Logic Circuits and Switching Theory

Engr. Cherrie F. Villafuerte, CpE

Instructor

Adapted from Engr. Robert G. de Luna, PECE, MSECE

 Introduction
to
Digital Systems
 Analog versus Digital
• Analog System
• It is a system that uses continues
values.
• Basically, analog system or devices
are measuring instruments.
• The measured property can take
on an infinite number of possible
values.
 ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL
• Analog System Thermometer
• For example, consider the
thermometer.
• The liquid thermometer, an
analog device, measures and
displays an approximate value
of temperature.
• With sufficient precision, a
thermometer reading of +70°F
might actually as +69.82579°F
or +69.92987°F
 ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL
Thermometer
• Analog System
• There are infinite numbers of
possible temperatures between
+69°F and +70°F.
• The only limitation on resolution
is the accuracy of the
measuring device.
 ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL
• Digital System
• Any system that can be used for the
transmission or processing of information in
which the information is represented by physical
quantities or signals that are so constrained as
to take only discrete values.
On 1 High

Off 0 Low
 ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL
• Digital System
• Signal is a physical quantity that represents
discrete elements of information in a digital
system.
• Electrical signals such as voltages and currents
are the most common.
• The signals in all-present day electronic digital-
systems have only two discrete values and are
said to be Binary.
 ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL
• Digital System
• A major criterion for any digital system is the
absence or presence of a signal and not its actual
value.
• In digital system, we want to know if something has
changed and not how much it has changed.
High
On 1

0
Off Low
 ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL
• The general-purpose digital computer
is the best-known example of a digital
system. Other examples are
– Telephone switching exchange
– Digital multimeter
– Digital counters
– Electronic calculators
– Digital displays
 ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL
• Characteristic of a digital system is its manipulation
of discrete elements of information.
• Such discrete elements may be electric impulses,
the decimal digits, letters of the alphabet, arithmetic
operations, punctuation marks, or any other set of
meaningful symbols.
• The juxtaposition of discrete elements of information
represents a quantity of information.