside the lot, the number of the adjacent lots, streets or lanes
before or beside the lot, and the North sign. The location plan is
usually located near the title block. The main line symbol of the
North sign is generally parallel to the side border line of the
drawing paper and points upward.
SAMPLE BLUEPRINT OF A ONE-STOREY HOUSE

Title Page and Index generally includes title block, table of
contents, labels, and the name of the duly licensed and registered
Geodetic Engineer who approves the lot survey plans.
Title Block in House Plan
The title block in house plans includes the following information:
1. Owner’s name
2. Location or address of the proposed house
3. Lot and block numbers
4. Signature of architect or civil engineer who approves the plan
5. Draftsman’s name or initials
6. Date when plan was drawn or completed
7. Scale as shown
(See title block in sheet #1)
ELEVATION is the front or side view of a building. It shows the

design of the house, height dimension, materials finish and
complete information on specification.
Floor Plans
A floor plan is a type of drawing that shows you the layout of

a home or property from above. Floor plans typically illustrate the
location of walls, windows, doors, and stairs, as well as fixed
installations such as bathroom fixtures, kitchen cabinetry, and
appliances. Floor plans are usually drawn to scale and will indicate
room types, room sizes, and wall lengths. They may also show
furniture layouts and include outdoor areas.
b. Doors and windows symbols that are shown in the floor plan.
Why are Floor Plans Important?

Floor plans are important to show the relationship between
rooms and spaces, and to communicate how one can move
through a property. Floor plans are an essential part of real estate
marketing and home design, home building, interior design and
architecture projects. Creating a floor plan is the best way to start
a home design project of any sort.
You can use a floor plan to communicate your ideas more
clearly as well as to show the potential of a layout. Creating a
before and after floor plan is an excellent way to demonstrate the
scale and scope of a project to a home builder or contractor, which
will help you to get better and more accurate pricing.
Floor plans are also critical for creating furniture layouts so
that you know what items will fit and which won’t. This will save
you time and effort when moving, setting up a new home or office
space and it can help you to avoid making expensive mistakes.
Some common uses for floor plans include selling a home,
creating real estate listings, illustrating new-built homes, and
planning home improvement and home renovation projects.
Example of floor Plan
SECTION is the view showing the inside part of the building
either in cross- section or longitudinal section.
ROOF PLAN is one showing the outline of the roof and the major
object lines indicating ridges, valleys, hips, and openings.
REFLECTED CEILING PLAN is the complete plan design of

house ceiling.
BALUSTER DETAIL is the detail of the vertical railing along a

staircase or balcony railing.
Doors and Windows Schedule, Detail of kitchen, and Detail

of Toilet and Bath
DOORS and WINDOWS SCHEDULE is a complete specification

of doors and windows in terms of width, height, types, materials
and quantity.
KITCHEN DETAIL is a drawing of kitchen floor plan with

complete specifications.
TOILET and BATH DETAIL is a drawing of toilet and the floor

plan that shows complete features of toilet and bath.
ARCHITECTURAL ABBREVIATIONS:
2. Structural Sheet
FOUNDATION PLAN a structural excavation plan of footings and

walls of a building.
ROOF FRAMING PLAN a structural framing plan of the roof plan

with complete specification.
TRUSS DETAIL a complete structural detail of a common or

typical truss of a building.
COLUMN/FOOTING/BEAM SCHEDULE a complete

specification of column, footings, and beam in terms of sizes,
materials and quantity.
FOOTINGS a part of foundation directly supporting the column or
post of a house. A detail drawing of building footings with specific
requirements.
CONSTRUCTION NOTES a sub-complete detail of wall footings,

lintels, beams, and other required structural features to present in
the plan.
GENERAL NOTES a complete specification and legend of

structural features presented in the plan.
3. Plumbing Plan/Layout
Plumbing Plan is the complete drawing detail of water and

sewage distribution.
Water System Plan is the drawing of flow of water in the house

from main water source.
Sewage System Plan is the drawing flow of sewage from the

house to main canal and septic tank.
Storm Drainage System shows the flow of water waste from

the lavatory, floor drain, and downspout from roof to storm
drainage.
Septic Tank it is the depository of human excreta and a drainage

reservoir for all washing done in the kitchen and bathroom. The
main section of septic tank is the digestive chamber and the
leaching well.
4. Electrical Plan
Electrical Plan a plan consists of lighting plan, power layout and

specification details of the house.
Lighting layout an electrical plan that shows the flow of house

lightings
Power & auxiliary layout an electrical plan that shows the flow
of convenience outlet and other auxiliary outlet in the floor plan.
MODULE 1.4
Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details
1. Explain the different rules in electrical plan.
2. Identify the different diagram and symbols.
3. Create their own electrical plan.
Electrical diagrams and symbols

The use of graphic symbols on electrical and electronic diagrams
to show the components and workings in a circuit is very
important. Graphic symbols are shorthand ways of showing how a
circuit works or how the parts of the circuit are connected.
Electrical symbols are used to represent actual electrical
components on drawings. Graphic symbols are usually drawn on
single-line (one-line) diagrams, on schematic diagrams, or on
connection or wiring diagrams. By marking the symbols, you can
relate with parts, list, descriptions, or instructions of electrical
plans and layouts.
Electrical Legend
Electrical Notes and Specifications
1. The electrical works shall comply with all the provisions of the
Philippine Electrical Code and with the rules and regulations of
local power company.
2. Unless otherwise specified, wiring shall be done with PVC pipe

or local made; minimum size shall be 1⁄2 "Ø trade sizes.
3. Electric meters installed by the power utility company are

supplied and installed by the power utility company.
4. The Philippine Electrical Code provides that only professional

engineers can sign electrical plans.
5. Samples of materials to be used shall be submitted to the
construction engineering office for approval before execution of
the work.
6. Smallest size of the wire to be used shall be 12TW wire unless

otherwise specified.
7. The minimum size of electric wire for service entrance is

number 8 AWG.
Lighting
Planning for sufficient lighting involves the light, eye and the
object. Whether planning lighting for a residence or for a large
commercial building, the same design factors must be considered.
One must consider how much light is needed, what type has the
best quality and how should the light be distributed.
Types of Light Source
1. Incandescent lamps are comprised basically of a sealed glass

containing a filament connected at its ends to the contact area in
the base, thereby completing an electric circuit. They provide
small, concentrated glow of light.
Kinds of Incandescent Lamps
1. Inside frosted bulbs are used to disperse light evenly.
2. White bulbs are used for soft light
3. Silver-bowl bulbs are used to direct light upward
4. Outdoor projector bulb is used as spotlight or floodlight
5. Colored bulbs are used for decorative effects
2. Electric discharge lamps are lighting device consisting of a

transparent container within which gas is energized by an applied
voltage and thereby made to glow.
Kinds of Electric Discharge Lamps
 Fluorescent is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to

excite mercury vapor to produce short-wave ultraviolet light that is
more evenly distributed than an incandescent lamp.
 Neon – vapor lamps are used in street and windows signs
 Mercury - vapor lamps are the cheapest among the high

intensity discharge (HID) lamps used as residential light
 High/Low Pressure Sodium vapor lamps are used in

outdoors or on street lamps and the most economical in power
consumption.
Electrical Fixtures
The average two-bedroom home should have between 24 and 35

light fixtures. It should also have from 16 to 20 floor, table or wall
lamps.
There are three groups of light fixtures namely, ceiling fixtures,

wall fixtures and portable plug-ins.
General Rules to Observe in Illumination Planning
1. The kitchen requires a high level of general lighting from ceiling

fixtures. Specific lighting for all work areas includes, range, sink,
tables, and counters.
2. The bathroom requires a high level of general lighting from

ceiling fixtures. The mirror should have lights on two sides. The
shower and water closet should have a recessed, vapor proof light.
3. The living room requires a low-level of general lighting but

should have specific lighting for areas for reading, and other visual
tasks. Decorative lighting can also be used.
4. The bedroom requires a low level of general lighting but should

have specific lighting for reading in bed on both sides of the
dressing-table mirror. The dressing area requires high level of
general lighting.
Children’s bedroom requires a high level of general lighting.
Closets should have a fixture placed high at the front.
5. The dining area requires low level of general lighting with local
lighting over the dining table.
6. The entrance and hallway require a high level of general and

decorative lighting.
7. Traffic areas require a high level of general lighting for safety.
8. Television viewing requires a very low level of general lighting.
Television should not be viewed in the dark because the strong

contrasts of dark room and bright screen are tiring to the eyes.
9. Reading and desk areas require a high level of general light and
specific light that is diffused and glareless. There should be no
shadow.
10. Outdoor lighting is accomplished by waterproof floodlights and

spotlights. Extensive outdoor lighting will provide convenience,
beauty and safety. Areas that could be illuminated are the
landscaping, game areas, barbecue area, patio, garden, front of
picture window, pools and driveways.
Components of an Electrical System
The components of an electrical system can be arranged in 3

major categories:
1. Wiring includes conductors and raceways of all types.
2. Power handling equipment
a. transformers
b. switchboards
c. panel boards
d. large switches
e. circuit breakers
3. Utilization equipment, includes lighting, motors, controls and

wiring devices.
Wiring
Electrical systems in buildings are usually divided into two parts:

service and branch circuits.
Service parts include all the wiring and apparatus needed to bring
electricity into building. Branch circuits distribute the electricity
throughout the structure.
Wire used in both service and branch circuit is made of one or

more strands of metal, either copper or aluminum and covered
with a flexible plastic insulation. The size of the wire used in an
electric circuit depends on the current to be carried by the circuit.
Conductors
In science and engineering, an electrical conductor is a material
which contains movable electric charges. In metallic conductors,
such as copper or aluminum, the movable charged particles are
electrons. Positive charges may also be mobile in the form of
atoms in a lattice that have missing electrons (known as holes), or
in the form of ions, such as in the electrolyte of a battery.
Boxes and Cabinets
Distribution box is made from either steel or plastic, which

contains a junction between several conduits. Boxes are usually of
a rectangular, octagonal, or round form having punched or knock-
out holes to fit the conduits.
Types of Boxes
1. Outlet boxes are those utilized for connection of lighting and

receptacle outlets.
2. Junction boxes are those used for junction of wires in branch

and feeder circuits.
3. Pull boxes are used for pulling of wires in branch and feeder
circuits.
Circuit Protective Devices
There are two types of circuit protective devices which are

commonly used:
1. Fuse. It is made of thin strip of metal used for safety because

when the current flowing through it becomes too high, it melts
and breaks the flow of electricity. It consists of an alloy link or wire
of relatively low melting temperature which when enclosed in an
insulating fiber tube is called a cartridge fuse, and when in a
porcelain cup is known as plug fuse.
2. Circuit breaker. It is an electromechanical device which

performs the same protective function as a fuse and also acts as a
switch. It is a reusable device that protects a circuit from
becoming overloaded
Switches
In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break

an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from
one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is a
manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets
of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two
states: either 'closed' meaning the contacts are touching and
electricity can flow between them, or 'open', meaning the contacts
are separated and non-conducting.
Switch board and switchgear
Switchboards and switchgear are free standing assembles of

switches, fuses, and/or circuit breakers which normally provide
switching and feeder protection to a number of circuits connected
to a main source.
Panel Board
A panel, or panel board, serves basically the same function as a

switchboard, except on a smaller scale, that is, it accepts a
relatively large block of power and distributes it in smaller blocks.
Panel boards may be classified as flush-type or surface-type.
Working with electrical drawings
Complete electrical plans will guarantee the installation of electrical

tools and wiring exactly as planned. If electrical plans are
incomplete and vague, the totality of the installation is largely
dependent upon the judgment of the electrician. The designer
should not rely upon the electrician to design the electrical system,
but only to install it.
Steps in Preparing the Electrical Plan
If the basic floor plan is already drawn, the designer should:
1. Determine the exact position of all appliances and lighting

fixtures on the plan.
2. Draw the electrical symbols representing the switches, outlets

and electrical devices on the floor plan.
3. Draw a line from each switch to the connecting fixture.

4. Show the position of all outlets and controls using electrical
wiring symbols, however, the entire circuit is not drawn on the
electrical plan.
5. Determine location of power source from nearest power supply

post.
6. Draw the single line riser diagram.
7. Determine the number of lighting outlets, convenience outlets

and other electrical fixtures and appliance.
8. Draw the schedule of loads and determine size of wires and

conduits.
9. Compute for total current to determine size of service drop and

sizes of wires.
10. Write electrical construction specification and other notes.
Draft electrical plans and layouts
Procedure:
1. Locate the position of electrical fixtures.
2. Determine the service position of service drop and the location

of breaker.
3. Determine and draw the locations of switches.
4. Finalize the drawing by completing the specifications for the

detailed drawing of electrical plan including the legend
Self-check 1.2
A. DRAWING AN ISOMETRIC. Draw the isometric drawing with the given

orthographic drawing and picture it and send to my email gemamauricio@crt.edu.ph.
B. Make a pictorial drawing of cube.
Self-check 1.3
Multiple Choice: From the given choices below, Choose the letter of the correct answer
that best describes the given statements.
1. Thick, dark line used to show the outline of the object. Define features you can see in
a particular view. OBJECT OR VISIBLE LINE
a. Object or visible line b. Leader line c. Cutting plane line d. Hidden line
2. A thin line used to connect a dimension line with a particular area or point on the
drawing. It is also use to show notes or labels. LEADER LINE
3. It is extra thick line use to show cutaway views or plane of projection where a section
view is taken. Arrow indicates direction of view. CUTTING PLANE LINE
4. Short dash lines use to show non visible surfaces that are not visible in orthographic
view. Usually shows as medium thickness. HIDDEN LINE
5. Lines that are very light and very thin use to construct layout work. CONSTRUCTION
LINE
A. Construction line b. Dimension line c. Extension line d. Short-break line
6. The projection shown in this plane is called top view or plan view. Horizontal Plane
a. Horizontal Plane b. Profile Plane c. Frontal Plane d. Side Plane
7. A projection at this plane is called the side view or end view, or side or end elevation.
Profile Plane
a. Horizontal Plane b. Profile Plane c. Frontal Plane d. Side Plane
8. Thin and dark lines use to show the size (span) of an object with a numeric value.
Usually terminates with arrowheads or tick markings. DIMENSION LINE
a. Dimension line b. Extension line c. Short-break line d. Construction line
9. A light line that extends from the edge or end of a main object line on a drawing.
EXTENSION LINE
10. Thick wavy line that is used to break the edge of a surface of a part for clarity on a
hidden surface. SHORT-BREAK LINE
Self-check 1.4 a
1. It is the view as seen by the eyes or it shows the appearance of the finished building.
PERSPECTIVE
a. Perspective b. Location plan c. Site development plan d. Elevation
2. It is the top view of the site or lot where the proposed house will be built. Location
Plan
3. It is the outline and measurements of the proposed building and its placement on the
property. SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
4. It is the front or side view of a building. It shows the design of the house, height
dimension, materials finish and complete information on specification. ELEVATION
5. It is a type of drawing that shows you the layout of a home or property from above.
Floor Plans
a. Floor plansb. Roof plan c. Reflected ceiling plan d. Baluster detail
6. It is one showing the outline of the roof and the major object lines indicating ridges,
valleys, hips, and openings. ROOF PLAN
7. It is the complete plan design of house ceiling. REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

8. It is the detail of the vertical railing along a staircase or balcony railing. BALUSTER
DETAIL
9. It is a complete structural detail of a common or typical truss of a building. TRUSS

DETAIL
A. Truss detail b. Footings c. Plumbing plan d. Septic tank
10. It is a part of foundation directly supporting the column or post of a house.
FOOTINGS
11. It is complete drawing detail of water and sewage distribution. Plumbing Plan

12. It is the depository of human excreta and a drainage reservoir for all washing done in
the kitchen and bathroom. Septic Tank

13. It is the drawing flow of sewage from the house to main canal and septic tank.
Sewage System Plan
a. Sewage System Plan b. Electrical Plan c. Lighting layout Output d. Power

Layout
14. It is a plan consists of lighting plan, power layout and specification details of the
house. Electrical Plan
Layout
15. It is an electrical plan that shows the flow of house lightings. Lighting layout

Layout
Output
Create your own floor plan of your dream house with electrical plan, with the use of the
drafting tools and present it in a power point presentation in each layout.
The Filename of your power point will be your full name, subject, course and year (ex.
GEMALYN MAURICIO, TLE 5,BTVTE 2) and you will be send it to my email account
gemamauricio@crt.edu.ph.
PRELIM EXAMINATION
FIRST SEMESTER
TEACHING THE COMMON COMPETENCIES IN INDUSTRIAL ARTS
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. From the given choices below, write the letter of the correct answer
1. Which is considered to be the oldest and most commonly used building material?
a. cement b. wood c. steel d. sand
2. Drills and bits are friendly tools that facilitate project making. Which of the following is used
for boring holes on wood?
a. Drill bits b. Nail set c. Saw set d. Auger bit
3. A carpenter wants to cut lumber across the grain. Which tool is appropriate?
a. Cross cut saw b. rip saw c. Back saw d. Hack saw
4. A 2” x 3” x 12” lumber is how many board feet?
a. 2 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10
5. How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he purchase 14 pieces of 2” x 2” x 10’ of lumber and the
prices per board foot is Php 12.50?
a. Php 41.66 b. Php 583.33 c. Php 46.66 d. Php
653.33
6. What computational formula is used to compute for the measurement of wood in board foot?
a. (T” + W” + L”) x 10 b. (T” x W” x L’)/10 c. (T”-W”-L”)/12 d. (T” x W” x
L’)/12
7. Which of the following technical drawing instrument used by draftsmen primarily as a guide
for drawing horizontal lines?
a.T-Square b. Scale c. Protractor d. Triangle
8. It is a measuring instrument, typically made of transparent plastic or glass, for measuring
angles.
9. This is a drafting tools used to project lines from a horizontal base.
10. This is a drafting tools used in reducing or enlarging the measurement of the drawing.
11. A good draftsman will never letter without the use of ______?
a. Line b. Guidelines c. Horizontal Line d. Boarder Line
12. It is the hardest pencil of a draftsman.
a. 9B b. 2H c. 9H d. 10H
13. It is a writing implement or art medium constructed of a narrow, solid pigment core inside a
protective casing which prevents the core from being broken or leaving marks on the user’s hand
during use.
a. Pencil b. Architectural Pencil c. Compass d. Beam
Compass
14. It is a technical drawing instrument that can be used for inscribing circles or arcs.
a. Pencil b. Architectural Pencil c. Compass d. Beam
Compass
15. It is a useful tool to protect the rest of the drawing when clearing up smudges, unnecessary
pencil lines and other erasures.
a. Erasing Shield b. Eraser c. Drawing Board d. Sharpener
16. It is where the drawing paper will be placed and has a smooth surface
a. Erasing Shield b. Eraser c. Drawing Board d. Sharpener
17. A draftsman wants to indicate the label of the parts of his drawing, what particular line he
will use?
a. Hidden Line b. Leader Line c. Object Line d.
Dimension Line
18. It is a line used to indicate the non-visible part of a drawing.
a. Hidden Line b. Leader Line c. Object Line d.
Dimension Line
19. It is the partner of Extension Line.
a. Hidden Line b. Leader Line c. Object Line d. Dimension
Line
20. The following are the views of orthographic projection, which is not?
a. Frontal Plane b. Horizontal Plane c. Profile Plane d. None of the above
21. It is representing the exact shape of an object into 2 or more views on planes, generally at
right angle or 90 degrees.
a. Freehand Sketching b. Isometric Drawing c. Technical Drawing
d. Orthographic Drawing
22. It is representing the 3 dimensional view.
a. Freehand Sketching b. Isometric Drawing c. Technical Drawing
d. Orthographic Drawing
23. It is the essential part of real estate marketing and home design, home building, interior
design and architecture projects.
a. Floor Plan b. Elevation c. Perspective d. Isometric
24. The following are the reason why the floor plan is important, which is not?
a. It indicate the actual appearance of the house.
b. It show the relationship between rooms and spaces, and to communicate how one can move
through a property.
c. This will save you time and effort when moving, setting up a new home or office space and it
can help you to avoid making expensive mistakes.
d. It communicate your ideas more clearly as well as to show the potential of a layout.
25. It is Long, thin lines that is used to show that the middle section of an object has been
removed so it can be drawn on a smaller piece of paper.
a. Short-break line b. Long-break Line c. Phantom Line d. Cutting Plane Line
26. It is Long line followed by two short dashes use to show alternate position of a moving part.
a. Short-break line b. Long-break Line c. Phantom Line d. Cutting Plane Line
27. What is the area of a cylinder if the given dimension are h-10 cm, d-20 cm.
a. 62. 83 cm2 b. 629. 32 cm2 c. 628. 32 cm2 d. 630. 33 cm 2
28. What is the volume of a cylinder if the given dimension are h- 10 cm, d-20 cm.
a. 3, 141. 6 cu.cm b. 3, 200. 6 cu.cm c. 3, 142 cu.cm d. 3, 144.6 cu.cm
29. One of the important elements of working drawing because they show the graphic
representation of an object as it appears on the observer’s eyes.
a. Isometric Drawing b. Orthographic Drawing c. Pictorial Drawing d. Cabinet
Drawing
30. The following are the information includes in Title block, which is not?
a. Owner’s name
b. Scale as shown
c. Draftsman’s name or initials
d. None of the Above
31. It is the structural excavation plan of footings and walls of a building.
a. Foundation plan b. Roof framing plan c. Truss detail d. Footings
32. These area has a greater tendency to crack than the rest of the wood in a tree.
a. Pith b. Sapwood c. Bark d. Annual Ring
33. It helps the tree resist attacks by insects and micro-organisms and protects the tree from
damaging weather conditions.
a. Pith b. Sapwood c. Bark d. Annual Ring
34. There are numerous kinds of saw. The one used for sawing along the grain of wood is
called____.
a. Back Saw b. Cross cut Saw c. Rip Saw d. Coping Saw
35. A carpenter wants to obtain vertical line. Which tool is to be use?
a. Ruler b. Spirit level c. Plumb bob d. Pull-push
rule
36. Which of the following tools is used in checking the squareness of the corners and flatness of
a surface.
a. Try square b. Pull-push rule c. Framing square d. Spirit level
37. The easiest method of laying out of miter joint is by using ____.
a. Square method b. Combination square c. Framing square d. Steel square
38. Power tool used primarily for cutting curved or irregular shapes of wood surfaces.
a. Sander b. Router c. Jigsaw d. Circular saw
39. It is a list of all things needed in a project together with their description, sizes and amount
or price.
a. Bill of Materials b. Requisition Form c. Sale Invoice d. Purchase Order
40. It is used to protect the eyes against flying debris and harmful liquids.
a. Goggles b. Ear Protector c. Glasses d. Gloves
41. A carpenter wants to make a line in a very rough objects. Which tool is appropriate?
a. Chalk line b. Extension rule c. Level d. Border line
42. To enhance SHITSUKE of workers in a workplace, they should follow the rules of the
management are very important.
True
False
43. SHITSUKE means “Safety First in the Shop”.
True
False
44. In dealing with an accident it should be report in your teachers.
True
False
45. For SEISO is an ACTION to clean your workplace thoroughly.
True
False
46. SEITON means “Arrange necessary items in good order to use”.
True
False
47. In suggested in Seiso the put things inside for 5 minutes every day.
True
False
48. The vitality of the people is the locomotion to move the company forward.
True
False
49. A Healthy Shop Is a Safe Shop.
True
False
50. The 5Ss is not simply a list of action items it is an integrated concept of action, condition and
culture.
True
False
Passing your exams with good grades will gradually make a strong foundation, which will
help you create rainbows even when you face severe storms in life.
PREPARED BY: GEMALYN C. MAURICIO

Instructor
CRT LEARNING MODULE
Course Code TLE 5

Course Title Teaching the Common Competencies in
Industrial Arts
Units 3
Module Title Electronics

Welcome to the module in Electronics. This module contains training materials and
and skill in Electronics.

assistance.
This module was prepared to help you gain basic knowledge and skill in Electronics.
notes.
competency Achievement Recor
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS

3 Electronics  Use Hand Module 3.1
Tools and
Maintain
Tools and
Equipment Module 3.2
 Perform
Measuremen Module 3.3
t and
Calculation
 Prepared and Module 3.4
Interpret
Technical
Drawings
 Practice
Occupational
Safety and
Health
MODULE CONTENT
MODULE TITLE : Electronics
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes in Electronics, analyze
problem in resistors.
Number of Hours:
6 hours (2 Weeks)
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1 Create their own e-essay using social media platform
Contents:
1. Use Hand Tools

Assessment Criteria
Conditions

2. MS Word
3. Pen
4. Paper
Assessment Method:
E-essay

Introduction to Industrial Arts class.
3. Click the folder MODULE 3: Electronics. The digitized Modules, Task Sheets and Job
Learning Outcome #4
1. E-essay
1. Read Module No. 3.1 (Use Hand Contained in the Module 3: Electronics folder in
Tools) EDMODO (Module 3.1)
MODULE 3.1
USE HANDTOOLS AND MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Differentiate the different hand tools use in electronics
2. Identify the different hand tools.
3. Explain the different guidelines in maintaining and storing
tools.
BASIC HAND TOOLS

DRIVING TOOLS
Screwdrivers are hand tools specifically designed to insert and
tighten, or to loosen and remove screws. A screwdriver comprises
a head or tip, which engages with a screw, a mechanism to apply
force by rotating the tip, and some way to position and support
the screwdriver, the tip of which is shaped in to fit a particular
type of screw.
Slotted Screwdriver is used to drive or fasten negative slotted

screws.
Phillips Screwdriver – used to drive or fasten positive slotted

screws. It is a screwdriver that could take greater torque and
could provide tighter fastenings.
Jeweler's Screwdriver Set – is a set of small screw drivers
composed of slotted and Phillips screwdrivers.
SOLDERING TOOLS
Soldering Iron – is a device for applying heat to melt solder in
attaching two metal parts. A soldering iron is composed of a
heated metal tip and an insulated handle. For electrical work,
wires are usually soldered to printed circuit boards, other wires, or
small terminals. A low-power iron (20-30 Watts) is suitable for this
work.
Soldering Tool Stand – is a place where the soldering iron is

placed during usage. This will keep the soldering iron away from
flammable materials. The stand often comes with a sponge used in
cleaning the tip of the soldering iron.
Desoldering tool is used in removing soldered wires and

components on printed circuit boards for troubleshooting and
repair purposes.
SPLICING TOOLS
Long Nose is used for holding, bending, and stretching the lead
of electronic component or connecting wires.
Side Cutter is a wire-cutting pliers, though they are not used to

grab or turn anything, but are used to cut wires.
Wire Stripper is a pair of opposing blades much like scissors or

wire cutters. The addition of a center notch makes it easier to cut
the insulation without cutting the wire.
BORING TOOLS
12V Mini-Drill – is used to bore or drill holes in the printed circuit
board (PCB) with sizes from 1/32” – 1/16”.
Portable Electric Drill is used for boring hole(s) in plastic or
metal chassis with the used of drill bits having sizes from 1/6” to
approximately 1/4”.
Metal Files These are hand tools having a series of sharp, parallel
ridges or teeth. Most files have a narrow, pointed tang at one end
to which a handle can be fitted.
CUTTINGTOOLS
Utility Knife is a common tool used in cutting various trades and
crafts for a variety of purposes.
Hacksaw is used for cutting metals. Some have pistol grips which
keep the hacksaw firm and easy to grip. The small hand-held
hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a handle that fits around a
narrow, rigid blade.
AUXILIARY TOOLS
Magnifying Glass is a convex lens which is used to produce a
magnified image of an object. The lens is usually mounted on a
frame with a handle.
Paint Brush – made of bristles set in handle, use for cleaning

dirty parts of a circuit or an object.
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
Aside from hand tools, equipment are also needed for more
accurate and quality output. In this connection, three of the most
used equipment are presented here for you to be familiar with
their uses and the proper way of maintaining them.
a. Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter. It is an equipment that combines three

functions: as a voltmeter that measures both ac and dc voltages;
an ohmmeter that measures resistance; and milliammeter that
measures small amount of dc current. As safety precautions in the
maintenance of this instrument, the following should be observed:
Always rest the function switch at 250V AC if an OFF position
is not available in the instrument.
For current and voltage measurements, always set the
function switch in the correct setting which is a little higher than
the expected current or voltage present in the circuit.
Place the instrument in a cool dry place, away from any
magnetic devices, and free from vibrations.
b. Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated CRO, for

cathode-ray oscilloscope, or scope) is a piece of electronic test
equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a
two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential
differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or of some
other voltage (horizontal axis).
c. Signal generator. A signal generator is a device which produces

simple wave forms.
Such devices contain an electronic oscillator, a circuit that is

capable of creating a repetitive waveform. These are typically used
in simple electronics repair and design where they are used to
stimulate a circuit under test.
Oscilloscope and signal generator should be given regular check-

up for at least once a week by connecting them in the power line.
This will help prevent their components from having moisture that
might cause trouble in their circuits.
In any activity involving skills, it is a standard procedure that you

must always use the right tool or equipment properly that would fit
in a particular task. In spite of this reminder or caution, some
students abuse the use of tools and still practice the following
common faults that must NOT be done.
Common Faults in Using Hand Tools
Pliers:
Do not increase the handle length of pliers to gain more
leverage. Use a larger pair of pliers or bolt cutters if necessary.
Do not substitute pliers for a wrench when turning bolts and
nuts. Pliers cannot grip these items properly and might cause a
slip and create an accident.
Never use pliers as a hammer on the handle. Such abuse is
likely to result in cracks or breaks.
Cut hardened wires only with pliers designed for that purpose.
Always cut the wires in right angle. Never rock from side to
side or bend wire back and forth against the cutting edges.
Screwdrivers:
Never use screwdrivers as a pry bar, chisel, and punch stirrer
or scraper.
Never use screwdrivers with broken or worn-out handles.
Screwdrivers of these kinds should have tags to indicate that it is
defective.
Never use pliers on a screwdriver for extra leverage. Only use
wrench or screwdrivers specifically designed for purpose.
Utility Knives/ Blades:

Do not use dull blades because they require more force, thus
are more likely to slip. Replace the blade when it starts to “tear”
instead of cut.
Never leave a knife unattended with the blade exposed.
Don’t bend or apply side loads to blades by using them to
open cans or loosen tight cover of containers. Blades are brittle
and can snap easily.
Maintaining Tools
To avoid accidents in the work place due to incorrect use of hand

tools, it is a must that you understand the proper use of these
tools. Study and practice proper use and maintenance of tools to
prolong their life span and of course to avoid accidents due to
improper or misuse of such tools.
Proper Use, Maintenance and Storage Tools
The use of safety hand tools should be a key component of most

school safety programs. An understanding of the hand tool’s
intended use and environment, combined with proper tool
selection, maintenance and storage, will greatly reduce the risk of
harmful accidents.
The following are guidelines maintaining and storing tools.

Keep hand tools clean and free from ferrous or other
contaminants.
Do not use hand tools in direct contact with acetylene, due to
the possible formation of explosive acetyl ides, especially in the
presence of moisture.
During normal use, all pliers and screwdrivers will
progressively develop some damage to the striking faces of
screwdrivers or the cutting edge and striking end of pliers. As part
of the normal operating and safety procedures, these tools should
be returned to the workshop, as with steel tools, to have the faces
and heads redressed. This is essential to prevent eye damage
resulting from chips detaching from the item during use.
Do not used hand tools fitted with wooden handles in places
where the handles may dry out and shrink. This will increase the
risk of the handle breaking or the head becoming loose.
Tools are designed for specific use. As with any tool. In
addition to the probability that the tool will be damaged, this is a
dangerous practice for the safety of the operator.
The accepted standards of safety and maintenance for
common steel hand tools must also be adopted with non-sparking
hand tools, in addition to any specific recommendations resulting
from the alloys used.
When sharpening hand tools, follow normal safety
procedures, such as the provision of eye and face protection,
adequate extraction and dust collecting facilities.
Specifically, some tools require special care and maintenance due

to their features and frequent use in any electronics or electrical
job. Additional care and maintenance must be observed to the
following:
Soldering iron
Always clean the tip before and after using.
Do not wash the tip just to speed up its cooling process after
using it.
It might damage the heating element and corrode the tip.
Soldering gun
Be sure to tighten the two nuts holding the tip before using it
to have maximum heat transfer to its tip.
Never use a soldering gun in mass production assembly. It
might be overheated and will consume more power compared to a
soldering iron.
Desoldering tool
Keep it in good condition by cleaning its inside and apply a
small amount of oil regularly.
Avoid direct contact of the soldering iron’s tip to the tip of the
desoldering tool when doing desoldering work.
Electric drills
These are tools that are used to bore holes in metals, wood,
plastic or PCB in the process of electronic projects assembly. The
most common of these are the mini drill powered from 12V DC
voltage and the standard electric drill that can be connected
directly to the 220 V AC power line.
Before using a drill, be sure to tighten the chuck jaw and secure
the drill bit properly. The materials to be bored and the drill bit
must be at 90 degrees angle to achieve efficient boring operation.
For more efficient and quality output with zero accident, the
following Safety Pointers in Electronics Shop work are additional
reminders for you to follow:
As a reminder, a good technician should always remember that

“prevention is better than cure” to avoid accidents that might
cause damage to tools, instruments, or even inflict injuries to
himself while performing electronic jobs.
Accidents can be prevented by following the reminders listed
below:
Be sure you are physically and mentally fit when working with
electrical or electronic circuits.
Use only standard tools and instruments in performing any
electronic job.
Always use the right tool for the right job.
Do not attempt to use tools or instruments you are not
familiar with. Ask the assistance of your teacher or a person in
authority in operating such unfamiliar electronic gadget.
Keep all tools and instruments in a safe place like tool box or
tool cabinet to avoid accident and easy access when these tools
are needed for use.
If accidents happened, report immediately to your teacher.
Keep all tools and instruments in good condition by following
the steps of proper care and maintenance of electronic tools and
instruments.
Your working area must be kept clean, in order, and free from
any object that might hamper your work.
Keep flammable substance and materials away from your
working area by keeping them in a safe place intended for them.
If possible, work with only one hand while working in a “live”
circuit.
Keep yourself insulated from earth ground when working on
power line circuit, since one side of the line is connected to the
earth.
When your work is done, clean your working table and return
all tools and instruments in their proper places.
Clean tools and equipment work more efficiently. At the end
of each working day clean the tools and equipment you used and
check them for any damage. If you note damage, tag the tool as
faulty and organize a repair or replacement.
Electrical current can travel over oily or greasy surfaces. Keep
electrical power hand tools free from dust and dirt and make sure
they are free of oil and grease.
All workshop hand tools and equipment should have maintenance
schedule. Always complete the tasks described on the schedule at
the required time. This will help to keep the hand tools in safe
working order.
Contents:
1. Perform Measurement and Calculation

2. Prepared and Interpret Technical Drawings
3. Practice Occupational Safety and Health
Assessment Criteria
Conditions

2. Laptop or gadget
3. Gmail Account
Assessment Method:

Introduction to Industrial Arts class.
3. Click the folder MODULE 3: Electronics. The digitized Modules, Task Sheets and Job

Learning Outcome #2
1. Read Module No. 3.2 (Perform Contained in the Module 3: Electronics folder in
Measurement and Calculation) EDMODO (Module 3.2)
1. Read Module No. 3.3 (Prepared Contained in the Module 3: Electronics folder in
and Interpret Technical Drawings) EDMODO (Module 3.3)
1. Read Module No. 3.4 (Practice Contained in the Module 3: Electronics folder in
Occupational Safety and Health) EDMODO (Module 3.4)
MODULE 3.2
PERFORM MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION

Learning Objective: After reading this MODULE, you should be
able to:
1. Analyze and compute the resistance of the resistor.
2. Identify the classes of conductors and insulators.
3. Explain the procedure in using the color code of resistor.
Electronics is a branch of technology that deals with many

applications. Audio electronics, video electronics, digital, medical
up to weapons and banking are covered by the influence of
electronics. There are quite a number of components used in the
application of electronics. To name a few of these electronic
components are resistors, capacitors, inductors and semi-
conductors.
The most commonly used electronic components in the field are

known as resistors. Resistor is a discrete component that offers
opposition to the flow of current. Resistors have different types in
accordance with the material used like carbon-composition and the
wire wound resistor. According to construction, we have the fixed
resistor and the variable resistor.
Resistors are very common and are the cheapest electronic

components in the market for so many years. Their features are so
interesting and are very colorful. That’s why resistors are very
popular among students studying electronics.
One distinct feature of this resistance - giving component is the

way its value is determined. It uses a set of colors which follows a
code for its assumed resistance expressed in OHMS.
RESISTOR COLOR CODE

PROCEDURE:
1. Take down the first and second significant figure by referring
into the color coding table.
2. Multiply the first and second significant figure by the multiplier
band and gives the value of the resistance.
Ω- Hundred
K- Thousand
M- Million
For example, a resistor has the following colored markings;
Yellow Violet Red = 4 7 2 = 4 7 x 102 = 4700Ω or 47KΩ.
The tolerance of a resistor is the maximum difference between its
actual value and the required value and is generally expressed as
a plus or minus percentage value. For example, a 1kΩ ±20%
tolerance resistor may have a maximum and minimum resistive
value of:
Maximum Resistance Value
1kΩ or 1000Ω + 20% = 1,200Ω
Minimum Resistance Value
1kΩ or 1000Ω – 20% = 800Ω
Then using our example above, a 1kΩ ±20% tolerance resistor
may have a maximum value of 1200Ω and a minimum value of
800Ω resulting in a difference of some 400Ω!! For the same value
resistor.
Resistor color coding gives us the color coded value of a given
resistor as well as the maximum and minimum value as dictated
by the tolerance but the actual resistance is still unknown to us.
The actual value of the resistor and the recorded data will confirm
the status of the resistor whether good or defective.
OHMMETER
Ohmmeter is a measuring instrument used to determine the
resistance of a component or equipment. This instrument is a
great help in knowing the actual resistance of the resistors we use
in the two operation sheets.
The commonly used ohmmeter in electro-electrical laboratories

now nowadays is embedded in a multi-function testing instrument
called the (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter ) VOM.
For this discussion the VOM will be used but confined only to the
ohmmeter section.
Parts of an Ohmmeter
1. Pointer. It is the most important part of the ohmmeter. It
indicates the value of electrical quantity that has been measured.
2. Ohmmeter Scale- Nonlinear scale where reading of the
resistance is based. It is usually found in the uppermost part of the
VOM.
Range Multiplier- The portion of the ohmmeter where the actual

reading is being multiplied.
Zero Ohm Adjustment – It is the portion of the ohmmeter
where it is adjusted when the pointer of the ohmmeter fails to
point to zero.
Test Probe- Serves as the input portion of the ohmmeter. Red

test probe becomes positive in some instances, while the black
one is negative.
Measuring instruments in electronics are confined only to analog

testers and sometimes digital millimeter. Either way the
maintenance of these instruments is a priority in all electronics
laboratory rooms.
In any activity involving skills, it is a standard procedure that you

must always use the right tool or equipment properly that would fit
in a particular task. In spite of this reminder or caution, some
students abuse the use of tools and still practice the following
common faults that must NOT be done.
MODULE 3.3
PREPARE AND INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

1. Identify the different components of electronics
2. Explain the components of electronics.
3. Identify the different diagram in electronics.
BASIC ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS AND SYMBOLS
1. Resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses.
TYPES OF RESISTOR
Fixed Resistors are the resistors whose resistance does not
change with the change in voltage or temperature.
Variable Resistors it is an electronic component. It is applied in
an electronic circuit for adjusting circuit resistance to control
voltage or current of that circuit or part of that circuit.
2. Capacitors (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-
terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically
in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely,
but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated
by a dielectric (i.e., insulator).
3. Diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-
way switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in one
direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in the
opposite direction.
ELEMENTS
Anode represent by A (positively charged)
Cathode represent by K (negatively charge)
TYPES OF DIODES USED IN CIRCUIT
1. Signal Diodes- are typically used to process information
(electrical signals) in circuits, so they are only required to pass
small currents of up to 100mA.
2. Rectifier Diodes- is a two-lead semiconductor that allows
current to pass in only one direction.
3. Light Emitting Diodes- (LED) is a semiconductor light source
that emits light when current flows through it.
4. Transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow
and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. Transistors
consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable
of carrying a current.
Transistors are composed of three parts ' a base, a collector,
and an emitter. The base is the gate controller device for the
larger electrical supply. The collector is the larger electrical
supply, and the emitter is the outlet for that supply.
TYPES OF TRANSISTOR
5. Transformer used primary for producing desired voltage.
TRANSFORMER WINDING
Primary Winding generally connected to the source.
Secondary Winding producing secondary voltage connected to
the load.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
Step-up Transformer change a low voltage to a higher voltage.
Step-down Transformer change a high voltage to a lower
voltage.
6. Speaker short word for loudspeaker, it is also used to convert
energy to sound.
7. Microphone converts sound energy to mechanical energy and
form mechanical energy to electrical energy.
8. Switch manual or mechanically actuated device for making,
breaking or changing the connections.
FUNCTIONS
Switches are commonly used to open or closed a circuit. It is also
used to make a connection from one circuit to another circuit.
TYPES OF SWITCHES
SPST (Single Pole Single Throw)
The SPST is a basic ON/OFF switch, is used to connect or break
the connection between two terminals.
SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw)
The SPDT switch is a three terminal switch, one terminal is used
as input and remaining two terminals are used as outputs.
DPST (Double Pole, Single Throw)
The DPST switch consists of two poles that means it includes two
identical switches located on side by side. This switch is operated
by one single toggle, which means that two discrete circuits are
controlled at a time through one push.
DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw)
This switch is equal to two SPDT switches, it means two separate
circuits, connecting two inputs of each circuit to one of two
outputs. The switch position controls the number of ways and
from the two contacts each contact can be routed.
Rotary Switch used as selector switch each terminal is
connected to different circuits.
9. Automatic Volume Control is to maintain the volume of the
sound output of the radio.
10. Oscillator is a circuit which produces a continuous, repeated,
alternating waveform without any input. Oscillators basically
convert unidirectional current flow from a DC source into an
alternating waveform which is of the desired frequency, as decided
by its circuit components.
11. Intermediate Frequency Transformer are used in super
heterodyne radio receivers, in which an incoming signal is shifted
to an IF for amplification before final detection is done.
12. Turning Capacitor is a variable capacitor used in an
electronic circuit of a radio, and usually connects in parallel to a
loop antenna.
13. Antenna collects/receive the radio signals from the radio
broadcasting stations.
14. Integrated Circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small
flat piece of semiconductor material that is normally silicon.
15. Fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide
overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential
component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much
current flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the
current.
TYPES OF FUSE
Plug Fuse fuses come in a screw-type configuration. They come
with a sight glass that shows if the fuse is blown or not.
Cartridge Fuse are cylindrical in shape and have the contact
points at either end. These fuses are used in fuse panels and
disconnects for amperages over 30 amps.
Knife Blade Fuse a fuse found in amperage sizes greater than
60amp.
All electronic circuits from the simplest to the most complex design
need diagrams to be used as reference in designing, modifying,
and troubleshooting the circuit. The most common used electronic
diagrams are schematic, pictorial, wiring, and block diagrams.
Each one of these diagrams has its own unique characteristics in
presenting the circuit. The different diagrams that you should be
familiar with are the following:
Pictorial diagram - It shows the pictures of the actual

components and wiring connections although it does not provide
the exact size of components. It shows exact shape in proportion
to the actual component or device.
Block Diagram – This form usually uses block of squares,

rectangles or triangles to represent components, group of
components or units of equivalent. Block diagrams are particularly
used to represent internal components of an integrated circuit.
Schematic diagram - It shows the components used in their

interconnection. Each graphic symbol is also accompanied with a
reference designation to distinguish it from other similar symbols.
It does not illustrate the physical size, shape or chassis location of
the component parts and devices.
Wiring diagram – It shows wiring connection in a simplified,
easy to follow manner. It may show either internal or external
connections or both and is usually drawn as simple as possible to
trace out the connection of a circuit. The components of the circuit
are identified by name or are represented by means of pictorial
illustrations that do not follow any well-defined standard form.
MODULE 3.4
PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

1. Identify the different components of electronics
2. Explain the components of electronics.
3. Identify the different diagram in electronics.
In every field of work, there are safety precautions and practices

to be followed to prevent accidents. Sometimes before an accident
occurs a warning is given, so the individual concerned can prepare
for the undesirable eventualities. In some situations, no warning at
all is served and anyone is caught by surprise.
In areas where students are acquiring basic technical skills safety

begins the moment they enter the work area or at times before
reaching that work area. Identifying health hazards and
occupational risks is indispensable. In laboratory areas where
students stay to acquire skills there are certain points to consider.
1. Electrical hazards. Electrical hazards are the type of risks that

are more likely fatal than any other hazards that can happen in a
laboratory room. Electrical hazards such as electrical shocks from
open wires, grounded electrical appliances can be found anywhere
in a disorganized laboratory area.
2. Hazards from improper use of hand tools. Hand tools are

classified into cutting tools, driving tools, boring tools, joining
tools, and measuring tools.
Cutting tools may inflict injuries when improperly handled due to
its sharp edges that can cut through the skin of the human body.
Driving tools
Driving tools like screw drivers and hammers, when used
improperly can break human flesh or fracture bones which are
very painful to an individual.
Boring tools
Drill bits, Center punch, and reamer are boring tools. These tools
also do damage when not properly used.
Soldering tools
Soldering tools such as soldering iron, soldering gun and hot air
soldering causes extreme heat and burn in the skin when
improperly used.
Other hazards and risks are caused by objects not properly placed
in laboratory area where crumbling or falling is highly possible.
Other untoward incidents also happen as a result of haste and

sometimes neglect of tools, materials, and equipment in the shop.
Disorderliness can also make things worse, hence presence of
mind, particularly while working is important. It is very useful to
follow guidelines that will serve as a safety net.
TOOLS MAINTENANCE and SAFETY RULES

Tools will last longer when properly kept and maintained. A good
worker keeps and cares for his tools. The following are some
pointers to follow in keeping hand tools in good condition.
1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if

they are in good working condition. The evidence is when you are
able to use them smoothly and conveniently with ease and
comfort.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth before
keeping it in a tool box or cabinet.
3. Oil the metal parts of a tool to prevent any form of damage
caused by air, water, or rust.
The following safety rules should be understood and

strictly followed to avoid accidents while working.
1. Avoid wearing loose clothing when working. Sleeves should be
fit and shirts tucked in as much as possible. Remove ties, watches,
rings, and other jewelry from your body.
2. Report immediately injuries or accidents of any type to your
teacher.
3. Never put fasteners or any small metal articles in or near the
mouth when working.
4. Never throw tools of any type around. Make sure the sharp
edge of cutting tools are away from the edge of the table or work
bench.
5. Keep working areas clean and free from disposable materials.
6. Secure the help of your classmates when carrying heavy tools to
avoid accidents.
7. Never use dull or damaged tools.
8. Do not use tools with loose handles and ragged. Report cases
like these to the teacher and do necessary repair and adjustments,
if possible.
9. Know and observe safety measures specific for each tool or
operation.
Safety Requirements
For your protection, observe the following safety requirements:
 Follow all cautions, warnings, and instructions marked on the
equipment.
 Ensure that the voltage and frequency rating of the power
outlet matches the electrical rating labels on the system.
 Use properly grounded power outlets.
Safety Requirements with the Use of Personal Protective

Equipment
Hand Tool Design, Selection, and Setup

1. Weight - Use the lightest weight tool possible to avoid injury.
Excessively heavy tools must be equipped with mechanical support
and attached hoses should be supported.
Support - Equip tools with some means of mechanical support so

you don't need to hold a heavy tool continuously while working. If
mechanical support cannot be provided, the workstation should be
designed so you can put the tool down or rest it in a holster when
it is not in use.
2. Balance - Additional force is required to use an unbalanced

tool. The tool's center of gravity should be close to the body, close
to the handles, and in line with the center of the hand holding the
tool.
3. Torque Control - High torque requires a lot of force to keep

the tool from rotating out of your hand. Torque settings should be
set to the minimum required by job specifications, especially for in-
line and pistol-shaped tools.
4. Grip - Tool handles should allow stable and efficient grip. The
handle should be cylindrical or oval in shape, with a diameter of
between 1.25 and 1.75 inches. Tool handles should contact as
much of the hand and fingers as possible. Grips should be made of
non-slip compressible and nonconductive material. Avoid form-
fitting handles (handles with finger grooves), since they may not
fit the hand size of every user. Handles should be kept clean and
free from slippery grease, oil, or sweat.
5. Span - On two-handled manual tools, like pliers, the open span

should be about
4 inches and the closed span should only be about 1.5 inches.
6. Spring-loaded handles - A spring-loaded mechanism saves

muscular effort and reduces mechanical stress on the backs and
sides of fingers for such tools as scissors, pliers, and other manual
cutting and gripping tools which have to be opened and closed
repeatedly during use.
7. Choose the right tool shape - Pistol-shaped tools should be
used on a vertical surface or on a horizontal surface below waist
height. Bend the tool, not the wrist.
8. Avoid bending over your work.
9. Avoid overhead work if possible. Use a ladder to reduce

the need for outstretched arms.
10. Keep the elbows close to the body.
11. Tilt the work surface instead of the wrist.
12. Stand with weight evenly distributed on both feet. When

standing for long periods of time, rest one foot on a sturdy object
above floor height and switch legs periodically.
13. Sit up straight so the chair offers good back support. Adjust
the chair back so it comfortably supports the natural curve of the
lower back. Adjust the seat height to allow thighs to be parallel to
the floor.
In the process of observing occupational health and safety

practices, measures must be set to be followed by the students.
Particularly, an electronics lab has these measures to highlight the
manner of observing safety practices.
1. As a general rule all passages must be free of any obstruction

that will hamper the movement of persons in the area. This
provision also provides safety during emergency situations like fire
and earthquake.
2. Treat every wire in the electrical system as live wire and act
accordingly.
Never attempt to work in any “live” electronic or electrical circuits.
3. All tools and equipment must be checked to be in A1 condition
before they are lent to users.
4. All instructions must be centralized and must emanate from the

person-in charge.
5. The shop is a place of work, so do not engage in a play while at

work.
6. Never use tools or equipment you are not familiar with or you
do not know how to operate. Always ask assistance from your
teacher to avoid accidents.
7. Keep hand tools such as screw driver, files, and pliers on the
table or tool cabinet and not in your pocket as it might hurt you or
other people.
8. Use only tools that are in good condition.
9. Report accidents and injuries to your teacher no matter how

minor.
10. Keep the work area always clean and orderly.
In every field of life whether in school, industries, and elsewhere,

the observance of safety is a must. There are basic safety
guidelines to prevent minor injuries such as cuts, burns, electrical
shock and damage to eyesight as well as the loss of human lives.
As good practice, make sure that a fire extinguisher and a first aid
kit are available in case of injury or even fire.
Personal Safety Guidelines
These are general guidelines for all types of troubleshooting,

installation and maintenance tasks. Take them seriously. They may
keep you out of a dangerous situation.
1. Never work alone in any electronics project. Always have

someone to keep an eye out for any potential problem.
2. Always use protective eyewear or safety goggles when
appropriate.
3. Do not go barefoot when moving tool boxes or laboratory

equipment.
4. Never assume that an electrical device is safe to handle.

Perform your test with the device disconnected from the power
source.
5. Some tests must be connected with power applied. Be

extremely cautious when performing these test.
6. Do not wear jewelry of any kind.
Self-check 3.1
A. Read the questions carefully and choose the correct answer.
1. Which equipment does NOT belong to the group? a

a. Screw driver c. Diagonal cutter
b. Long nose pliers d. Side cutting
2. What equipment is/are used for safety? b
a. VOM c. OHS
b. PPE d. All of those mentioned
3. Which is NOT part of the group? d

a. Soldering iron c. Soldering tool stand
b. Desoldering tool d. Wire stripper
4. Which hand tool is used solely for cutting metals? b

a. Utility knife c. Magnifying glass
b. Hack Saw d. Paint brush
B. Match column A with column B.
c. 1. Cut the insulation without cutting the wire a. Screwdriver

d. 2. Drill holes in the printed circuit board b. Long nose
a. 3. Tighten, loosen or remove screws c. Wire stripper
e. 4. Remove soldered wires d. 12 V Mini-drill
b. 5. Hold, bend, and stretch the lead of electronic component or connecting wires
e. Desoldering tool
g. 6. Cut metals f. Paint brush
f. 7. Clean dirty parts of an object g. Hacksaw
i. 8. Produce a magnified image of an object h. Signal generator
i. Magnifying glass
Self-check 3.2
1. Which component resists the flow of current in an electrical circuit? c

A) Capacitor B) Inductor C) Resistor D) Transistor
2. What kind of component is a resistor? a
A) Combined B) Discrete C) Integrated D) Hybrid
3. What color in the color coding scheme has an equivalent of 5 in the 2nd band? b
A) Brown B) Green C) Red D) Yellow
4. What is the color of the tolerance representing ± 10%? d
A) Gold B) Black C) Orange D) Silver
5. What is the value of a resistor with the following colors : Green - Black- Silver- Gold? a
A) 500 Ohms ±5% C) 5.0 Ohms ± 5%
B) 50 Ohms ± 5% D) 0.5 Ohm ± 5%
6. What is 10% of 220? c.

A) 210 C) 22
B) 2.2 D) 11
7. What is the maximum resistance of a 220ohms + 10% tolerance? b.

A) 230ohms C) 224 ohms
B) 242 ohms D) 236 ohms
8. What is the value of a resistor with the following colors : Black, Orange, Yellow? a.
A) 30 K Ohms B) 330K Ohms C) 33K Ohms D) 3.3K Ohms
9. What is the color of resistor if the value is 37 Ω? c
a. Red, Blue, Orange b. Black, Red, Orange c. Orange, Violet, Black d. Orange,
Violet, Red
10. What is the value of a resistor with the following colors : Red, Orange, Blue? b.
A) 23 K Ohms B) 23m Ohms C) 2.3m Ohms D) 24m Ohms
Self-check 3.3
Read each statement or question below carefully and fill in the blank with the correct
answer.
1. Transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for
electronic signals.
2. Electronics is the study of how to control the flow of electrons.
3. Variable Resistors is applied in an electronic circuit for adjusting circuit resistance to
control voltage or current of that circuit or part of that circuit.
4. Switches are commonly used to open or closed a circuit.
5. Wire stripper is a small, hand-held device used to strip the electrical insulation from
electric wires.
6. Crocodile clip is a sprung metal clip with long, serrated jaws which is used for creating
a temporary electrical connection.
7. Antenna collects/receive the radio signals from the radio broadcasting stations.
8. Side cutters are used to cut wire and the leads (or legs) of components in electronics.
9. Solder is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal work
pieces.
10. Resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
Self-check 3.4
Read each statement or question below carefully and fill in the blank with the correct
answer.
1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if they are in good working
condition. The evidence is when you are able to use them smoothly and conveniently with ease
and comfort.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth before keeping it in a tool box or
cabinet.
3. Oil the metal parts of a tool to prevent any form of damage caused by air, water, or rust.
4. Avoid wearing loose clothing when working. Sleeves should be fit and shirts tucked in as much
as possible. Remove ties, watches, rings, and other jewelry from your body.
5. Report immediately injuries or accidents of any type to your teacher.
6. Never put fasteners or any small metal articles in or near the mouth when working.
7. Never throw tools of any type around. Make sure the sharp edge of cutting tools are away from
the edge of the table or work bench.
8. Keep working areas clean and free from disposable materials.
9. Secure the help of your classmates when carrying heavy tools to avoid accidents.
10. Never use dull or damaged tools.
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
FIRST SEMESTER
TEACHING THE COMMON COMPETENCIES IN INDUSTRIAL ARTS
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. From the given choices below, write the letter of the correct answer
1. It is a small, Hand-held device used to strip the electrical insulation from electric wires.
a. Metal Files b. Side Cutter c. Long Nose Pliers d. Wire Stripper
2. It is use to cut wires and legs of the components in electronics.
3. It is both cutting and holding tolls used by the jewerller designers.
4. It is a device used to remove solder from a printed circuit board.
a. Solder b. Soldering Iron c. Desoldering Pump d. Soldering Iron Stand
5. It is used to keep the hot soldering iron away from you and the work area.
6. It is metal alloy used to fix the electronic components in the circuit board.
7. These are hand tools having a series of sharp, parallel ridges or teeth.
8. It is tapered in width and thickness, coming to a point, and is narrower than a standard half
round and used for filing inside of rings.
a. Metal Files b. Flat Files c. Half Round Files d. Round Files
9. It is also called rat-tail file.
a. Metal Files b. Flat Files c. Half Round Files d. Round Files
10. It is common tool used in cutting various trades and crafts for a variety of purposes.
a. Utility Knife b. Hacksaw c. Magnifying Glass d. Paint Brush
11. It is made of bristles set in handle use for cleaning dirty parts of a circuit or an object.
12. Roger Bacon was the inventor of this tool, what tool it is?
13. It is an equipment that combines three functions: voltage, current and resistance.
a. Volt-Milliammeter b. Oscilloscope c. Signal Generator d.

Ohmmeter
14. It is a device which produces simple wave forms.

a. Volt-Milliammeter b. Oscilloscope c. Signal Generator d.
Ohmmeter
15. Which of the following choices is not the common fault in using pliers?
a. Do not increase the handle length of pliers to gain more leverage.
b. Cut hardened wires only with pliers designed for that purpose.
c. Use a larger pair of bolt cutters if necessary.
d. None of the Above
16. What is 10% of 230?
a. 23 b. 2.3 c. 207 d. 33
17. What is the color of resistor if the value is 17K Ω?
a. Brown, Orange, Yellow b. Brown, Violet, Orange c. Brown, Violet, Red
d. Brown, Violet, Green
18. What is the maximum resistance of a 250 ohms +20% tolerance?
a. 300 ohms b. 350 ohms c. 200 ohms d. 50 ohms
19. What is the value of a resistor with the following colors: Violet, Brown, Blue?
a. 71M Ω b. 71K Ω c. 71 ohms d. 7.1 M Ω
20. What is minimum resistance of a 250 ohms -20% tolerance?
a. 300 ohms b. 350 ohms c. 200 ohms d. 50 ohms
21. It is an electrical or mechanical sensors, which take signals from the physical world and
convert them into electric current and voltage signals.
a. Outputs b. Signal processing circuits c. Inputs d. Electronics
22. It deals with circuits made up of components that control the flow of electricity.
23. It is devices that transform current and voltage signals back into human readable
information.
24. These consist of electronic components connected together to manipulate, interpret and
transform the information contained in the signals.
25. It is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic
signals.
a. Transistor b. Resistor c. Capacitor d. Transformer
26. It is used to produce desire voltage.
27. This is a device composed of three parts namely base, collector, and emitter.
28. It is used to reduce current flow, and adjust signal levels.
29. A device which is designed to receive and transmit radio signal.
a. Amplifier b. Antenna c. Ammeter d. Resistor
30. Which of the following is not an electronics component?
a. Power b. Resistor c. Diode d. Capacitor
31. Which electronic material opposes the movement of free electrons?
a. Insulator b. Conductor c. Element d. Semiconductor
32. In the electronic symbol of a transistor, the electrode with an arrow is the ____.
a. Base b. Cathode c. Emitter d. Collector
33. Which tools is needed in removing soldered components in the circuit board?
a. Desoldering pump b. Long nose pliers c. Wire Stripper d. Side Cutter
34. Components that stores electrical charge in an electrical field.
35. Which among the types of circuit board can easily change the connections of the
components?
a. Printed circuit board b. Breadboard c. Strip Board d. None of the above.
36. The negatively charge of diode, what is it?
a. Anode b. Cathode c. Base d. Collector
37. The common cause of an erratic or distorted sound of a transistor radio is a defective?
a. Amplifier b. Volume Control c. Antenna d. Tuner
38. Which is the unit of resistor?
a. Ohms b. Ampere c. Watt d. Volt
39. Which of the following diodes is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current
flows through it.
a. LED b. Rectifier Diodes c. Signal diodes d. Diodes
40. It is a basic on/off switch used to connect or break the connection between two terminals.
a. SPST b. SPDT c. DPST d. DPDT
41. Which of the following switch that consists of two poles that means it includes two identical
switches on side by side.
a. SPST b. SPDT c. DPST d. DPDT
42. It is the safety device that provides overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit.
a. Fuse b. Turning Capacitor c. IFT d. Integrated Circuit
43. It shows the pictures of the actual components and wiring connections although it does not
provide the exact size of components.
a. Pictorial Diagram b. Schematic Diagram c. Block Diagram
d. Wiring Diagram
44. It may show either internal or external connections or both and is usually drawn as simple as
possible to trace out the connection of a circuit.
d. Wiring Diagram
45. It does not illustrate the physical size, shape or chassis location of the component parts and
devices.
d. Wiring Diagram
46. This should be made of non-slip compressible and nonconductive materials.
a. Grip b. Weight c. Span d. Spring-loaded handles
47. This mechanism saves muscular effort and reduces mechanical stress on the backs and sides
of fingers for such tools as scissors, pliers and other manual cutting and gripping tools which
have to be opened and closed repeatedly during use.
a. Grip b. Weight c. Span d. Spring-loaded handles
48. It has a lot of force to keep the tool from rotating out of your hand.
a. Torque Control b. Choose the right tool shape c. Balance d. Support
49. These tools may inflict injuries when improperly handled due to its sharp edges that can cut
through the skin of the human body.
a. Cutting Tools
b. Driving Tools
c. Boring Tools
d. Soldering Tools
50. These tools can causes extreme heat and burn in the skin when improperly used.
a. Cutting Tools
b. Driving Tools
c. Boring Tools
d. Soldering Tools
Passing your exams with good grades will gradually make a strong foundation, which
will help you create rainbows even when you face severe storms in life.
PREPARED BY: GEMALYN C. MAURICIO

Instructor
CRT LEARNING MODULE
Course Code TLE 5

Industrial Arts
Units 3
Module Title Electricity

Welcome to the module in Electricity. This module contains training materials and
and skill in common competencies in Electricity.

assistance.
This module was prepared to help you gain basic knowledge and skill in Electricity.
notes.

4 Electricity  Prepare Module 4.1
Electrical
Supplies,
Materials and
Module 4.2
Tools
 Maintain
Tools and Module 4.3
Equipment
 Perform Module 4.4
Mensuration
and
Calculation
Module 4.5
 Interpret
Technical
Drawing and
Plans
 Practice
Occupationa
l Safety and
Health
MODULE CONTENT
MODULE TITLE : Electricity
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
in Electricity.
Number of Hours:
9 hours (6 Weeks)
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
3. Create a reflection paper using of any social media platform
REFERENCES
Philippine Electrical Code. Year 2000 Edition.
Cardenas, Elpidio. 1989, Fundamental and Elements of Electricity.
Philippines:National Bookstore.
Enriquez, Michael Q., Gantalao, Fred T. and Lasala, Rommel M. 2004,
Simple Electronics. Philippines: Andes Mountain Printers.
Velasco, Benjamin S. 1994, Electronic Components Testing Simplified.
Philippines: National Bookstore: 1994.
http://sam.dgs.ca.gov/TOC/3800/3861.htm
http://electrical.about.com/od/electricaltools/tp/top16electricaltools.htm
Contents:
1. Prepare Electrical Supplies, Materials and Tools

Assessment Criteria
Conditions

2. MS Word
3. Pen
4. Paper
Assessment Method:
E-essay

3. Click the folder MODULE 4: Electricity. The digitized Modules, Task Sheets and Job

Learning Outcome #1
1. E-essay
1. Read Module No. 4.1 (Prepare Contained in the Module 4: Electricity folder in
Electrical Supplies, Materials and EDMODO (Module 4.1)
Tools)
1. Read Module No. 4.2 (Maintain Contained in the Module 4: Electricity folder in
Tools and Equipment) EDMODO (Module 4.2)
MODULE 4.1
Prepare Electrical Supplies, Materials and Tools

1. Identify electrical supplies, materials, and tools needed in
electrical/wiring installation
2. Explain the appropriate supplies, materials, and tools for a
specific job
3. Determine the common splices and joint in electricity
Definition of Terms
Ampere - a unit of measure of electric current

Circuit - the path of electric current from the source to the
components and goes back to the source
Kilowatt - a unit of power which is equivalent to 1000w
Conductor - a wire or a cord which provides path for current flow
Resistance - the quality of electric current measured in ohms that
resist the flow of current
Hot wire - a wire through which current flows
Insulator – material used to cover electric wires which may be
made from plastic, rubber, or asbestos.
Tools - are implements used to modify raw materials for human
use
Corrugated plastic conduit (CPC) - commonly known as
flexible non-metallic conduit or the “moldflex”
Metallic Conduits- metal raceways that was classified into four;
rigid steel conduit
(RSC), intermediate metallic conduit or tubing (IMC or IMT),
electrical metallic conduit or tubing (EMC or EMT) and the flexible
metallic conduit (FMC)
Non-metallic conduits- plastic conduits or raceways designed to
be a channel of wire that are classified as; rigid non-metallic
conduit or the PVC, the flexible nonmetallic or CPC, and the
surface plastic molding
Connectors and Adapters - accessories that are used to
connect from boxes to conduits or raceways to the other boxes in
the electrical system.
Electrical Tools and Equipment

Electrical task can be accomplished systematically to save time,
effort, and resources. Most of the work cannot be done using bare
hands. To do the task, electrical tools or equipment are needed to
perform the job. This lesson will discuss the function/use of each
tool or equipment used in electrical wiring installations.
The following are common electrical tools and equipment

needed in the installation of electrical wiring.
SCREW DRIVERS. These tools are made of steel hardened and
tempered at the tip used to loosen or tighten screws with slotted
heads. They come in various sizes and shapes.
Standard/Flat Screw Driver. The blade tip is wedge-shaped

and resembles a negative (-) sign. This is used to drive screws
with a single slot head.
Philips Screw Driver. This has a cross tip resembling a positive
(+) sign. This is used to drive screws with cross slot heads.
Stubby Screw Driver. It comes in either Standard or Philips
screw driver with short shank or blade and a shorted handle used
to turn screws in tight space where standard screw driver cannot
be used.
Allen Screw Driver/Wrench. This could be in the shape of a
screw driver or a wrench. Its function is to drive screw with
hexagonal slot head.
HAMMERS. These are tools used in driving or pounding and

pulling out nails. They are made of hard steel, wood, plastic or
rubber. The following are types of hammer:
A. Claw hammer
B. Mallet (rubber head)
C. Ballpeen hammer
PLIERS. These made from metal with insulators in the handle and
are used for cutting, twisting, bending, holding, and gripping wires
and cables.
Combination Pliers (Lineman’s
Pliers). This is used for gripping, holding, and cutting electrical
wires and cables and even small nails. They are usually used by
linemen in doing heavy tasks.
Side Cutting Pliers. This type of pliers is used for cutting fine,
medium and big wires and cables.
Long Nose Pliers. This is used for cutting and holding fine wires.
This can reach tight space or small opening where other pliers
cannot reach and also used in making terminal loops of copper
wires.
Wire Stripper- A tool used for removing insulation of medium
sized wires ranging from gauge #10 to gauge #16.
Electrician’s Knife. This is used by linemen to remove insulation
of wire and cables in low and high voltage transmission lines.
Portable Electric drill. A small drilling machine with a chuck
capacity of ¼‖ to 3/8‖. It is used in making holes on metal sheets
and concrete walls.
Hacksaw. This tool is used to cut metal conduit and armored
cable.
Electrical Supplies and Materials

Electrical materials are developed and constructed for a special
purpose such as to:
1. control the flow of current in an electrical circuit;
2. carry electrical current from the source to the load or current
consuming apparatus;
3. hold and secure wires to its fixtures inside and outside houses
and buildings; and
4. protect the houses, buildings, appliances’ and instruments from
any destruction and damage.
The following are the most commonly used electrical materials.

Convenience outlet- a device that acts as a convenient source
of electrical energy for current consuming appliances.
Male plug- a device inserted to a convenience outlet to conduct
electric current.
Lamp holders- devices that hold and protect the lamp.
Switch - a device that connects and disconnects the flow of
electric current in a circuit.
Fuse - a circuit protective device that automatically blows and cut
the current when and over load or short circuit happens.
Circuit Breaker - a protective device used to automatically blow
and cuts the current when trouble in the circuit such as short
circuit or overload occurs.
Junction Box - an octagonal shaped electrical material where the
connections or joints of wires are being done. It is also where the
flush type lamp holder is attached. This could be made of metal or
plastic (PVC) Polyvinylchloride.
Utility Box - a rectangular shaped metallic or plastic (PVC)
material in which flush type convenience outlet and switch are
attached.
Flat Cord- Is a duplex stranded wire used for temporary wiring
installation and commonly used in extension cord assembly. It
comes in a roll of 150 meters and with sizes of gauge # 18 and
gauge # 16 awg (American wire gauge).
Electrical Wire/Conductor- electrical material that could be:
a. Stranded wire which is made of multiple strands joined
together to make a single wire.
b. Solid wire is made of a single strand of copper or aluminum
wire. These are used in wiring installation inside and outside the
buildings.
Conduits/Pipes- electrical materials used as the passage of
wires for protection and insulation. These could be rigid metallic,
flexible metallic conduit (FMC), rigid nonmetallic
(PVC), and flexible non-metallic or corrugated plastic conduit (CPC)
Clamps- electrical materials used to hold and anchor electrical
conduits in its proper position.
Connectors- used to attach metallic or non-metallic conduit to
the junction or utility boxes.
COMMON WIRE SPLICES AND JOINTS
Introduction
As a student in Electrical Installation and Maintenance you should
acquire the important knowledge and skills in wire splices and
joints and should be familiar with the actual application of every
splice and joint. This will serve as your tool in performing actual
wiring installation. Of course, another factor is the knowledge in
interpreting and analyzing the wiring diagram especially if the
circuit is complicated.
The following are the Common Electrical Wire Splices and Joints.
Rat Tail or Pig Tail. This kind of joint is
commonly used to join two or more
conductors inside the junction box. It is
suitable for service where there is no
mechanical stress when wires are to be
connected in an outlet box, switch, or
conduit fitting
Y-splice. This method of wrapping is

generally used on small cables because the
strands are flexible and all can be wrapped
in one operation.
Knotted tap. This is used where the tap wire
is under heavy tensile stress.
Plain tap joint. This is used where the tap

wire is under considerable tensile stress
circuit.
Aerial tap. This is used as a temporary tap

usually done in constructions sites. The
easy twist will facilitate tap wire movement
Duplex cross joint. This is a two-tap wire

turned simultaneously and is used where the
two tap wire is under heavy tensile stress.
Western Union Short-tie Splice. This is the

most widely used splice or joint in interior
wiring installation to extend the length of wire
from one point to another.
Western Union Long Tie. This is used
extensively for outside wiring to extend the
length of wire from one end to another.
Cross joint. The same application is done

as in plain tap and the only difference is that
this tap is a combination of two plain taps
place side by side with each other.
Wrapped Tap or Tee Joint. This is used on

large solid conductors where it is difficult to
wrap the heavy tap wire around the main
wire.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORMS

Correctness of the entry of different forms used in electrical work
is necessary in order to acquire right, complete and accurate
number of materials and tools needed in a specific electrical job.
Here are samples of different forms used in electrical work.
1. Purchase requisition is a document generated by a user

department or store room personnel to notify the purchasing
department items it needs to order, their quantity, and the
timeframe. It may also contain the authorization to proceed with
the purchase. This is also called purchase request or
requisition.
Inventory are raw materials, work-in-process goods and

completely finished goods that are considered to be the portion of
a business's assets that are ready or will be ready for sale.
Job order or Work Order form is a written instruction to
perform a work according to specified requirements, within
specified timeframe and cost estimates.
SAMPLE OF JOB ORDER FORM OR WORK ORDER FORM
BORROWER’S FORM is a form used to request for tools and

equipment needed for a particular job.
RECEIVING AND INSPECTING FREIGHT SHIPMENTS
One of the tasks of a supply officer or logistics officer is the
purchase of the company’s supplies, materials and anything that
the company needs. But his duty does not end in just purchasing
but also in receiving the deliveries of what he purchased.
In receiving the deliveries, understand that you need to ensure

that the right materials and supplies were delivered and all in good
condition without defects.
A. When you receive a shipment, ask the shipper the

following questions:
1. Is it for me? Check the delivery receipt for the consignee's
name and address. If your agency has more than one location,
make sure the goods are for this exact address. Check the freight
to see if it is the same as described on the delivery receipt. Look at
the label on each item to make sure the shipment belongs to you.
2. Is it damaged? Do not sign the receipt before inspecting for
damage. Check for holes, water, stains, and tears. Pick up cartons
if you can. Check for rattling. Listen for something broken inside.
Check to see if any package has been opened or if the sealing
tape has been tampered with.
3. Is the piece count correct? Count the pieces and match the
number on the delivery receipt to the number you have counted.
If the shipment is on a pallet, check to make sure the pallet is
solid with no voids inside the stack. If the shipment is shrink or
stretch wrapped, make sure the wrap hasn't been cut and pieces
removed. Sign only for the type of unit you receive. For example:
two pallets. Don't sign for the number of packages that are
supposed to be on the pallet. However, if time permits or the
pallet is not banded or shrink wrapped, count the packages, and
only then sign for the number of packages.
B. If your delivery doesn't check out, do one of the

following:
1. Refuse shipment if it isn't yours, if the shipment does not meet
the terms specified by your agency, or is damaged to the point
where it no longer has a value.
2. If yours, and only partially damaged or short, accept it and note
exceptions on the delivery receipt.
C. How to note exceptions:

1. Damage Notations: Be specific. Describe the damage
accurately. Pinpoint the locations of all defects. If you can see the
damage, have the driver wait while you open and inspect the
packages. Write down the number and identity of the damaged
pieces. This is called a "joint inventory."
2. Shortage Notations: If part of shipment is missing, write the
number of pieces actually delivered on the delivery receipt and
circle it. Then write down the number of pieces missing and note
them as "short."
3. Signatures: Write down all exceptions on both copies of the
delivery receipt. Have the driver sign both copies of the delivery
receipt in his full name (not initials or nicknames). After the driver
signs, you sign also. Write your agency's name, your full name,
the date, and the time of day.
D. Follow these steps when requesting an inspection:

1. The receiving person is responsible for requesting the carrier to
inspect the damaged goods and packaging. The formal request
should be made by phone right after discovering any loss or
damage.
2. After the phone request, make a request for inspection by the
carrier in writing. Note the date and time of your previous phone
call and the person contacted. Keep a copy of your request letter
on file.
3. Once contacted about damage or shortage, the carrier may
waive inspection and tell you so. If so, write down the name of the
person who waived the inspection, and the date and time of
waiver. Then conduct your own detailed inspection. Write up your
findings in a report and attach it to the file. If you can, take
photographs to confirm your inspection report.
MODULE 4.2

1. Identify the classification of tools.
2. Explain the 5’s approached of organizing and managing
the workplace
3. Determine the types of lubricant use in cleaning the tools
and equipment.
Definition of Terms
5S - Sort, Systematize, Sweep, Sanitize, and Self-Discipline
Functional tools and equipment - those that are in good
condition and can perform its regular functions
Lubricant - a substance introduced to lessen friction between
moving surfaces; also functions to transport external particle
Lubrication additives- many of the physical properties of
various oils and greases
Non-functional tools and equipment - those that are not able
to perform its regular function because of impaired and damage
part
Nonpolar solvents - solvents which do not dissolve/are insoluble
in water
Pneumatic tool - instrument activated by air pressure
Polar solvents - solvents which dissolve/are soluble in water
Solvent - a component of a solution that dissolves solute and is
usually present in large proportion or amount
Sorting - to sort everything in a work area
Classification of Tools and Equipment

A tool is a device that can be used to produce an item or
accomplish a task, but that is not consumed in the process. It can
be considered as extension of the human hand thus increasing
speed, power, and accuracy and on the other hands equipment
includes any machine powered by electricity.
1. Hand tools are tools manipulated by hands without using
electrical energy such as: puller, hacksaw, pull-push rule, pliers,
hammer, and others.
2. Machine/Power tools are tools manipulated by our hands
and with the use of electrical energy such as: electric drill, grinding
wheels, vacuum cleaner and others.
3. Pneumatic tools are tools or instruments activated by air
pressure.
Pneumatic tools are designed around three basic devices: the air
cylinder, the vane motor, and the sprayer.
A. Hand tools
They include screwdrivers, hammers, pliers, wrenches and pullers.
1. Screwdrivers are used to drive, or turn screws. The common
type has a single flat blade for driving screws with slotted heads.
The other type has the cross slotted head.
1. Hammers are mostly used tools in the shop. They should be
gripped at the end of the handle.
2. Pliers are specified types of adjustable wrenches. The two legs
move on a pivot so that items of various sizes can be gripped.
3. Wrenches are used to turn screws, nuts and bolts with
hexagonal heads. ―Hexagonal‖ means six-sided. A variety of
wrenches are used in the shop.
4. Pullers are used to remove gears and hubs from shafts,
bushings from blind holes, and cylinders’ liners from the engine
blocks.
B. Machine/Power Tools
1. Electric drill has an electric motor that drives a chuck. The
chuck has jaws that can be opened and then closed to grip a drill
kit.
2. Grinding tool can be either bench-mounted or installed on a
pedestal. They may either have a grinding wheel, view wheel, or
two grinding wheels.
3. Vacuum cleaner is used for cleaning the floor and car interiors
after service.
C. Pneumatic tools
1. Pneumatic Torque Wrench. This wrench uses compressed
air to quickly and powerfully turn nuts, bolts, and other objects.
2. Air chisel uses reciprocating motion to drive a cutting
hammering tool. An air hammer drives a chisel to cut off a nut that
has frozen to a stud. It can be used with a variety of tools-cutters
and punches to do many jobs.
3. Air drill is lighter than a comparable electric drill. Repeatedly
stalling or overloading does not damage or overheat the air drill.
4. Air racket uses the sockets and attachments from a standard
socket set.
5. Pneumatic floor jack uses compressed air to flow into the
jack cylinder and causes the ram to extend and raise the vehicle.
A. Basic Maintenance of Electrical Tools and Equipment
To ensure that your electric tools work when you need them, you
must take proper care of them. A good routine of maintenance for
your tools is one thing that you can do to make sure that the tool
you need is working when you need it.
1. Clean out the Dust. To make sure that your electric tools are
ready to go when you are, keep them clean and free of dust.
Spend some time to clean out the dust every once in a while on
your tools while they are inactive in storage.
2. Check the Cords. Look for tear/cut insulator on the power
cords on your electric tools.
This will ensure that your electric tool can get the power that it
needs to function without an accident.
3. Use the right tool correctly. Use tools correctly and for their
intended purposes. Follow the safety directions and operating
procedures recommended by the manufacturer.
When working on a circuit, use approved tools with insulated
handles.
4. Protect your Tools. Keep tools and cords away from heat, oil,
and sharp objects. These hazards can damage insulation. If a tool
or cord heats up, stop using it. Report the condition to a
supervisor or instructor immediately.
5. Use double-insulated tools - Portable electrical tools are
classified by the number of insulation barriers between the
electrical conductors in the tool and the worker.
6. Storing Your Tools- Keep your electric tools stored in their
original cases and containers. This will keep them free of dust and
dirt while they are not being used.
B. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are gadgets to protect
workers from injury or illness caused by having contact with the
dangers/hazards in the workplace whether they are chemical,
biological, radiation, physical, electrical, mechanical and others.
These are the common Personal Protective Equipment gadgets:
Hard Hats/ Helmets
Gloves
Goggle Mask
Work boots
Pants
REMEMBER
1. Personal protective equipment should be taken cared as of the
other tools and equipment. Wipe your helmets, gloves, safety
shoes before keeping it.
2. It should also be cleaned, kept in proper tool rack/ cabinet.
3. It should be stored in dry places so that it will not have mold
build-up.
4. Over-all suites should be washed regularly so that perspirations
and other dirt will be washed clean.
C. Classification of non-functional and functional tools

Tools are very useful to us in our homes especially to our job. But
tools that are no longer functional may cause harm.
A. Make an inventory of functional and non-functional tools in your
shop.
B. Classify your tools according to is function.
Method of identifying non-functional tools and
equipment
1. Visual inspection. It refers to the visual observation of an
expert on the appearance of the tools and equipment.
2. Functionality. Vibration or extra noise from the operation
means problems on parts and accessories started to develop.
3. Performance. When there is something wrong with the
performance of either hand tools or equipment they need an
immediate repair or maintenance.
4. Power supply (for electrically operated only). Failure to
meet the required power supply, malfunction will occurs in the
part of hand tools or equipment.
5. Person’s involved. It refers to the technical person who has
the knowledge and skills about the technology.
Classifications of tools and equipment according to
their uses:
1. Measuring tools
2. Holding tools
3. Cutting tools
4. Driving tools
5. Boring tools
6. Electrical equipment
7. Miscellaneous tools/instrument/equipment
Non-functional tools and equipment are those that are not

able to perform its regular function because of impaired and
damage part. Examples of these are the following:
Hammer with a broken handle
Screw driver with a broken handle
Long Nose Pliers with damage jaw
A broken/cut foot rule
Electrical equipment with damage cord
Functional tools and equipment are those that are in good

condition and can perform its regular functions. Examples of these
are the following:
Standard screw driver
Philips Screw Driver
Combination pliers
Long Nose Pliers
Wire Stripper
Portable Electric Drill
A lubricant is a substance introduced to lessen friction between

moving surfaces. It may also transport external particles. The
property of reducing friction is known as lubricity.
Types and Uses of lubricants

Anti-rust lubricant spray:
o loosen rusted part
o cleans and protect
o drives out moisture
o stops squeaks
o free sticky mechanisms
Wire Pulling Lubricant:
o does not damage insulation
o cling to wire and dries to a slippery film
o suitable for use with wire or cable covered with rubber
All Purpose Anti Rust Lubricant:
o anti-rust
o lubricating
o rust removal
o decontamination
o conductance
Lubricant Oil and Engine Oil:
o lubricating the gear
o cleans and protect
o drives out moisture
Silicon Lubricant:
o heat stable
o lubricates
o protects
o reduces friction
o water repellent
Reminders
A good lubricant possesses the following characteristics:
High boiling point.
Low freezing point.
High viscosity index.
Thermal stability.
Corrosion prevention.
High resistance to oxidation.
Types and Kinds of Cleaning Solvents
Solvent is a component of a solution that dissolves solute and is

usually present in large proportion or amount. It can be classified
as polar and nonpolar. Polar solvents are
solvents which dissolve/are soluble in water; while nonpolar
solvents are solvents which do not dissolve/are insoluble in water.
Solvents are usually used for cleaning in workshops. They are

water, gasoline, kerosene, thinner and detergent soap.
The table below shows the kinds of cleaning solvent based on their
solubility in water.
Cleaning Solvents
a. water
b. gasoline
c. kerosene
d. thinner
e. detergent soap
Uses of Cleaning Solvents
5’s Approach in workshop keeping

5’S is a reference to a list of five Japanese words translated into
English. This is an approached of organizing and managing the
workplace and work flow with the intent to improve efficiency by
eliminating wastes, improving flow of production, reducing process
delays.
These words are:
Japanese words English translation
Seiri Sort
Seiton Set in order (systematize)
Seiso Sweep
Seiketsu Standardize (sanitize)
Shitsuke Sustain (Self-discipline)
Sort Systematize Sweep Sanitize Self-

Discipline
Sorting is an Systematizing is Sweeping is an Sanitizing is a Self-discipline is
action to identify an action to action to clean condition of a condition of
and eliminate all arrange or put your work place maintaining high training people
unnecessary every necessary thoroughly so standard of to follow
items from your item in good that there is no cleaning and cleaning
work place and order so that dust on floor, workshop disciplines
dispose them. they can be machines and organization at independently.
easily picked for equipment. all times.
use.
o A place for
everything
o Everything is
in place
Why Maintain Inventory of Tools and Equipment

The most significant point to think at the start of your career
is to acquire branded tools. They must be made out of high-quality
steel and manufactured for precision. Special consideration is
given to balance so that the tool/equipment will be properly
maintained and prevent loses. Since the technician must work with
his tools daily, regular inventory of tools/equipment is very
significant.
The initial cost of a minimum number of tools is high but
there is accompanying warranty guarantees satisfaction and many
years of service. It is better, in the long run, to start with a few
cautiously selected tools that will take care of your most common
needs and then slowly build-up to a complete set. It is sometimes
hard to identify and memorize the huge number of tools and
equipment in the workshop, maintaining the inventory record is of
great value.
Maintaining and Storing Tools & Equipment

An important aspect of any business is the maintenance and
storage of tools and equipment. The investment in tools and
equipment is a significant part of the overhead expenses in any
operation. Proper selection and maintenance of equipment are
important factors in managing business. Selecting the proper tool
for the job and using the tool properly will increase efficiency and
reduce maintenance problems. Purchase tools, which are well-
made and suited to the intended use. Commercial usage may
entail more heavy duty demands on equipment.
Hand tools:
1. Clean dirt and debris from tools after each use.
2. Oil metal parts to prevent rust.
3. Lightly sand rough wooden handles and apply linseed oil.
4. Repair loose handles.
5. Sharpen blades of cutting tools.
6. Store tools in a clean dry storage area.
7. Protect surfaces of cutting tools in storage.
Power tools:
1. Read and follow the maintenance schedule in the owner’s
manual for each piece of power equipment.
2. Change the oil.
3. Clean the air filter.
4. Lubricate moving parts.
5. Sharpen dull blades or replace worn blades according to the
owner’s manual.
6. Replace spark plugs.
7. Drain oil and gasoline before long-term storage.
8. Check electric cords and connections on electric-powered tools.
9. Store tools in a clean dry storage area.
Equipment:
1. Store equipment in a clean dry storage area.
2. Rinse and clean spray equipment after each use.
3. Clean spreaders and check wheel-driven gears.
4. Clean carts and wheelbarrows after use.
Contents:
1. Perform Mensuration and Calculation

2. Interpret Drawings and Plans
Assessment Criteria
Conditions

2. Laptop or gadget
3. Gmail Account
Assessment Method:

Learning Outcome #2
1. Read Module No. 4.3 (1. Perform Contained in the Module 4: Electricity folder in
Mensuration and Calculation) EDMODO (Module 4.3)
3. Read Module No. 4.4 (Interpret Contained in the Module 4: Electricity folder in
Drawings and Plans) EDMODO (Module 4.4)
MODULE 4.3
Perform Mensuration and Calculation

1. Identify the different measurement tools in Electricity.

2. Compute of resistance, current, and voltage using Ohms Law are obtained.
3. Determine the parts of multitester.
Definition of Terms
Amperage (Amps) - a unit of measurement of electrical current
flow
Ampere - a unit of measurement which describes the amount of
electric current passing a certain point at a particular time
Centimeter - hundredth of a meter
Inch - a portion of a foot, which is an English unit of linear
measurement
Megger - an instrument used to measure the insulation resistance
of conductors or wire. It gives measurement in ohms or meg-ohms
Millimeter - one-thousandth of a meter
Multi-tester - an electrical measuring instrument used to
measure the voltage, the resistance or the current of a circuit. It is
connected either through parallel or series with the circuit
depending on what to measure
Ohm - the unit of measurement used to express resistance
Ohmmeter - an instrument used to measure resistance in ohms
Volt - a unit of measurement of electrical pressure or voltage
Voltmeter - an instrument specially designed for measuring
voltage
Wire Gauge - used to measure the diameter of magnetic wire
Measuring tool/instrument Description

Test Light is a pocket size tool used to test
the line wire or circuit if there is current in it.
Micrometer is used to measure the diameter

of wires/conductors in circular mils. It can
measure small and big sizes of wires and
cables.
Wire Gauge is used in determining the size
of wires/conductors. The gauge ranges from
0 to 60 awg (American wire gauge).
Ruler/foot rule is a measuring tool used to

measure length, width and thickness of short
flat object and in sketching straight lines
Pull-Push Rule is a measuring tool used to

measure the length of an object in centimeter
and inches
Ammeter is an instrument used to measure

the amount of electrical current intensity in a
circuit.
The unit of measure is ampere (a). It is
connected along or series to the circuit.
Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure
electrical pressure or voltage of a circuit. The
unit of measure is volt (v). This is connected
across or parallel to the circuit.
Clamp Ammeter is also called tong-tester. It

is used to measure current flowing in a
conductor.
It is clamped or hanged in a conductor.
Volt-Ohmmeter (VOM) otherwise called as

Multi-tester; is used to measure the voltage,
resistance and current of a circuit. It is
connected in parallel or series with the circuit
depending on what to measure.
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
A system of measurement is a set of units which can be used

to specify anything can be measured.
These are common units of measurement used in making layout
and installation of electrical materials:
A. Linear measures
1. English system provides the creative way on how people can
measure by themselves. For example, people measure shorter
distance on the ground with their feet. They measure long
distances by their palms which is equal to a yard.
Inch
Yard
Miles
2. Metric system is a decimalized system of measurement. It

exists in several variations with different choices of base units.
Metric units are widely used around the world for personal,
commercial and scientific purpose.
Millimeter
Centimeter
Decimeter
Meter
B. English units and each equivalent
12 inches = foot(ft)
1 foot = 3yard (yd)
1 yard = 36 inches
C. Metric units and each equivalent
10millimeter (mm) = 1centimeter (cm)
10centimeter = 1 decimeter(dm)
10 decimeter = 1meter
D. English to metric equivalent
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 foot = 30.48 cm
1 yard = 91.44 cm
E. The centimeter graduation
How to read the cm graduation:

1. First graduation is .5 mm
2. Second graduation is 1mm
3. Third graduation is 1.5mm
4. Fourth graduation is 2mm
F. The inch graduation

How to read the inch graduation:
1. First graduation is 1/16
2. Second graduation is 18
3. Third graduation is 3/16
4. Fourth graduation is 1/4, then follow the given scale above.
Converting the unit of measurement from English to
metric and vice versa
THE MULTITESTER
INTRODUCTION
The Multitester or multimeter is sometimes called the VOM
(voltmeter, ohmmeter, milliammeter). It is the best instrument
that can measure voltage, resistance and current. It is generally
made of two types: the analog and the digital.
A. PARTS OF A MULTI TESTER
A. Proper care and maintenance of the multi tester
1. Read manual of instructions on how to operate the multi-tester.
2. In reading the amount of voltage, always start with the highest
range to avoid reading voltage higher than the tester setting.
3. Be sure that the tester is set to the correct range setting:
resistance range when measuring the ohm, voltage range when
measuring voltage and ammeter range when measuring the value
of electric current.
4. Always check the condition of its battery. Worn out batteries will
damage the internal setting of the tester.
5. When the tester is not in used or will be stored, set the selector
switch to
1000V or to OFF position.
6. Never drop the tester.
MODULE 4.4
Interpret Drawings and Plans

1. Analyze signs, symbols and data;
2. Interpret technical drawings and plans
3. Apply freehand sketching
Definition of Terms
Ampere (I) - the unit of electrical current (coulombs per second)
Caution - indicates some precautionary measures against
potential hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result to a
minor or moderate injury
Danger - specifies hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will
result to a serious injury or even death
Isometric - a kind of drawing which shows the object in 3
dimensional views
Joule (J) - a metric unit of energy: watt per second. 1 Kw hr =
2,655,000 ft-lb = 1.341
hp-hr = 3413 Btu = 3,600,000 joules
Kilovolt-ampere (KVA) - a measurement of apparent electric
power
Kilowatt hour (Kwhr) - a unit of electrical energy or work
performed
Ohm - the unit of electrical resistance (volts/ampere)
Orthographic - a drawing which shows the front top and side
view of the object
Volt (E) - the unit of electric pressure or electromotive force
which will produce a current of 1 ampere through a resistance of 1
ohm
Watts (W) and kilowatts (KW) - are units of electric power
COMMON ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
Electrical Symbols are small drawings or pictograms used to

represent various electrical devices in a diagram or plan of an
electrical circuit. These symbols are used in sketching schematic
diagrams and electrical plans for numerous types of electrical
works.
Practically any electrical fixture found in a house has a symbol that
coincides to said fixture on an electrical wiring diagram. These are
very useful guide for an electrician or electrical contractor, thus,
making the wiring easier to install as well.
The following are common electrical symbols used in sketching

wiring plan and diagram.
ELECTRICAL SIGNS
Your power tool with its manual may contain "WARNING ICONS"
(a picture symbol intended to alert you to, and/or to instruct you
how to avoid a potentially hazardous condition). Knowing and
understanding these symbols will help you operate your tool better
and more safely.
Electrical signs and stickers alert students, workers, and visitors to

electrical hazards in the area. Alerting workers to high voltage
areas, electrical hazards, power lines and other electrical
equipment in the area, can help prevent fires and injuries. Proper
electrical signs can inform workers of the dangers in the area .
CAUTION indicates some precautionary
measures against potential hazardous
situation which, if not avoided, may result to
a minor or moderate injury.
SAFETY ALERT indicates that a person
should observe extra awareness
PROHIBITION means that any activity is not

allowed as stated by the symbol.
DANGER specifies hazardous situation

which, if not avoided, will result to a serious
injury or even death.
WARNING specifies a potentially hazardous

situation which, if not avoided, could result to
serious injury or even death.
READ AND UNDERSTAND

INSTRUCTION MANUAL means that a
person should make some reading before
doing any activity.
WEAR EYE PROTECTION indicates that a

person should wear safety goggles or any
related protection for the eyes.
ELECTRICAL HAZARD indicates that

electrical hazard is present in the area.
VOLTAGE DANGER indicates high voltage
in the area and surrounding equipment.
ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAM

The flow of current in a conductor or wire can be represented by
diagram. There are two types of diagram: pictorial diagram and
schematic diagram.
A. Pictorial diagram is a sketch of electrical circuit that shows

the external appearance of each component. It is much like a
photograph of the circuit and uses simple images of parts.
Sample Pictorial diagram of one bulb controlled by single pole switch using 9 volt
battery source.
B. Schematic diagram is a sketch showing the components of

the circuit using standard electrical symbols. It shows the actual
number of components and how the wiring is routed but not the
actual location.
C. Types of Circuit
1. Series Circuit is a circuit in which lamps are arranged in a
chain, so that the current has only one path to take. The current is
the same through each load.
Example of this is the Christmas lights. It consists of a number of

bulbs that are connected side by side to meet the voltage
requirement which is 220 volts for alternating current.
2. Parallel Circuit is a circuit in which lamps are connected
across the wires. The voltage across each load on parallel circuit is
the same. The advantage of using parallel circuit is that even if
one of the lamps fails, still the remaining lamps will function.
ELECTRICAL PLAN
Electrical plan is a graphical presentation of electrical wiring
connections to install in a particular house or building. It indicates
the position of electrical fixtures such as convenience outlets,
switches, lightings, door bells, and others to be installed.
Sample electrical plan of
Single family dwelling
Number of electrical fixtures found in the electrical plan:

LEARNING OUTCOME # 3: REFLECTION PAPER
Contents:

Assessment Criteria
1. Reflection paper should clearly state the purpose of writing
2. Reflection paper should contain actual real-life experiences.
3. Reflection paper should organize, significant and personal.
Conditions
5. Hard copy and soft copy of the course syllabus

6. MS Word
7. Pen
8. Paper
Assessment Method:
Submission of Reflection Paper

Learning Outcome #3
1. Reflection Paper
1. Read Module No. 4.5 (Practice Contained in the Module 4: Electricity folder in
Procedures)
MODULE 4.5
Practice Occupational Health and Safety

Procedures
1. Identify hazards and risks in electricity.
2. Explain the 5’s approached of organizing and managing the
workplace
3. Determine the types of lubricant use in cleaning the tools
and equipment.
Definition of Terms
Ampere - unit of measurement for electric current
Circuit - the path of electric current
Conductor - a wire or a cord which provides path for current flow
Connectors and Adapters - accessories that are used to connect
from boxes to conduits or raceways to the other boxes in the
electrical system
Corrugated plastic conduit (CPC) - commonly known as
flexible non-metallic conduit or the “moldflex”.
Hot wire - a wire through which current flows
Insulator - a plastic, rubber, or asbestos material used to cover
electric wires
Kilowatt - a unit of power
Metallic Conduits - metal raceways that was classified into four;
rigid steel conduit
(RSC); intermediate metallic conduit or tubing (IMC or IMT);
electrical metallic conduit or tubing (EMC or EMT); and the flexible
metallic conduit (FMC)
Non-metallic conduits - plastic conduits or raceways designed
to be a channel of wire that are classified as; rigid non-metallic
conduit or the PVC, the flexible nonmetallic or CPC, and the
surface plastic molding
Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) - the governing rules and
regulations that ensure safety and fire-free environment
Resistance - the quality of electric current measured in ohms.
Threshold limit value (TLV) - a level to which it is believed a
worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime
without adverse health effects.
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
HAZARDS AND RISKS
What is the difference between 'hazard' and 'risk'?

A hazard is something that can cause harm, eg electricity,
chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a keyboard, a bully at work,
stress.
Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or

experience an adverse health effect once to a hazard. It may also
apply to situations with property or equipment loss.
A risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually
cause somebody harm.
For example, working alone away from your office can be a
hazard. The risk of personal danger may be high. Electrical repair
is a hazard. If someone accidentally turned-on the power the
worker’s life will be in a 'high-risk' category.
Five Basic Workplace Hazards
There are five major types of hazards which can put both your
health and your safety at risk.
1. Chemical hazards
2. Physical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Ergonomic hazards or job related hazards
5. Psychological hazards or stress
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
If you are working with cleaning products, bleaches, paints, and
other chemical agents, you need to understand what a chemical
hazard is as well as how to protect yourself.
Chemical hazards include:
liquids such a cleansers,
acids, and paints
vapours and fumes such as
welding fumes
gases such as carbon monoxide
products that can catch fire or explode
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Physical hazards include:
Machinery
Electrical power
Noise
Power and hand tools
Working and walking surfaces
Trip and fall hazards
Ladders and scaffolds
Heat and cold
ventilation
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Why be careful around ticks, mouse droppings, bird poop and wild
animals?
Because you might get sick from working around certain animals,
including people. Biological hazards include bacteria, viruses,
insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans. The risks run from
skin irritation and allergies to infections.
Dangers can come from:
• unclean restrooms
• mold and fungus
• bacteria
• insect stings
• animal bites
• poorly stored medical waste
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
If your job is poorly designed, you can develop long term health
problems.
These problems can arise from simple things, like working for long
periods in an awkward position or having to make the same
motions over and over again.
Problems can come from:
lghting
chairs
lifting
repeated movements
computer screens
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This kind of
hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that his
general well-being is affected
Stress can lead to long-term health problems. Headaches, anxiety,
and impatience are early signs of stress.
Workplace causes of stress include:
• heavy workloads
• lack of control over the pace of work
• shift work
• noise
• working by yourself
• fear of job-loss
• conflict with the employer
What are examples of a hazard?
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE

One of the most critical among the hazards that one may
encounter is the chemical hazard. Chemical may produce reactions
that may endanger one’s health and life. This is the reason why
the American Conference of Governmental Hygienist (ACGIH)
established a threshold limit value (tlv).
TLV is the term used by the American Conference of Governmental
Hygienists (ACGIH*) to express the airborne concentration of a
material to which nearly all persons can be exposed day after day,
without adverse health effects.
What is a risk assessment?
Occupational Safety and Health (OHS) is a cross-disciplinary

area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of
people engaged in work or employment.
The goal of all occupational safety and health programs is to foster
a safe working environment. As a secondary effect, it may also
protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers,
suppliers, nearby communities, and other members of the public
who are impacted by the workplace environment. It may involve
interactions among many subject
areas, including occupational medicine, occupational (or industrial)
hygiene, public health, safety engineering / industrial engineering,
chemistry, health physics.
Risks include acute and chronic health effects, for example,
irritation or cancer, and physical effects such as fires or explosions.
The hazards are physical and health hazards.
II. Risk assessment

A. Risk assessment is the process where you:
1. identify hazards
2. analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard
3. determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard
B. Factors that influence the degree of risk include:
how much a person is exposed to a hazardous thing or
condition
how the person is exposed (e.g., breathing in a vapor, skin
contact), and how severe are the effects under the conditions of
exposure
II. Fire and Explosion Hazard Assessment

Fire is one type of hazard that needs careful evaluation before
extinguishing it. Not all fire could be extinguished by water that is
why it is necessary that we knew first the cause of fire before
dealing the fire.
1. Flash Point and Method Used: Lowest temperature at which a
liquid will give off enough flammable vapors to ignite. Since flash
points vary according to how they are obtained, the method used
must be listed. Chemicals with lower flash points present a greater
flammability hazard.
2. Flammable Limits: Range of concentrations over which a

flammable vapor mixed with air will flash or explode if an ignition
source is present. Range extends between lower explosive limit
(LEL) and upper explosive limit (UEL) and is expressed in
percentage of volume of vapor or gas in air (0 – 100%).
Chemicals with a broad flammable range (i.e., range between the
LEL and the UEL) and/or a flammable range in the lower
percentages, present a greater flammability hazard.
3. Extinguishing Media: Fire-fighting material for use on substance
that is burning, Firefighting material should be indicated by its
generic name (e.g. water, foam, dry chemical, etc.).
III. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing

or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The
term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and
the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on
health, the environment or aesthetics.
Waste management is a distinct practice from resource
recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of
natural resources. The management of wastes treats all materials
as a single class, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive
substances, and tried to reduce the harmful environmental impacts
of each through different methods.
Waste management practices differ for developed and
developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential
and industrial producers. Management for nonhazardous waste
residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually
the responsibility of local government authorities, while
management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is
usually the responsibility of the generator.
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

(Refer to Appendix 1 for elaboration)
The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 under its ―Declaration of
Principles” stated that the State shall protect and advance the right
of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with
the rhythm and harmony of nature.
Declaration of Policies. The State shall pursue a policy of balancing

development and environmental protection. To achieve this end,
the framework for sustainable development shall be pursued.
Recognition of Rights. Pursuant to the above-declared principles,

the following rights of citizens are hereby sought to be recognized
and the State shall seek to guarantee their enjoyment.
Controlling hazards and risks
HAZARD CONTROL
All workplace hazards (chemical, physical, etc.) can be controlled
by a variety of methods.
The goal of controlling hazards is to prevent workers from
being exposed to occupational hazards. Some methods of
hazard control are more efficient than others, but
a combination of methods usually provides a safer workplace than
relying on only one method. Some methods of control are cheaper
than others but may not provide the most effective way to reduce
exposures.
To control hazards in your workplace you need to identify
and understand those hazards. Your first priority should always
be to eliminate the hazards. If the hazards can't be
eliminated, try finding safer ways to carry out those tasks by
substituting less harmful substances or changing the work
environment through engineering controls. Also consider changing
how work activities are organized and performed. For example,
reduce the time workers are exposed to a hazard by rotating them
to another task.
A. Controlling workplace hazards

Once a hazard has been identified and the risk assessed, control
measures should be put into place. A simple list of control
measures can be utilized - the hierarchy of control.
1. Identify the Hazard

Identify the source of the problem
2. Assess the Risk

Risk assessment is the process where you:
o Identify hazards,
o Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard.
o Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard
3. Eliminate the Hazard Or Risk

Elimination of a specific hazard or hazardous work process, or
preventing it from entering the workplace, is the most effective
method of control. Eliminating a hazard means removing it
completely.
4. Engineering Control may mean changing a piece of

machinery (for example, using proper machine guards) or a work
process to reduce exposure to a hazard.
5. Administrative Controls
Working a limited number of hours in a hazardous area is an
example of an administrative control for example, job rotation.
6. Substitution is one measure of replacing one hazardous agent

or work process with a less dangerous one. It is important to
consider worker health and safety when work processes are still in
the planning stages.
Provide Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes ear and eye
protection, respirators, and protective clothing.
YOUR HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK
Personal hygiene
Finally, personal hygiene (cleanliness) is also very important
as a method of controlling hazards. Your employer should provide
facilities so you can wash and/or take a shower every day at the
end of your shift, no matter what your job is. Wash your skin and
hair with a mild soap, rinse and dry your skin completely to protect
it. Washing hands regularly, and eating and smoking away from
your work area help to prevent ingesting contaminants. Lack of
personal cleanliness can affect your family's health. Your family
can be exposed to hazards you work with if you bring chemicals
and other workplace contaminants home with you on your clothes,
hair or skin. Before you leave work, wash/shower and change your
clothes when necessary to prevent bringing workplace
contaminants home.
It may seem that the amount of contaminant you can bring
home on your clothes or skin is very small and cannot hurt your
family. In reality a small exposure every day for months can add
up to a big exposure. A classic example of this ―spreading the
hazard‖ involves asbestos, where wives of asbestos workers have
developed asbestosis from exposure to the asbestos on their
husbands' work clothes. Similarly, children have developed lead
poisoning from exposure to lead which comes home on their
parents' work clothes.
If you wear protective clothing at work, such as aprons,

laboratory coats, overalls,
etc., these should be cleaned regularly and you should inspect
them for holes or areas that are worn out. Workers who launder
these clothes should be trained in the types of hazards they may
work with and how they can be controlled. Inspect your
underclothes at home for any signs of contamination with oils,
solvents, etc. If you find any signs, then it means your protective
clothing at work is not effective.
Every workplace should have some kind of first-aid facility

Every workplace should have at least minimal first-aid
facilities as well as adequate personnel trained to provide first aid.
First-aid facilities and trained personnel are important components
of a healthy and safe workplace.
1. General cleanliness in the workplace is an important method of

controlling hazards.
2. Good housekeeping reduces the risk of fire and is cost-effective.
3. Good housekeeping measures should be planned when work
processes are in the design stage.
4. Safety signs are not a method of hazard control.
5. Personal cleanliness is an important method of controlling
hazards.
6. Your employer should provide facilities so you can wash and/or
take a shower every day.
7. Before you leave work, wash/shower and change your clothes
when necessary to prevent bringing workplace contaminants home
to your family.
8. Leave your dirty clothes at work. If you must wash them at
home, wash them separately — never wash your work clothes with
your family's wash.
9. Your protective clothing should be cleaned regularly. Inspect
your protective clothing for holes and worn areas that could leave
you open to exposures.
10. Inspect your undergarments for signs of contamination.
11. Your workplace should have at least minimal first-aid facilities.
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
Process of ensuring that an organization has complied with
the preventive measures, is in a state of readiness to contain the
effects of a forecasted disastrous event to minimize loss of life,
injury, and damage to property, can provide rescue, relief,
rehabilitation, and other services in the aftermath of the disaster,
and has the capability and resources to continue to sustain its
essential functions without being overwhelmed by the demand
placed on them.
Preparedness for the first and immediate response is called
emergency preparedness.
Always remember that disaster comes in the most

unexpected time and place. Being ready is always a necessity in all
circumstances. The government is giving trainings that everybody
needs in all our localities. One should participate in this disaster
training so that we will not be caught unaware when calamity
struck.
CRT LEARNING MODULE
Course Code TLE 5

Industrial Arts
Units 3
Module Title SMAW

Welcome to the module in SMAW. This module contains training materials and
and skill in common competencies in SMAW.

assistance.
This module was prepared to help you gain basic knowledge and skill in Electricity.
notes.

5 SMAW  Use Basic Module 5.1
Hand tools
and
Equipment Module 5.2
 Apply
Safety
Practices
MODULE CONTENT
MODULE TITLE : SMAW
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
in Electricity.
Number of Hours:
9 hours (2 Weeks)
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
REFERENCES
Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy
Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American welding
Society
Welding Principles and Applications : Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson
Contents:
1. Use Basic Hand Tools and Equipment
Assessment Criteria
Conditions

2. MS Word
3. Pen
4. Paper
Assessment Method:
E-essay

3. Click the folder MODULE 5: SMAW. The digitized Modules, Task Sheets and Job
Learning Outcome #1
1. E-essay
1. Read Module No. 5.1 (Use Basic Contained in the Module 5: SMAW folder in
Hand Tools) EDMODO (Module 5.1)
MODULE 5.1
Use Basic Hand Tools and Equipment

1. Identify the different hand tools and equipment’s
2. Explain the different uses of hand tools equipment’s
3. Explain the maintenance of hand tools
Hand tools are classified into four:
1. Measuring tools
2. Cutting tools
3. Driving tools and
4. Holding tools
Each classification has different types and uses.
1. MEASURING TOOLS
Pull-push rule. This flexible rule when extended will support

itself, but may also be used to measure curved, irregular surfaces.
Steel tape rule blade is usually ½ inch wide and 72 inches long.
The graduation is sixteenths, except for the first 6 inches which
are graduated in thirty-seconds of an inch.
Steel tape is similar to a steel tape rule except for its flexible
number of feet that are marked on the tape. The tape is 3/8 inch
wide and available in lengths from 25 to 100 feet.
Steel rule. This is the most common tool used in tool room. It is
made of tampered steel about 1/8 inch thick and ¾ inch wide and
6 to 12 inches long. The same style maybe obtained in length from
1 to 48 inches.
Try square is an instrument used to measure the square of an
object.
Combination square. It is an instrument combined with 45°, 90°

and a protractor.
Micrometer caliper. Is a precision measuring instrument used to

measure dimensions in thousandths of an inch.
Vernier caliper is a precision measuring instrument used to

measure the inside, outside diameter, as well as depth of hole and
slot.
Dividers. These are used for measuring or setting of distances,

and to lay out arcs and circles.
2. CUTTING TOOLS
1. Hacksaw is a tooth cutting tool usually with a solid and

adjustable frame. The main parts are handles, blade, tightening
screw and nuts. The tool is mainly used in cutting metals like
plates, pipes, rods, bars, angular, etc. but of minimal thickness,
width and length. Sometimes this tool is used for cutting plastic
pipes and other materials that suit to its purpose.
 Frame. It is the main body of the hacksaw which holds the

blade.
The different types of frames are the following:
a. Fixed or solid frames are intended to hold only one size of
blade at about 10 inches long
b. Adjustable frame is frame that can be adjusted to hold blades

of different sizes such as 10, 12 and 14 inches in length.
 Blade. It is made of thin, high grade steel usually 1.27 mm

thick and 30.48cm long with an inclined row of teeth serving
as cutter.
The two types of blades are:

a. All hard in this type, the entire blade is hardened and
tempered, making it very brittle. Use this type in cutting steel and
cast iron.
b. Flexible back. In this type, only the teeth portion is hardened

and tempered, making the blade springy and less likely to break.
The following are the recommended teeth-per-inch of

blades for different kinds of stocks to be cut:
a. 14 teeth-per-inch. It is used for brass, aluminum, cast iron and

soft iron.
b. 18 teeth-per-inch. It is used for drill rod, mild steel, tool steel
and general work
c. 24 teeth-per-inch. It is recommended for thin tubing and pipe.
Files are made of high grade steel which are hardened and
tempered. Each file has rows of teeth that form, shape and finish
metal by removing small chips and smoothing rough edges of the
metal surface. They differ in length, shape, cut and coarseness.
Kinds of files:
1. Mill file a single-cut file used for filing and finishing brass and
bronze.
2. Flat file is usually rectangular in shape and tapered slightly in
width and thickness. It is one of the most commonly used files for
general work.
3. Square file is intended for filing square or rectangular holes.
4. Round file is used primarily for enlarging holes.
5. Half-round file is used for filing curved or concave surfaces.
A triangular file is used for filing surfaces that meet at least 90º. It
is exclusively used for sharpening wood saws and for smoothening
rectangular opening. It is also known as threes quare file.
Cold chisel. A wedge-shaped tool used to shear, cut, and chip

metal
Types of cold chisel and their particular functions:

1. Flat chisel is used for chipping flat surfaces; cutting off rivets
or metal fasteners, thin sheets, and small bars; and for general
purposes. Its cutting edge ranges from 13 to
25mm.
2. Cape chisel has a narrow edge suited for cutting narrow

grooves or slots.
3. Diamond-point chisel has a diamond-shaped cutting edge

intended to cut V grooves.
4. Round-nose chisel has a round nose cutting edge for cutting

round and semi-circular grooves.
Scraper is used in removing points, burrs and sharp edges from

metal surface and similar parts. This tool is made of hardened
steel of various shapes that fit according to each purpose. There
are bearing scrapes, flat, sharper, three-connected scraper. Below
are types of scrapers and their uses:
1. For the removal of the high spots on metal surface.
2. For scraping the surface of cylindrical bearing when fitting
shafts into place.
3. For the removal of burrs and sharp internal edges from soft
brushing and similar parts
Punches are used for permanent marking on the surface of

metal.
KINDS AND USES OF PUNCHES

o Prick punch A small center punch which is also known as a
layout puncher. Its point is
placed an angle of 30 degrees.
o Center punch has one end guard to a 90 degrees conical point.
3. DRIVING TOOLS
Hammers
1. Ball peen hammer is used for straightening bending and

deforming metals. It has two faces. One is flat in striking cold
chisels and punches. The other side the “peen” is rounded for
bending and shaping metals.
Ball peen hammer generally has a wood or fiberglass handle
measuring 10-16 inches long. Head weight ranges from 2-48 oz. A
20oz hammer is good for general purpose.
2. Chipping hammer is used for removing slag on weld and with

two faces, the tapered from one side and round pointed on the
other side.
Wrench is used for loosening and tightening light and heavy nuts
and bolts. There are different kinds and sizes of wrenches
designed according to uses and functions.
1. An adjustable wrench has a movable jaw which makes it

adjustable to various sizes of nuts. A heavy type of adjustable
wrench is the monkey/pipe wrench.
2. Oxy acetylene wrench- A type of wrench used for tightening
hose and fitting connection on oxy-acetylene unit.
3. An open-ended wrench is one that is made to fit one size of

nut or bolt. This is the most inexpensive type of wrench that is
quite efficient in ordinary situations.
4. A closed-end wrench is similar to a single ended wrench, but

as it entirely encloses a nut, there is a little danger of the wrench
slipping off the nut or the jaws spreading apart.
5. Socket wrench is a tool with a usually interchangeable socket

to fit over a nut or bolt.
Screwdriver is hand tool that is designed to turn screws. The

blade is made of steel, attached to one end of a wooden or plastic
handle. The other end is flattened to fit slots in the heads of
screws on bolts. The other kinds of screw drivers are called a
Phillips screw driver and helical-ratchet screw driver.
4. HOLDING TOOLS
Clamps are made of different sizes and appearance that are fitted
to its purpose. These devices have been designed to hold work
securely which performing skills through grinding, bending, fitting
and cutting of metals. Some types of clamps and metal vises are:
1. Tool maker clamp is used for holding small parts both at the
bench and at the machine. This tool is also known as a parallel
clamp.
2. C-Clamp is an all-purpose clamp that is generally used for all

kinds of work.
3. Drill vise is a sturdy steel vise with movable jaw that easily
goes back or forth by raising the handle.
4. Machinist vise is a work holding tool for machining activity.

5. Hand vise V block with clamp is used to hold metal stocks for
small machining operation.
6. Vise Grip is a tool used to grip the stock tight enough to hold
the object.
7. Tong is used to hold the metal to be forged and must be held

securely while working.
8. Pliers are used for holding, cutting and twisting wires.
Defective and Non-Defective Hand tools
There are many ways of identifying hand tools. One of these is to

identify them according to their function. However, awareness of
defective and non-defective hand tools is a primordial concern of
workers/welders to be effective in their jobs.
Below are the recommended practices to identify defective and

non-defective hand tools.
1. Visual inspection:
Defective tools can easily be distinguished from the functional
ones through visual inspection. The physical appearance of tools
will describe such characteristics as dullness, sharpness,
dismantled parts, and unevenness of the teeth of the cutting tools.
2. Functionality:
Another way is to check the quality of the manufactured tools. Is it
already susceptible to wear and tear? Has it already exceeded its
service life? Has it passed the manufacturer’s quality control test?
A few pieces of the hand tools issued in the shop can be subjected
for Condemnation they are no longer serviceable. Some hand tools
issued for years in shops and few pieces of these can be subjected
for condemnation.
3. Performance:
Performance of hand tools is determined not only during the actual
use but also after use to find out whether the hand tools are still
worth using.
4. Service span:
Hand tools are issued to shop teacher at one time. However, this
must be recorded to determine when it was received and how long
the tools have been kept in the shop. A hand tool which is too old
is unsafe for both the students and workers. Such tool should be
marked defective and segregated from the good ones.
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
Maintenance of hand tools and machines are both primordial

concerns of a repair technician in the welding shops and/or in the
welding production. The activities should be on schedule and with
proper coordination with the production people. The term “repair”
and “maintenance” works mean differently. Repair, unusually
focuses on the program of works done in the operation of power
plants in machines that are in trouble of stopping its function.
While the term “maintenance” means a scheduled or a planned
visit of tools or equipment for inspection and from there, reports
and recommendation developed and the next tasks to be decided
such as cleaning, application of lubricants, dismantling and etc.
Some of the simple maintenance activities for hand tools, and the
maintenance schedule should be posted in a visible corner of the
shop where everybody can read it.
Lubricating. A task performed in the shop/production.
Through the application of lubricant substance to the identified
items in parts like barrels, rollers, springs, bearing, bolts and nuts,
and other automotive parts.
Tightening/Loosening. In an assembly of structures, we

have tools for fittings that need to be tightened and loosened and
in as much as they pose high risk to safety.
Tightening bolts and nuts and other fittings requires procedures
should carried out compliance.
Tool for hand Sharpening. Some tools need to be

sharpened such as blades of knife, cold chisel, punches and many
others. To do hand sharpening for hand tools requires techniques
and application. In some multi knives cutter, manufacturers
produce knife sharpening system to hold or clamp the blade for
ensuring strong blade to stone contact during sharpening and also
provided with course to fine honing stones. For cold chisel and
punches, the right file-size and grades are used for repairing the
defective anvil curve.
Simple Repair. Repair practices of hand tools are still

available anytime. But, to some extent, tools are checked yearly
and many of the hand tools are eligible for condemnation and the
whole items are to be replaced by a new unit. However, there are
instances that minor repair can be performed, like replacement of
wooden handle of a hammer and mushroomed head of a cold
chisel.
 Cleaning. Simple process applied to hand tools. The cleaning

approach may differ from one another. For example, cleaning of
the rack corners of hand tools by using air vacuum or by a piece
of clothes. Similar process may be applied to identical cleaning
situations.
PROPER STORAGE OF HAND TOOLS/EQUIPMENT
(5S Implementation)
Clearly label machinery, equipment, part, jigs, tools, and their
locations, so that everything is understandable, and visible to
everyone at a glance.
Don‟t pile up jigs, tools, and materials without separators
(shelves). They should be picked up easily.
Rearrange machinery and equipment to make smooth
production flow, when necessary.
Maintain the space around the fire extinguishers and
evacuation passages free.
Contents:
1. Apply Safety Practices

Assessment Criteria
Conditions

2. Laptop or gadget
3. Gmail Account
Assessment Method:

3. Click the folder MODULE 5: SMAW. The digitized Modules, Task Sheets and Job
Learning Outcome #2
1. Read Module No. 5.2 (Apply Contained in the Module 5: SMAW folder in
Safety Practices) EDMODO (Module 5.2)
MODULE 5.2
Apply Safety Practices

1. Identify the safety practices in SMAW

2. Explain the safety practices in SMAW
3. Enumerate the PPE use in SMAW
Environmental Hazards
1. Physical Hazards. Hazards due to the transfer of energy

between an object and a worker.
Excessive noise
Inadequate illumination
Extreme temperature
Extreme pressure
Vibration
Radiation
Inadequate ventilation
Cluttered area
Ignorance or carelessness of the worker
2. Chemical Hazards. These hazards arise from inhaling

chemical agents in the form of vapour gases, dust, fumes, mist, or
by skin contact with these materials.
Mist Fine particles of a liquid float in air

Gases- substances in gaseous state but are always airborne
at room temperature.
Vapor- results when substances that are liquid at room
temperature evaporate.
Dust- solid harmful substances are ground, cut or crushed by
mechanical actions.
Fumes- gas is condensed in air, chemically changed and
becomes fine solid particles which float in air.
Four Possible Routes of Entry of Chemical Hazards

1. Inhalation- breathing in toxics is the most common and
dangerous route.
2. Ingestion- toxics enter through the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Absorption- toxics pass through skin into the bloodstream.
4. Injection- toxics may be injected into the body (needles, ect.)-
The least common, yet most direct route of entry
3. Biological Hazards. Hazards caused by living organisms which

include insects, molds, fungi, viruses, and bacterial contamination;
from defects in sanitation and housekeeping procedures, such as
in the provision of potable water, removal of industrial wastes and
sewage, food handling , and personal cleanliness.
Agents of Biological Hazards

Bacteria – simple, one-celled organisms that may or may not
be harmful.
Viruses – organisms that depend on a host cell for
development or reproduction
Fungi – may be small or large parasitic organisms growing in
a living or dead plant or animal
Rickettsia – rod-shaped microorganisms that are smaller
than bacteria and depend on a host for development or
reproduction. Microorganisms transmitted by fleas, ticks, and lice
Common Health Problems from Biological Hazards

a. Tuberculosis (TB)
b. Tetanus
c. Viral Hepatitis
d. HIV/AIDS
Diseases caused by virus

a. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
b. Hepatitis B Infection
c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
d. Rabies
4. Ergonomic Hazards. Hazards commonly seen in the

workplace, which are improperly designed tools or work areas,
improper lifting or reaching, poor visual conditions or repeated
motions in an awkward position that may be responsible for
fatigue, stress and strain and may lead to accidents in the
occupational environment.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that

fit the workers
Effects of Ergonomic Hazards

a. low productivity
b. high rate of errors
c. material wastage and equipment
Health Problems caused by Ergonomics

a. musculoskeletal problems
b. vascular problems
c. visual problems
d. hearing problems
e. skin problem
f. psychological problems
Welding Safety
1. Electric shock – maybe caused by open and not properly
insulated cable, workers are advised to regularly check electrical
wiring connection.
2. Arc rays can damage both eyes and skin, so wear proper
protective clothing and filter lenses.
BURN CAUSED BY LIGHT

Ultra violet light- can cause first degree or second degree
burn to the eyes and skin
Infrared – wave that is felt as heat
Visible light- light that we see
- producer of varying quantities and color
3. Fumes and Gases- Use proper ventilation and position

yourself out
4. Fire and explosion- may result from faulty welding

operation .Always understand the environment where you are
welding and never take anything for granted.
5. Compressed gas- must be handled in such a way as to

prevent personal or equipment damage.
6. Face and eye protection - must be worn at all times in the

workplace. This includes safety goggles and full -faced mask.
7. Wear correct eye, ear, and body protection.
Safety Signs and Symbols
Introduction
Safety symbols are pictures sometimes called safety

pictographs, pictograms, or pictorials. They are used in place of, or
as a supplement to written words. These symbols provide
warnings or alerts about a possible hazard.
Because pictures may convey information better than words,
graphic symbols are added to precautionary labels to show major
workplace dangers like welding or cutting hazards.
The use of symbols on precautionary labels is optional, and is

recommended for the following reasons:
Symbols may show and help to explain the hazards quickly.

Symbols can be understood by both readers and non-readers.
Symbols may be multilingual and usually translate directly into
all languages.
Welding and cutting industry has adopted standardized symbols

and uniform methods of use to avoid user confusion and to
supplement and reinforce the written message.
Words
The large word at the top of the label is called the signal
word. It is used in combination with a specific colored background
and combined with the safety alert symbol to indicate the degree
of seriousness of a potential hazard. Because of its colored
background, the signal word is usually the first element that you
notice when looking at a safety label.
According to International Standard Organization (ISO), there

are three (3) choices for a signal word:
1. DANGER. Used to indicate an imminently hazardous situation

which, if avoided, will result in death or serious injury. The use of
this signal word should be limited to the most extreme situations.
2. WARNING. This indicates a potentially hazardous situation

which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
3. CAUTION. Used to indicate a potentially hazardous situation

which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury.
CAUTION may also be used without the safety color symbol (the
triangle with exclamation mark) to indicate property-damage-only.
Color
Since color is typically the first thing that draws the attention
of the viewer, the color-coded surrounding shapes act as a first
level of meaning and, as you draw closer to the sign, you are able
to distinguish the specific information conveyed by the graphic
symbol.
Example A is an ISO “Warning Safety Sign”. This type of label is

meant to tell what the hazard is (e.g. “fire hazard”).
Example B is an ISO “Prohibition Safety Sign”. This label tells
about an action not to take in order to avoid a hazard (e.g. “no
open flame”).
Example C is an ISO “Mandatory Action Safety Sign”. This label
defines an action that needs to be taken to avoid the hazard (e.g.
“read manual”).
Classification of Safety Signs

1. Regulatory Signs- signs contain instructions. Failure to
comply with them constitutes an offense under law, standing
orders, company policy, etc.
a. Mandatory signs are regulatory signs which indicate that an

instruction must be carried out. When symbols are used they are
white on a blue disc. Text-only mandatory signs are black or white
in a portrait format.
2. Prohibition signs are regulatory signs which indicate that an

action or activity is not allowed. The symbolic shape used on
prohibition signs is the red circle and slash over a black symbol.
Prohibition signs may contain only the red circle and text with no
symbol.
3. Warning Signs- signs which warn of a hazard or hazardous

condition that is not likely to be life-threatening. The symbolic
shape used on warning signs is black triangle with yellow interior
and black symbol. The word warning is not required to print on the
sign, although it is often used for added impact.
4. Danger Signs- signs which warn of a hazard or hazardous

condition is likely life threatening. It is recommended that symbols
not be used on danger signs.
5. Fire Signs- advice the location of fire alarms and fire fighting
equipment. Fire signs contain a white symbol and/or text on a red
background.
6. Emergency Information Signs- indicate the location of,

or direction to, emergency- related facilities (exits, first aid,
safety equipment, etc.). These signs feature a white symbol
and/or text on a green background.
7. General Information Signs- communicate information of a

general nature in order to avoid misunderstanding or confusion.
These signs often refer to housekeeping, company practices and
logistics.
Occupational Safety and Health Standards
Introduction
Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) are
mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to eliminate or
reduce occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace.
OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum

acceptable degree of protection that must be granted to every
worker in relation to dangers of injury, sickness, or death that may
arise by reason of his or her occupation. The provision of OSHS by
the government is an exercise of police power, with the intention
of promoting the welfare and well-being of workers.
Coverage and Scope of OSHS

All establishments, workplaces, and undertakings are covered,
including agricultural enterprises whether operating for profit or
not, except:
1. Residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes.
2. Those directly engaged in land, sea and air transportation

(however, their dry dockets, garages, hangers and maintenance,
and repair shops and offices are covered.
3. The activities of a lessee regarding the safety of a mining claim

or lease, including mines safety, mineral conservation, and
pollution in establishments or work places falling under the mining
industry.
Minimum Standards on Safety and Health in the

Workplace
The OSHS require every company to keep and maintain its
workplace free from work hazards that are likely to cause physical
harm to the workers or damage to property.
The following must be provided by the employer;
Appropriate seats, lighting, and ventilation.

Adequate passageways, exits, and fire fighting equipment
Separate toilet facilities and lockers for men and women.
Appropriate safety clothing like protective gear, masks,
helmets, and safety boots, coats, or goggles.
Medicines, medical supplies, or first-aid kits.
Free medical and dental services and facilities.
Safety Measures to be observed within the Premises of

Establishments
Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or
danger signs and safety instructions of standard colors and sizes
visible at all times.
Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the drivers of
motorized vehicle such as STOP, YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER,
properly positioned within the compound of the establishment to
increase safety especially during the night.
Handicapped employees shall be restricted only to designated
workplaces. For as practicable and feasible reasons, they shall be
provided with facilities for safe and convenient movement within
the establishment.
Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through
cleanliness of buildings, yards, machines, equipment, regular
waste disposal, and the orderly arrangement of process
operations, storage and filing materials.
Adequate dressing rooms, lockers rooms, comfort rooms and
lavatories separate for male and female workers shall be provided
Responsibilities of Employers and Employees under OSHS
Duties of Employers
Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the
provisions of the standards.
Report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized
representative the policies adopted and the safety organization
established.
Submit to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized
representative once every three months a report on the safety
performance, safety committee meetings and its recommendations
and measures taken to implement the recommendation.
Act on recommended safety measures and provide access to
appropriate authorities.
Duties of Employees
Follow safety policies.
Report unsafe conditions and practices to the supervisor.
Serve as member of the Health and Safety Committee, when
called upon to do so.
Cooperate with the Health and Safety Committee.
Assist government agencies in the conduct of safety and
health inspection.
Gas and Electric Arc Welding and Cutting Operations

1100.01: General Provisions:
1. Welding or cutting operations shall not be permitted in rooms or

areas containing combustible materials or in proximity to
explosives or flammable liquids, dusts, gases, or vapors, until all
fire and explosion hazards are eliminated.
2. Welding or cutting operations on containers filled with

explosives or flammable substance is prohibited. Welding closed
containers that have held explosive or flammable substance shall
only be undertaken after the containers have been thoroughly
cleaned and found completely free of combustible gases or vapors
of the containers are filled with inert gas or with water.
3. Welding and cutting operations carried out or done in places

where persons other than the welders work or pass shall be
enclosed by means of suitable stationary or portable screens.
Screens shall be opaque, of sturdy construction to withstand rough
usage of a material which will not readily be set on fire by sparks
or hot metal at least 2 meters (6.5 feet) high, and preferably
painted with light flat paint.
4. A portable fire extinguisher shall be provided at the place where

welding and cutting operations are being undertaken.
5. Before welding and cutting operations are allowed in large

establishments, the area shall be inspected by the safety man. He
shall issue a written permit or authorization for welding and
cutting, indicating there in the precautions to be followed to avoid
fire or accidents.
Personal Protective Equipment:
1. All workers or persons directly engaged in welding or cutting

operations shall be provided with the following personal protective
equipment: a. goggles, helmet, or head shields fitted with suitable
filter lenses and hand shields, and suitable aprons
2. All personnel directly assisting in welding or cutting operations
shall be provided with goggles or other protective clothing, as may
be necessary.
Welding or Cutting in Confined Spaces:
Inherit of any fumes, gases, or dusts by persons welding or cutting

in confined spaces shall be prevented by the provision of:
1. Local exhaust and general ventilation system to keep fumes,

gases, or dusts within allowable concentrations or threshold limit
values.
2. Approved types of respiratory protective equipment

The observation of health and safety precautions in welding
operation is of greatest importance.
Your life and that of the others are more important than the job
you are doing.
1. Welding shield/helmet is used to protect our face and eyes

from the arc rays and heat, and the spatter from molten metal.
The arc is viewed through a filter which reduces the intensity of
radiation but allows a safe amount of light to pass for viewing the
weld pool and end of the electrode.
1.1 Helmet type welding shield is more convenient to use

because it allows both hands to work freely.
1.2 Hand-held shield allows only one hand to work freely.
2. Leather jacket is made of chrome leather and prevents the

entry of sparks between our clothes and body.
3. Leather apron is made of chrome leather and provides a

welder with complete protection of his chest to mid calf from
sparks and hot metal.
4. Welding gloves/gauntlet is made of chrome leather and
protects our hands from heat, spatter, and radiations.
5. Face shield is best for general protection because it can be

worn under an arc welding helmet
6. Leggings are made from leather to protect the legs and feet.
7. Protective sleeves are made from leather to protect the arms.
8. Protective cover all are made from light asbestos coated with
aluminium to protect the whole body during welding.
9. Welding cushions are made from leather for sitting and

kneeling beside the work piece as protection against cold.
10. Welding spats are made of chrome leather and protects our
feet from spatter.
11. Safety Shoes- have heat resistant soles and impact resistant
toes. Some safety shoes have metal in soles, while others protect
workers from different types of electrical hazards.
12. Safety goggles- are used when grinding and chipping off
slag.
13. Earmuffs- are used for ear coverings and are connected by a
flexible band and worn as protection against extreme noise.
14. Earplugs- is a pair of device that is meant to be inserted in

the ear canal to protect the wearer's ears from loud noise or
intrusion
15. Respirators- is an apparatus worn over the mouth and nose

or the entire face to prevent the inhalation of dust, smoke, or
other noxious substances.
CRT LEARNING MODULE
Course Code TLE 5

Industrial Arts
Units 3
Module Title Masonry

Welcome to the module in Masonry. This module contains training materials and
and skill in common competencies in Masonry.

assistance.
This module was prepared to help you gain basic knowledge and skill in Masonry.
notes.

6 Masonry  Prepare Module 6.1
Construction
Materials and
Tools Module 6.2
 Practice
Housekeeping
Module 6.3
Procedure
 Apply Safety
Practices
MODULE CONTENT
MODULE TITLE : Masonry
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
in Electricity.
Number of Hours:
9 hours (2 Weeks)
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
REFERENCES
Dajac, A. B., (2012). Handout in Masonry.
 http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/layer?topicId=107
4425195
 http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg229.pdf
 http://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/tools.html
 http://masonrymagazine.com/11-07/tools.html
 http://www.masonryforlife.com/HowToBasics.htm
 http://masonrymagazine.com/3-08/safety.html
 http://www.cdxetextbook.com/toolsEquip/hpt/toolsEquip/cleani
ng.html
 http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/5510/hand-tools-safety
 http://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/worksafe/PDF/Codes_of_Practi
ce/Code_concrete_masonr.pdf
 http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=107
4426995&r.l1=1073858799&r.l2=1087350927&r.l3=1074425195
&r.s=sc&type=RESOURCES
 http://sourcing.indiamart.com/engineering/hand-tools/
 http://www.curriculumsupport.education.nsw.gov.au/secondary
/technology/safety/student_activities/index.htm
 http://www.isbe.net/career/pdf/IT_C2-1.pdf
Contents:
1. Prepare Construction Materials and Tools
2. Practice Housekeeping Procedure
Assessment Criteria
Conditions

2. MS Word
3. Pen
4. Paper
Assessment Method:
E-essay

3. Click the folder MODULE 6: Masonry. The digitized Modules, Task Sheets and Job
Learning Outcome #1
1. E-essay
1. Read Module No. 6.1 (Prepare Contained in the Module 6: Masonry folder in
Construction Materials and Tools) EDMODO (Module 6.1)
1. Read Module No. 6.2 (Practice Contained in the Module 6: Masonry folder in
Housekeeping Procedure) EDMODO (Module 6.2)
MODULE 6.1
Prepare Construction Materials and Tools

MASONRY AND MATERIALS

Have you seen walls of beautiful buildings and monuments?
How are they made attractive and structurally durable? Those are
just some works in masonry. Masonry can be defined in so many
ways depending on uses or purposes. Therefore, let’s define it on
the structural context according to the purpose of this module.
Masonry is the structural construction of component parts laid

in and bound together by a material called mortar. These
individual materials which are introduced in any structure for
various purposes and patterns may be tile, brick, granite,
limestone, glass and concrete block, stucco, marble, stone, and
travertine. The production of masonry units should generally
conform to the requirements in the 2003 International Building
Code (IBC) Section
2103. Aside from mortar, assembling these units can be reinforced
appropriately by steel (rebar) that offers much strength to
structures.
Stone Types and Varieties of Bond Pattern

Masonry stones are in various forms and set in different
patterns depending on certain considerations. Such stones chosen
for various purposes have several varieties:
1. Ashlar is a quarry cut to produce smooth, flat bedding surface

that stack easily. It is generally cut into small rectangles with
sawed or dressed face.
2. Random ashlar is an arrangement of stones where in various

sizes are used to make courses that are not continuous for the
whole length of the wall. However, course ashlar has a formal
appearance.
3. Rubble is a stone that is irregular in size, shape and texture.

Field stone is one type of rubble. Random rubble is usually dry –
laid but can also be mortared. Course rubble has a neater
appearance than random rubble but more difficult to construct and
requires a large selection of stones.
BRICKS. There are three classifications of bricks
1. Common Bricks are made from clay and sold at the market.
2. Face Bricks are used for exterior and interior walls and other
architectural structures.
3. Calcium Silicate Bricks are made with alumina and silica and
are used for furnaces and other structures that require higher
temperature up to 178 o C.
Brick Laying and Patterns

Bricks are laid in horizontal or vertical layer with a string or
nylon cord as guide. The vertical layer of bricks is guided by a
plumb line wherein the mortar having a thickness of 3 to 10 mm.
is placed between layers.
BLOCKS. There are many types of blocks which are most widely
used as masonry materials.
1. The CHB (sometimes called as Concrete Hollow Block) is used

for all the types of construction walls, partitions, dividers, fences,
etc., it. Generally, a block consists of an outside shell with a hollow
center that is divided by two or three vertical webs. The end unit
may have flanges that accept mortar and join with the other
adjacent blocks (except blocks intended for corners and the end of
walls).
MASONRY TOOLS
Appropriate tools are adopted in masonry to suit the kind of

work involved. It also includes some carpenter tools such as the
measuring tools, testing tools, and fastening tools. They are
classified into two categories.
1. Roughing up Tools
2. Surface finishing tools
Roughing up tools are those tools necessary in the process of

preparing, arranging, forming, laying, and shaping of bricks,
stones, and masonry blocks. Tools of this type of work are mostly
striking tools such as:
1. Masons Axe or Hammer 6. Cold Chisel

2. Patent Hammer 7. Star Drill
3. Brick Hammer 8. Bolster
4. Crandall 9. Wrecking Baron
5. Cross Pen Hammer
Surface Finishing Tools Classifications

1. Float 2. Trowels
Floats Classification
1. Common Float 4. Devil or Nail Floating
2. Bull Float 5. Angle Floating
3. Carpet Float
Different Kinds of Trowel

1. Ordinary Trowel
2. Pointing Trowel
3. Brick Trowel
4. Buttering Trowel
5. Edger
6. Margin Trowel
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Tools are defined as implements used to modify raw
materials for human use. Tools can be considered as extension of
the human hand thereby increasing its speed, power, and
accuracy.
Advantages of using the proper tools

Efficiency of the work
High quality of the work
Speed of accomplishment
Accuracy
Hand Tool
A hand tool is a device or an instrument used to do a
particular job that does not require a motor, but is intended for
hand held operation by one individual. Virtually every type of tool
can be considered a hand tool. It provides a mechanical advantage
in accomplishing a physical task. Automotive hand tools are fast
gaining popularity among woodworkers and craftsman.
Types
There are three main types of tools/equipment in the shop.
One type is known as hand tools because your hand supplies the
energy to operate them. The other type is called machine or
power tools/equipment which uses either electricity, compressed
air, or hydraulic pressure to make them operate. The last type is
referred to as measuring tools.
Manual Hand Tools: Manual hand tools are the most basic
form of equipment. They do not require the speed of powered
hand tools or do not have access to power sources but are perfect
for operations. These include hoes, screwdrivers, chisels, wedges,
drift pins, hammers and others.
Pneumatic Hand Tools: Pneumatic hand tools perform the

operation task at the push of a lever. They are powered by
compressed air. They include chippers, drills, hammers, sanders
etc.
Power Hand Tools: Tools which are hand held but are
powered by electricity. These include chainsaws, high grade
motors, electric drills, angle grinders, jigsaw cutters, tappers, and
fasteners.
Masonry Tools and Equipment
1. TAMPER. The tamper tool is used in masonry for pressing

exposed aggregate into concrete and also compact the soil before
pouring concrete. It is usually in the shape of a long or short
handle attached to a flat blade surface. When imprinting concrete
with texture mats or skins, this tool is used to securely tamp down
the mat and ensure a good outlook.
2. STRAIGHTEDGES. Straightedges are used to strike off or

remove freshly placed concrete and make the surface as level as
possible before finishing. Straightedges are made of various metals
like aluminium, magnesium and even wood. They are available in
various lengths and cross sections.
3. FLOATS. Floats are widely used in masonry jobs. The main

purpose of using floats is to fill voids, level ridges, and smooth the
surface in preparation for troweling. The tool can also be used to
work in dry-shake color hardener. It can also be used to bring
paste to the surface by pushing down the coarse aggregate.
a. Bull Float
b. Hand Float
4. FRESNO. Fresno trowels are designed in such a way that they

are attached to long extension handles so that masons don't have
to walk out on the slab. Fresnos are efficient in rapid work over
large areas, like driveways. However the only drawback is that do
not achieve the same degree of compaction that can be achieved
with hand trowels.
5. EDGERS. Edgers are important masonry tools used to produce

a clean edge along joints in concrete. It can also be used to
produce a clean edge along the slab perimeter. Edgers help in
creating a neat, rounded edge that is less prone to chipping or
spalling.
6. GROOVERS. Groovers as masonry tools are used to tool

control joints in plastic concrete. They are made of bronze or
stainless steel. They have a V-shaped bit that is used to cut the
groove. They come with wood or comfort-grip handles like edgers
that are available in various sizes ranging from 2 to 8 inches wide
and 3 to 10 inches long, but the most common groover size is 6
inches long and 4 1/2 inches wide. Bidirectional groovers have
double-end bits that can help in cutting forward or backward.
7. TROWEL There are different kinds and sizes of trowels. The

blade should be made of forged steel to last longer. Handles are
generally made of plastic or wood.
8. MASON’S HAMMER. This tool is used for hammering nails and

for splitting block or brick with the other end. One end is square
and flat and is used like a hammer. The other end is sharp, like a
small chisel. The sharp chisel-end is used to make a cutting line
around the masonry to be splitted. Light blows with the chisel-end
all the way around the block or brick and then a sharp blow with
the hammer end will give a clean cut.
9. BLOCKING CHISEL. If there are more than just a few blocks

or bricks that need to be split, and very clean cuts are required,
then a blocking chisel should be used. This is a heavier, wider
chisel, up to 8 inches wide. It comes in a variety of sizes and
shapes. These chisels are made of steel and are used by holding
the small end and striking the end with a heavy mashing hammer,
mallet or sledge hammer.
10. MASHING HAMMER. A mashing hammer is used to strike

the chisel when cutting block. It is not recommended to use a
mason's hammer to strike the chisel since the tempered steel
might split and a piece fly off. A mashing hammer has two striking
ends and will weigh from two to four pounds.
11. MASONRY POWER SAW. If you are cutting large quantities

of block or brick, you may want to use a masonry power saw. The
two basic types of saws are either handheld or table saws. The
hand-held saws usually have a silicon blade about 6” or 7" high
and, therefore, will not give a clean cut all the way through an 8"
block. But a hand-held saw is much quicker and gives a cleaner
cut rather than working with chisel and hammer.
12. LEVELS. The purpose of the level is to keep the work at hand
in accurate position whether vertical, across, or horizontal.
13. MASON’S LINE. In order to have an easier time laying a

straight wall, a mason's line is recommended. Use nylon or Dacron
line that is stretched between two corners of the wall you are
building. A mason's line will let you build walls without bulges or
hollows. It is placed very close to the block you are laying, but
give enough room in order for you to swipe off the excess mortar
without disturbing it.
14. STEEL SQUARE. When laying walls, make sure the corners
are at a 90 degree angle, assuming you are building a square or a
rectangle wall. A large steel square usually 24 inches long should
be used for marking and checking the corners being built.
15. JOINTERS. A jointer is used to finish a mortar joint after it

becomes hard enough so that a finger print will be seen in the
mortar once pressed. Jointers come in many sizes and shapes, but
typically for blocks, you will use a sled jointer to create a 3/8 th inch
joint for long horizontal joints. For vertical or head joints which are
8 inches high, use a smaller jointer. Jointers are shaped to give a
variety of indentations depending on the preference.
16. CHALK LINE. A chalk line comes in a metal or plastic case,

with a cotton line coming out of one end. As the line is pulled out,
it passes through a fine chalk powder, usually blue or red. When
this line is stretched between two points and snapped, it will leave
an imprint on the surface being snapped. A chalk line is used for
laying out a block wall on a concrete foundation to get the
alignment correct.
17. BRUSHES. After a wall is built, there may be some mortar

stains or powder residue on the wall. Before cleaning solutions are
used, these marks can often be brushed off. A variety of brushes
are available. Powder residue can be brushed off with a medium
soft bristle brush.
18. MIXING TOOLS. On small jobs, do not use a powered mortar

mixer. Several tools are needed to mix mortar. The regular shovel
with a square edge will be needed to proportion materials. The
large hoe with two holes in the blade is used to mix the mortar
sand, masonry cement and water. The holes in the blade make it
easier to pull the hoe through the mix and to break up the lumps.
SELECTING MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
All accurate ways used for magnificent works in masonry

emphasize the importance of quality and speed. In this regard,
appropriate use of rulers, squares and levels allows you to layout a
project accurately.
Layout Tools
1. MEASURING TAPE . Instrument used to measure vertical

height/depth of excavation.
2. WOODEN BLOCK hook onto the corner of a block and the

string stretches tightly between them to serve as a guide for all of
the blocks in the course.
3. MASON BLOCKS AND STRING. String stretches tightly

between them to serve as a guide for all of the blocks in the
course.
4. FRAMING SQUARE. Square up measurements and draw cut

lines for form boards used a combination square. A framing square
is handy for checking corners.
5. CHALK LINE. You need chalk line box to snap guideline.
6. MEASURING BOX. A traditional box used to measure a

proportion of gravel and sand with the dimension of 12” wide; 12”
in long; 12” in deep width net volume of 1 cu. Foot or 0.30 m x
0.30 m x 0.30m. Take note that these dimensions are inside the
box.
7. PLUMB BOB. Tool used to check the correct vertical alignment

of a structure.
8. LEVEL HOSE WITH WATER. This used to check the correct

horizontal alignment of a structure.
9. BOARD OR PLYWOOD. This serves as scaffolds and forms

and supports concrete.
MODULE 6.2
Practice Housekeeping procedures

Learning Objective: After reading this MODULE, you should be
able to:
1. Maintain work areas, tools and equipment
2. Follow the standard work processes and procedures
THE WORKING STATION
The 5S
The 5Ss are Japanese words that start with letter S. But in
the Philippines, some thought of 5 English words that all begin
with letter S which is equivalent to these Japanese words.
Therefore, it is necessary to remember the Japanese‟ 5S. What is
important aside from retaining this into our minds is to make it
part of our daily habit.
Below are the 5Ss and their English equivalent:
Japanese English Brief Explanation

SEIRI SORT Take out unnecessary
items and dispose
SEITON SYSTEMATIZE Arrange necessary items in good
order for use
SEISO SWEEP Clean your workshop
SEIKETSU SANITIZE Maintain high standard of
housekeeping
SHITSU SELF DISCIPLINE Do things spontaneously
without being told or
ordered
What can an individual gain from the 5Ss?
1. The 5Ss makes your workplace more pleasant. In

practicing 5Ss, you have to start from discussing and agreeing
what to put for efficient use by everyone. With your colleagues,
you have to clean the workplace. Such human relation and
working environment will make you and your workplace pleasant.
2. The 5Ss makes your work more efficient. If you have to
look for something and take so much time finding it, you are not
only wasting your time but also wasting your energy and moral.
On the other hand, if everything at your workplace is arranged in
proper order and readily available for use, your work flow will
always be very smooth. It improves not only your efficiency but
also improves the rhythm of your work and the more you will
enjoy it. If you have a work, better to enjoy it.
3. The 5Ss improves your safety. A clear and tidy working

environment where everything is properly placed, where clear
instructions are readily available, and where no one throws
anything is safer place to work in. Practicing 5Ss improves your
own safety. You can enjoy your work more with less risk.
4. The 5Ss improves quality of your work and your

products. People affect environment. On the other hand, the
environment also affects people. If you are accustomed to work in
a clear and tidy environment, you can develop your sensitivity so
that you can feel and identify any defect in work.
5. The 5Ss makes a quality life of people. The process of 5Ss

requires people to think, consult and agree with others and
cooperate with each other.
WORK SAFETY
Introduction
We have heard of the slogans: “Watch your Step!- Look
before you Leap-Take it easy!” and dozens of others which
mean the same thing. We have also heard of a very important
slogan “Safety First”
A. Avoiding Hazard in the Shop Area. When working in the

shop, we should become acquainted with the things that may
cause trouble. If we know about them, we could avoid them.
Avoid hazards and treat them with respect. Hand tools and power
tools are accounted for many shop accidents that could be
prevented easily.
B. Attitude. Carelessness is caused by a poor working attitude.

Your carelessness can cause injury to you or cause accident to
someone else. Be aware that only proper conduct and good
working attitude can prevent accident. Thinking about safety
reduces carelessness.
 Keep your work area clear of unnecessary tools and other
parts which are not needed in your work. It is not a good
thing to let the shop floor become strewed with scraps and
debris. Under such conditions the worker may slip and fall.
 If nails are removed from boards, the unwary may step on
them. Do not leave boards lying around that have nail points
sticking out beyond the surface.
 Chisels are dangerous if not properly handled. The workers
should always take care to use the chisel in such a way that
the cutting is performed in the direction away form the parts
of his body. Clamping the stock firmly in place and using two
hands to operate a chisel obviously eliminate the danger of
cutting the hand which might otherwise be used as the
holding agent.
 When handling a sharp tool to another person, extend the
handle first. This shows both courtesy and sound practice
toward accident prevention.
 Use the proper tool for the right job. The wrong tool can
cause personal injury or damage the part. Do not place sharp
tools in your pocket. Sharp tools will cut or stab into your
skin. Be sure that your tools are in good condition. There is
always danger with heads of hammers, mallet and hatchets if
not properly attached will fly out and seriously injure
someone.
Safety While Working

 Work carefully and give your job complete attention. Be
concerned with persona safety. Know shop layout and the
location of safety devices, including fire exits and fire
extinguisher. Protect yourself by wearing the proper clothes
and proper safety devices.
 Loose clothing can catch on moving parts and can result in

serious personal injury.
 Dangling sleeves and shirttails should not be worn. Keep long
sleeves buttoned and shirttail tucked in.
 Wear full leather shoes with non-skid and soles to protect
your feet and to prevent from slipping. Steel-toed safety
shoes provide the best protection for shop work.
 Long hair and jewelry are hazards also. Long hair should be
covered with a brimless cap. A cap with a brim, as well as
long hair, is caught easily in moving parts and machinery.
Rings should be removed, because they can get caught.
 Wear safety glasses or a face shield whenever working on
where particles can fly around. Keep handling tools in good
conditions. Tools that may slip can cause cuts and bruises. A
good grip on tools also prevents personal injury and damage.
Wipe excessive dirt from hands and tools. Wrong tool can
damage parts, the tool itself. Do not use broken or bent
tools.
 Be careful when using sharp or pointed tools that can slip and
cause injury. If a tool is to be sharpened, make sure it is
sharp. Dull tools can be more dangerous than sharp tools.
 Do not use a power tool without permission from your
teacher. Be sure you know how to operate the tool properly
before using it. Instructions should be read carefully.
 Make sure everyone and all parts are clear before starting the
machines. Keep hands and clothing away from the moving
parts.
 Never leave a power tool unattended when it is running. If
you leave, turn off the machine. Anyone passing by an
unattended machine can be hurt seriously.
If the machine does not operate properly, turn it off and wait
until it has stopped completely.
 Do not enter a work area where a power tool is being used.
Obey the rules outlined by your teacher. Stay away from
power tools that are being operated.
A Healthy Shop Is a Safe Shop
The shop should be pleasant place where you will enjoy your
work. Large manufacturing companies have learned that the shop
accidents are greatly reduced when the shop itself is well-lighted
and well-ventilated. The introductions of ventilating and blower
systems, which free the air of dust and particles of dirt, have gone
a long way toward reducing accidents. Good lighting, both natural
and artificial, likewise safeguards the worker.
The healthy shop is a safe shop. After all, the protection of

health is the first rule of “Safety First in the Shop”.
First Aid.
First aid is very important to an injury or accident. It will
prevent death of an injured person, save much blood from flowing,
and prolong the victim‟s life.
Many accidents happen and death occurs due to human error

and carelessness.
These factors or causes of death can be positively prevented

by safety education and first aid training. This will result in less
accident or may prevent accidents or death. The rule states that in
helping the victim of an accident, the rescuer should proceed from
the most fatal to the least injuries. The inspection of injured
persons should be quickly and accurately done to save the life of
the victim.
The Hierarchy of Seven Bases of Inspection in Case of

Accident:
Profuse bleeding
Cassation of breathing
Internal poisoning
Shock after an injury
Burns
Fractures
Dislocations, sprains, and strains
A. General Rules /Procedure of Giving First Aid. Principles
are rules of right conduct in the performance of certain tasks.
Simply, principles are guides to follow.
1. Remember that you are a first aider.

2. Send for medical help immediately when necessary.
3. Keep calm.
4. Do first things first.
5. Expect the worst. Protect the condition.
6. Keep the victim quiet and comfortable.
7. Check for bleeding, breathing, poisoning, fractures and
dislocation.
8. Keep victim warm.
9. Never give water or food to the unconscious.
10. Give water-never alcohol.
11. Keep onlookers away.
12. Never waste time.
13. Loosen tight clothing.
14. Splint fractures and dislocation
15. Protect victim from vomiting and other secretions by turning
head sideways.
16. Don‟t be in a hurry when moving victims.
17. Reassure the victim. Keep him cheerful.
18. Don‟t let the victim see the injury to avoid shock.
19. Don‟t touch wounds with hands or mouth.
20. Notify parents or relatives of the injured.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Philippine Occupational Health and Safety laws place

responsibility for workplace safety on employers, workers, self-
employed people, people in control of workplaces, and the
manufacturers and distributors of plant and equipment.
Employers must provide and maintain a working environment

in which workers are not exposed to hazards as far as practicable.
This includes providing information, instruction, training and
supervision to enable workers to perform their work safely.
Workers must take reasonable care of their own safety and

health and that of others, follow safety instructions and use
protective clothing and equipment as instructed.
See sections
The Occupational Safety and Health laws of the Philippines
require employers, main contractors, self-employed people and
those in control of workplaces or access to workplaces, as far as
practical, to:
identify each hazard to which a person at the workplace is

likely to be exposed;
assess the risk of injury or harm to a person resulting from
each hazard;
take action to control or reduce the risk.
Furthermore, the Secretary of Labor is responsible for setting

and enforcing mandatory occupational health and safety standards
by appropriate orders, and for instituting and updating programs
to ensure safe and healthy working conditions in all places of
employment. To this end, a number of agencies attached to DOLE
implement and issue relevant guidelines and processes.
Like in any other fields of human endeavor, masonry workers

known as masons are protected by laws enabling their safety and
lives secured and promoted at all times. In doing so, Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) which includes protective clothing.
a safety helmet;
safety footwear;
safety goggles;
a face shield;
hearing protection;
sun and weather protection;
gloves to improve grip and reduce force and vibration; and
where hazardous dusts or fumes cannot be eliminated,
respiratory protection.
Operators should avoid wearing loose fitting clothing or
jewelry. Long hair worn loose and long beards can also be
hazardous.
Cutting and drilling equipment especially saw blade discs and

drill bits, should be removed from machines and stored where they
will not be damaged between uses.
COMMON HAZARDS
Some hazards are common to all concrete and masonry cutting
and drilling operations, however there are also hazards specific to
individual types of equipment, such as:
1. Kick-back, push-back or pull-in – these are potentially

violent forces that occur suddenly and can be difficult to control.
They are most likely to cause injury when hand-held or „quick-cut‟
concrete or masonry saws are used, especially when chasing. They
can also cause fixed concrete saws to be wrenched from their
fittings, with the potential of the saw running free on the ground.
It is important that training for operators includes awareness of
safe work practices and the risks of kick-back.
Employers and hire equipment suppliers must ensure operators
have information and training on safe work practices.
2. Obstructions or resistance in the material being cut –

these can cause sudden kick-back, push back or pull-in
movements of the saw. They occur when different quadrants of
the blade come into contact with obstructions or resistance within
the concrete or masonry such as from reinforcing steel bars, steel
mesh or brick ties.
3. Crooked or off-line cuts – these can cause the saw to bite or

pinch resulting in kickback, push-back or pull-in reactions. These
reactions are also most likely to occur with hand-held saws.
4. Pinched cuts – these are caused when the object being cut
moves, resulting in the cutting groove tightening on the saw
blade, thus increasing the risk of kick-back etc.
5. Blunt cutting edges – these are caused by using a saw blade

or drill bit with the wrong diamond cutting bond. If the bond or
matrix holding the cutting diamonds together is too hard for the
material being cut, the bonding material does not wear away
quickly enough, resulting in the surface diamonds becoming blunt.
This means extra force has to be applied by the operator,
especially with hand-held saws, increasing the risk of kick-back,
push-back or pull-in.
6. Unsafe grip, stance or stop-start procedures for hand-

held saws – these can cause the saw to swing out of control and
come into contact with the operator, or strike objects that may
cause the saw to fall and run free on the ground.
7. Worn, misshapen, cracked or damaged saw blades, or

the wrong type of blade – these can cause the blade to wobble,
vibrate, shatter, or fragment and fly off. Guarding on most
concrete and masonry equipment is designed to protect the
operator from flying blade fragments, but not others in the
workplace. Guarding should, therefore, not be regarded as a total
safeguard. Blades are most likely to disintegrate when force is
used, for example when the diamond cutting edge becomes dull,
an obstruction is encountered, the cutting groove is not straight or
the blade is pinched.
8. Worn blade shaft – incorrectly fitted blades or the wrong type

of blade for the job can cause wear on the central shaft causing
even new blades to shudder, resulting in early wearing and risk of
shatter.
7
9. Wrong-size blades – these are blades either too large, too
small, or the wrong type for the cutting machine or size and shape
of the concrete or masonry item being cut.
For example, a small diameter blade used to cut a thick slab may
not penetrate sufficiently; increasing the risk of kick-back or blade-
shatter should the blade strike resistance.
10. Hazardous dusts – these are emitted by cutting and drilling

operations or equipment that does not use water for cooling
cutting parts and capturing dust. Concrete dust may carry high
levels of silica dust and repeated exposure can cause silicosis,
which is a scarring and stiffening of the lungs. The effects are
irreversible, invariably resulting in death. Coarser rock particles can
cause short term throat irritation and bronchitis.
11. Insufficient flow of coolant water – this can cause

overheating and expansion of both metal and masonry, resulting
in poor performance, jamming, severe blade damage and
projectile hazards.
12. Incompatible flanges and blades – these can cause

uneven blade movement, wear and tear and the risk of blade-
shatter.
13. Incorrectly secured blades – these are caused by nuts and

flanges which are not tightened sufficiently on the saw shaft,
which can cause uneven blade movement and the risk of blade-
shatter.
14. Inadequate securing of anchor points – these can cause a

fixed saw to break free from its track fittings.
15. A beard, loose hair or loose clothing – these can cause

the operator to become entangled with moving saw blades, drill
bits and other moving parts.
16. Hand-held saw cutting above shoulder or below knee-

height – this can reduce operator control and increase the risk of
kick-back, push-back or pull-in injury.
17. Cutting concrete pipes – this requires special safe
procedures to prevent the pipe from rolling or moving during
cutting, particularly when a handheld saw is used. A specific
hazard during pipe cutting is pressure from the raised flange on
the pipe-end causing the cut to close and pinch the saw blade,
resulting in kick-back or blade shatter injury. Other hazards include
the presence of steel reinforcing mesh in concrete pipes, and a
practice sometimes used for pipe-cutting involving a series of
plunge cuts around a pre-drawn line on the pipe‟s outer surface.
18. Toxic fumes – without adequate ventilation, petrol motor

emissions containing carbon monoxide and other toxic gases can
build up to hazardous levels.
19. Insufficient guarding – guarding on some concrete or

masonry saws is more effective than on others. When purchasing,
consider the adequacy of guarding. Part of a safe work procedure
should be to ensure that the manufacturer‟s recommended
guarding is fitted to such saws. Removing guarding can greatly
increase injury risk.
20. Electric wires, gas or water pipes – exposing services,

especially in existing structures, can put the operator at risk of
slipping, electrocution, exposure to toxic gases, or explosion.
21. Power cords – when attached to electric-powered cutting

equipment and other machinery, these may be cut or damaged.
Pools of water coolant and slurry could cause electrocution due to
an immersed cord.
22. Uneven or unstable surfaces – these can increase the

likelihood that the operator may trip or stumble, causing an
unexpected movement of the blade resulting in kickback.
23. Wet, slippery floors – coolant water and slurry on floors can
cause slips and falls.
24. Obstructions in access ways – blocks of masonry and
bricks in areas where the operator and others must stand, work or
move can cause trips and falls.
25. Vibration – whole body or hand or arm vibration caused by

prolonged use of cutting or drilling equipment can cause nerve,
circulatory and joint damage.
26. Working alone – this can be hazardous because of the

potential need for assistance in the event of an emergency
situation or injury.
27. Noise – excessive noise from concrete cutting and drilling is a

workplace hazard.
RISK MANAGEMENT
How do we control risks?
1. Hazard Identification. This includes, but not limited to, regular

review of safety procedures for each type of equipment and job,
regular checking of information, regular inspection of equipment
before each job, and checking the possible presence and location
of obstructions.
2. Risk Assessment. Assessing risks involves calculating the

likelihood and severity of injury or harm resulting from identified
hazards.
3. Controlling Risks. Control risks by introducing safety measures

to eliminate or minimize the risk of a person being exposed to a
hazard.
Safety Procedures
Hazard identification and risk assessment procedures should be

carried out for each type of concrete or masonry cutting or drilling
job, in order to develop, implement and maintain control measures
for each item of equipment and each job.
1. Control measures should be regularly reviewed.

Workplace communication and consultation
Safety and health committee meetings
Regular equipment and work safety checks
Incident, accident and near-miss records
Injury and lost time records
Repair and maintenance reports
2. Workers should be continuously trained specifically on

information and instruction on
Workplace safety and health
hazards and risks associated with work activities
Safe work practices and procedures, safe handling (including
lifting and moving), safe operation of equipment and the control
measures in place
Safe use of plant and associated equipment, electrical safety,
safety in confined spaces and other training required under
hazard-specific regulations
Hazardous substances relevant to the work to be performed
Correct use, fit and care of PPE , tools and equipment and
why the equipment is needed
Emergency and first aid procedures
Sun protection to prevent skin cancer
Fire protection
Information on dust, fumes and air quality
Recognition of poorly ventilated areas and confined spaces
MANUAL
A manual contains a systematic process that which describes in a

very clear and step-by-step procedure. Otherwise, it will be a
confusing manual which leaves the reader no better able to
complete the process after reading it than he or she was before.
Normally, it uses diagrams to clarify information that would be
difficult to convey accurately in words.
Also, use them for information that is so complex as to be
confusing to the reader without a visual representation of the
item, part or process to which he can refer as he carries out the
manual's instructions.
Manuals /catalogues should be identified per job description. They

must be updated and checked to ensure their content is updated.
Manuals /catalogues should be stored properly to avoid damage.
TYPES OF MANUAL
1. Operator’s Manual is called owner’s manual, instructional

book, and handbook. It shows how to safely operate and use a
machine. Usually it includes basic maintenance, safety information
and specifications.
The biggest and most important sections of an operator’s manual
should include: company policies, topics off limits for
representatives and detailed answers to the most common
questions
2. Parts Manual is also called parts book, parts catalog, or spare

parts list used by representatives or dealer. It contains exploded
parts, their relationship and location.
Usually, it includes the part number and their brief description.
3. Service Manual is also called shop, repair, workshop and

technical manual. Some of the types are very detailed, while some
are shortened versions or specific areas of repair –ex. Hydraulic
system only.
A repair manual which is a service manual has the following

sections: parts guide, symptom/solution troubleshooting matrix,
contact information, routine maintenance, document conventions
section, glossary, table of contents.
Signs and Symbols

Most manuals of any type contain instructions, specifications, or
certain information accompanied by different signs and symbols
for clarity and emphasis. Some are used to caution or alarm the
reader. Signs and symbols used are dependent upon the type of
manual. However, there are similar symbols and signs which are
found in almost all manuals of different types.
Below are some signs and symbols that are found in various
manuals:
APPLICATION OF SPECIFICATION FROM THE MANUALS
An owner‟s manual (also called as instructional manual) is an
instructional book or booklet that is supplied with almost all
technologically advanced consumer product such as vehicles,
appliances and computer peripherals. It is a reference tool which
means it is supplied with TABS printed on the edges of each page
for each section. These sections are well-arranged for easy
reference especially of the first-time owner.
Generally, these sections include the following:
What's in the Box. It is what the customers need to know

when they open the box in case something is missing. Parts are in
full basic form. Example: Player, remote, cable, manual, and
batteries. There are pictures of these parts for facility purposes as
some users may be inexperienced and need assistance in
identifying parts.
Getting Started. It explains to the readers what needs to be

done first before they continue with the manual. This includes
removing hidden packing material inside the device, removing a
transit screw or installing a part that must be installed before
starting such as an ink cartridge, or removing clear protective
plastic film over displays or other parts.
Connections (or Installing). It includes the step-by-step

directions. In case of connecting or installing a device, it shows
action photos of the product being installed. Photos are very
important. The manual is of great help due to its photos.
Setup (or Configuration). In this section, the step-by-step

directions with images on how to configure or setup your product
are included. Detailed steps are enumerated with clear photos or
screen shots.
Basic Use (or Operation). ). In this section, all basic

operations are listed. These basic operations are to be used daily.
Advanced Use (or Operation). In this section, all advanced
operations are listed which will be performed mainly by advanced
users.
Special Features. These are those that set the product apart
from others.
Troubleshooting. This section is a large table that lists

common problems user might encounter with a known cause and
solution. It includes general issues like
"Sound but no video", "Video but no sound", "Starts up but shuts
itself off again".
Specifications. In this area, list of electrical specifications,

physical dimensions, weight, and fidelity specs is found. Also, list
of limitations such as a sound meter's range, the maximum power
output of an amplifier or maximum speed of a drill or saw is
specified.
Parts List. This area provides an exploded view of the

device. The parts listed cover all detailed parts with part numbers
and names. This page also includes a phone number, website, and
email address to obtain replacement parts as appropriate for the
product.
Warranty information. This is sometimes provided as a

separate sheet.
Contents:
1. Apply Safety Practices

Assessment Criteria
Conditions

2. Laptop or gadget
3. Gmail Account
Assessment Method:

3. Click the folder MODULE 6: Masonry. The digitized Modules, Task Sheets and Job
Learning Outcome #2
1. Read Module No. 6.3 (Apply Contained in the Module 6: Masonry folder in
Safety Practices) EDMODO (Module 6.3)
MODULE 6.3
Apply Safety Practices

1. Identify the safety practices in Masonry

2. Explain the safety practices in Masonry
Safety Practices
1. Always check the tools/instrument and equipment before using.
2. Use the appropriate materials, tools, instrument and equipment

as per job or task requirement.
3. Always wear personal protective equipment like gloves, goggles,

hard hat and others, at all times.
4. Wait for the final instruction before doing the job or task.
5. Report to the person in authority whenever untoward incident
happens.
Personal Protective Equipment at Work
PPE is described in the previous module as the Personal

Protective Equipment which includes clothing affording protection
against the weather. It is intended to be worn or held by a person
at work to protect him against one or more risks to his health and
safety.
Furthermore, PPE includes equipment such as safety
footwear, hard hats, high visibility waistcoats, goggles, life jackets,
respirators and safety harnesses.
Suitability of PPE
To be able to choose the right type of PPE, the hazards involved in
the task or work environment must be considered carefully. PPE
must also meet the needs of the individual.
The following factors should be considered in assessing

the suitability of PPE:
is the PPE appropriate for the risk involved and conditions at
the place where exposure may occur? e.g. goggles are not suitable
when full-face protection is required
does the PPE prevent or adequately control the risks involved

without increasing the overall risk? e.g. gloves should not be worn
when using a pillar drill, due to the increased risk of entanglement
can the PPE be adjusted to fit the wearer correctly? e.g. if a

person wears glasses, ear defenders may not provide a proper seal
to protect against noise hazards
has the state of health of those using it been taken into
account?
what are the needs of the job and the demands it places on
the wearer? How long will the PPE need to be worn? What are the
requirements for visibility and communication?
if more than one item of PPE is being worn, are they
compatible? For example, does a particular type of respirator make
it difficult for eye protection to fit properly?
Safety and Maintenance Practices
Use the Right Tool for the Job. Using the correct tool for
the job is the first step in safe hand tool use. Tools are designed
for specific needs. To avoid personal injury and tool damage,
select the proper tool to do the job well and safely.
Take care of and treat with respect quality

professional hand tools to make them last many years.
Manufacturers design tools for specific applications Use tools only
for their intended purpose.
Use Well-Designed, High-Quality Tools. Investing high-

quality tools makes the professional’s job safer and easier. Well-
designed tools save time, give professional results and help you do
your job more safely.
Make sure machinery is safe. You should check the

machinery if it is suitable for the work. Think about how and
where it will be used. If you think that machinery you have bought
is not safe DO NOT USE IT. Contact the manufacturer to discuss
you concerns.
Keep all tools in good condition with regular

maintenance. Install or repair equipment only if you are
qualified. A faulty job could cause serious injuries from mechanical
failure, fire, or shock. Maintain tools in proper working condition.
Examine each tool for damage before use. Regularly

inspect tools, cords and accessories. Repair or replace problem
equipment immediately. Never alter a tool in a manner that
reduces its effectiveness or safety.
Operate according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Most equipment comes with guidelines for maintenance, including
advice on how to carry out equipment checks safely.
CRT LEARNING MODULE

Course Code TLE 5
Industrial Arts
Units 3
Module Title Plumbing

Welcome to the module in Plumbing. This module contains training materials and
and skill in common competencies in Plumbing.

assistance.
This module was prepared to help you gain basic knowledge and skill in Plumbing.
notes.

7 Plumbing  Prepare Module 7.1
Plumbing
Materials
and Tools Module 7.2
 Practice
Occupationa
l Health and
Safety
MODULE CONTENT
MODULE TITLE : Plumbing
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
in Plumbing.
Number of Hours:
9 hours (2 Weeks)
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
REFERENCES
Morgan , Robert E , The Complete Handbook of Plumbing, TAB Books Inc., Phils. , 1962

 Oravetz , Jules Revised by Re Miller, Audel Questions and
 Answers for Plumbers‟ Examination, 3rd Edition Mac Millan Publishing Co., New York.
 Oravetz , Jules Revised by Re Miller, Audel Questions and Answers for Plumbers‟ Examination, 3rd
Edition Mac Millan Publishing Co., New York.
 www.google.com
Contents:
1. Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools
Assessment Criteria
Conditions

2. MS Word
3. Pen
4. Paper
Assessment Method:
E-essay

3. Click the folder MODULE 7: Plumbing. The digitized Modules, Task Sheets and Job
Learning Outcome #1
1. E-essay
1. Read Module No. 7.1 (Prepare Contained in the Module 7: Plumbing folder in
Plumbing Materials and Tools) EDMODO (Module 7.1)
1. Read Module No. 7.2 (Practice Contained in the Module 7: Plumbing folder in
Procedure)
MODULE 7.1
Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools

Plumbing Materials and Tools
1. Plumbing Materials
 Steel Pipe Characteristics
Steel piping is designed for a long list of applications. Steel piping

has gained popularity in the petroleum, oil, automobile, shipping
and food industries because of its durability and versatility.
Schools, hospitals and refineries also widely employ steel piping.
1. Facts
o Steel piping can be engineered to any height and strength and is
easily modified on-site. There remains a variety of types of steel
piping on the market. Common types of steel pipe include
standard steel pipe, line steel pipe, structural steel pipe and
plumbing tubes. Steel is ductile, bending rather than breaking in
the presence of excessive stress. Steel will not morph or lose its
strength as time passes. Also, steel is naturally resistant to rot.
Applications
o Line steel pipes are used to transport liquids and gases that are
combustible. Standard steel pipes are used for transporting water,
natural gas or steam. Structural steel pipes are often used for
drainage piping. Plumbing tubes made of steel are used to move
potable water or waterborne waste removal.
Properties
o Line steel pipes are galvanized, giving the piping corrosion-
resistant properties. Standard steel pipes are fabricated to a
diameter no greater than 16 inches, according to Steel Pipes
& Tubing. Structural steel tubes are constructed into either
square or circular shapes. Plumbing tubes are often
fabricated thinner than other types of steel pipes to allow for
easier soldering.
Different Types of Pipes
PVC PIPE -refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride Plastic material. This is

the most common pipe for plumbing system.
PE PIPE -refers to Polyethylene Plastic material intended for long

span water system installation.
CI PIPE -is a heavy metal made of casting on molds to make

fixtures. such as sink, tubs and lavatories, covered with a porcelain
enamel coating.
GI PIPE -is a galvanized iron pipe which is better fitted for

plumbing installation than steel pipe.It is constructed of rough
iron, dipped in molten zinc and maybe identified by its dull
grayishcolor
SOLVENT -is an adhesive material usually used externally.
TEFLON TAPE -is specifically used for attachment threaded pipe

on fittings.
ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT -is an adhesive material used by a

plum bean when working with ABS pipes.
FITTINGS -are made in different forms that are intended for

plumbing joints and connections.
FAUCET -is a point of installation system where flow of water or

gas could be manipulated.
MSS-refers to Manufacturer’s Standardization Society.

NIPPLE -is a short length of pipe installed between couplings or
other fittings.
ADAPTOR/ADAPTER-is fittings that joints two different types
of pipes together, such as ABS to cast iron or threaded to
non- threaded.
2. FITTINGS – are any pipe part used to join two sections of
pipes.
Characteristics of Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings
Stainless steel pipe fittings is an alloy based on iron, which

combines together the mechanical properties of steels and some
specific features of corrosion resistance. These alloys are also
liable to tarnish.
TYPES of FITTINGS
COPPER SUPPLY
GALVANIZED SUPPLY
PLASTIC SUPPLY
POLYETHYLENE (PE) AND SPIGOT FITTING
FIXTURES
Plumbing Fixture
A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can be

connected to an existing plumbing system to deliver and drain
away water but which is also configured to enable a particular use.
The most common plumbing fixtures are:

Bathtubs
Bidets
Channel drains (also called trench drains)
Drinking fountains
Hose bibbs (connections for water hoses)
Kitchen sinks
Lavatories (also called bathroom sinks)
Showers
Tapware - an industry term for that sub-category of plumbing
fixtures consisting of tap valves, also called water taps or faucets
and their accessories, such as water spouts and shower heads.
Terminal valves for dishwashers, ice makers, humidifiers, etc.
Urinals
Utility sinks
Water closets- (known as toilets in the USA, loos, flush toilets
or lavatories in Britain)
Outlets and drains

Each of these plumbing fixtures has one or more water
outlets and a drain. In some cases, the drain has a device that can
be manipulated to block the drain to fill the basin of the fixture.
Each fixture also has a flood rim, or level at which water will begin
to overflow. Most fixtures also have an overflow, which is a
conduit for water to drain away, when the regular drain is
plugged, before the water actually overflows at the flood rim level.
However, water closets and showers (that are not in bathtubs)
usually lack this feature because their drains normally cannot be
stopped.
Each fixture usually has a characteristic means of connection.
Normal plumbing practice is to install a valve on each water supply
line before the fixture, and this is most commonly termed a stop or
"service valve". The water supply to some fixtures is cold water
only (such as water closets and urinals). Most fixtures also have a
hot water supply. In some occasional cases, a sink may have both
a potable (drinkable) and a non-potable water supply.
Traps and vents

This drain cover has a container underneath (which can be taken
out for cleaning and revealing another container below) acting as
a trap. Water inside the container forms a seal when the cover is
in place. Positive air pressure will push the cover up, acting as an
early warning device. The underside of the cover (centre image) is
kept moist by condensation occurring and insects that go back up
the drain pipe get stuck to the walls of the cover.
PLUMBING TOOLS
MEASURING TOOLS- is the activity of obtaining and comparing

physical quantities of real-world objects and events. Established
standard objects and events are used as units, and the process of
measurement gives a number relating the item under study and
the referenced unit of measurement.
L-SQUARE/STEEL SQUARE
TRY SQUARE
PUSH-PULL RULE
CUTTING TOOLS- is any tool that is used to remove material

from the work piece by means of shear deformation. Cutting may
be accomplished by single-point or multipoint tools. Single-point
tools are used in turning, shaping, plaining and similar operations,
and remove material by means of one cutting edge. Milling and
drilling tools are often multipoint tools. Grinding tools are also
multipoint tools.
HACK SAW
CROSS CUT SAW
PIPE REAMER
PIPE THREADER
PIPE CUTTER
BORING TOOLS-boring is the process of enlarging a hole that

has already been drilled (or cast), by means of a single-point
cutting tool, for example as in boring a cannon barrel. Boring is
used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and
can be used to cut a tapered hole.
HAMMER DRILL
ELECTRICAL DRILL
AUGER BRACE WITH BITS
TESTING TOOLS-used in finding out how well the finished

work.
SPIRIT LEVEL
PLUMB BOB
HORSE LEVEL
DRIVING TOOLS-driving tools help hand tools and power tools

work together, especially important for the variety of drilling tasks
that get done in woodworking.
SLEDGER HAMMER
CLAW HAMMER
CROW BAR
DRILL PRESS
SCREW DRIVER
HOLDING TOOLS-Tool for holding firmly any material that has to

be cut.
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
CLAMP
BENCH VISE
PIPE VISE
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
MODULE 7.1
Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

1. Identify the PPE use in Plumbing
2. Explain the OHS
Here are the types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use for
safety purposes:
A. Face protection
Goggles and face protection must be used when workers are

at risk from flying particles, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic
liquids and chemical gases. Various goggles for face protection
must meet certain design criteria for safety.
B. Foot Protection
Safety shoes with impact protection are used in work areas

where heavy objects or tools could be accidentally dropped on the
feet. Safety shoes with puncture protection are required when
working around nails, wire tacks, scrap metals and other objects
that could fierce the feet.
C. Hand Protection
Gloves are required to protect the hands of workers from cuts,

scrapes, punctures, burns, chemical absorption, and exhaust
temperatures. It is crucial that the type of glove being used is the
right one for the job.
D. Hearing Protection
Appropriate ear muffs or ear plugs must be made available as a

last resort if it is not possible to make the workplace less noisy.
The requirement is a small part of the occupational noise exposure
standard which requires employers to ensure that workers are
exposed to less than 90 decibels of noise over an 8 hour period.
E. Respirators
Appropriate respirators must be worn as a last resort if it is not

possible to ventilate the work area properly.
Occupation Health and Safety (OHS) Procedures for

controlling hazards and risks.
1. Conduct a hazard assessment like;
 Survey workplace to identify hazards (put them in writing)

 Determine whether any hazard required Personal Protective
Equipment.
 Pay attention to working conditions that can produce hazards
 Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new
equipment is installed
2. Select appropriate equipment;

Ensure that all Personal Protective Equipment used is the right
kind of equipment for the job, and is maintained properly
1. Have knowledge on the following:
 Which PPE is necessary

 How to identify if it fits properly
 How to put on, remove, adjust and wear Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
 How to dispose of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)
 The limitation of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Procedure in dealing with workplace, accidents, fire and

Emergencies
PROCEDURES:
A. DEALING WITH ACCIDENTS
1. Keep calm, don’t panic and study the situation.

2. Report immediately to your teacher
3. Apply first aid to the victim while waiting for a nurse or a
physician
4. Bring the patient to the nearest clinic or hospital
B. DEALING WITH FIRE
1. Do not panic, stay calm.

2. Call the attention of everybody.
3. Use your firefighting equipment to control extinguish the fire.
4. Call the office or the fire station
C. DEALING WITH EMERGENCIES

1. Stay calm and study the situation.
2. Call the attention of your teacher.

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CRT LEARNING MODULE

Course Code TLE 5

College for Research & Technology of Cabanatuan

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

Contents of this Learning Module

No. Module Title Topic Code

MODULE TITLE : Carpentry

1. Classroom Policies and Introduction to the Course

2. Discussion of the course syllabus and study

3. Prepare Construction Materials and Tools

4. Maintain Tools and Equipment

2. Answers should clear, brief and concise.

3. Students should be well-prepared and well-groomed.

1. Hard copy and soft copy of the module

Learning Activities (Study Guide)

4. All the Self-Checks are contained in the folder MY ACTIVITIES.

Prepare Construction Materials and Tools

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS AND TOOLS

Nails - made of metal used for fastening woods

Cement - a powdered substance which when mixed with water

Sand - fine gritty, substance found in the shore and desert

Gravel - coarse aggregate

Claw hammer - used for driving and pulling out nails

Cross-cut-saw - tool used for cutting across the grain

Plumb-bob - used for vertical alignment

Try square - used to test the squareness of a stock

Suggested Project: Bulletin Board DATE

1 Piece Paint brush P1040.00

REQUESTED MATERIALS AND TOOLS ACCORDING TO

A bill of materials is a list of all things needed in a project together

Suggested Project: Bulletin Board

ACQUIRE AND INSPECT MATERIALS/TOOLS

It is important to inspect and check materials and tools for

1. It is a thin cross laminated sheet of wood.

a. Pull-push rule b. Try-square c. Ruler d. Caliper

Maintain Tools and Equipment

1. Identify the preventive maintenance of the tools and

CHECK CONDITION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

LUBRICATING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

A. Classify the different types of tools.

1. Perform Mensuration and Calculation

2. Excel computation should well prepared and organize.

3. Excel computation should have table.

1. Hard copy and soft copy of the module

Learning Activities (Study Guide)

4. All the Self-Checks are contained in the folder MY ACTIVITIES.

1. Excel Computation of Board foot

Perform Mensuration and Calculation

TYPES OF MEASURING TOOLS

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS FOR THE 6 FACES OF LUMBER

A lumber has 6 faces: 2 ends, 2 edges and 2 surfaces

Hence; the linear measurements obtained are:

II. READING OF MEASUREMENTS

Note: The illustration is not the actual length of an inch.

B. Reading the centimeter and millimeter

III. CONVERTING FRACTION TO DECIMAL

C. Mixed fraction 2 ½ = 2.5

IV. CONVERTING UNITS OF MEASURE

Sample Solutions in Conversion

CALCULATING BOARDFOOT OF LUMBER

BOARD MEASURE - is the term to indicate that the board foot is

The formula is: T x W x L = Board ft.12 Where: T = nominal

Example 2: An 8/4 board 7 inches wide and 10 feet long has