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Review of Related Literature and Studies
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Chapter II
This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies, which are relevant to the
present study. The researcher gathered this literature and studies from professional books,
journals, pamphlets, magazines, and other supplementary sources from the internet, public and
private school libraries. They serve as a frame of reference in the study conducted
Related Literature
This section provides the researcher synthesized literature that is relevant to the current
study. These comes from both foreign and local journals and periodicals.
Foreign
Plenty of research work has been done to improve the performance of the agriculture field.
Additionally, they were able to prevent overwatering already wet soils and avoid watering at the
wrong time of day, which may have harmed or destroyed the crop. This microcontroller-based
system can easily be enhanced by incorporating other current controllers such as Arduino, which
are significantly less expensive but significantly more functional and eliminate the need for an ADC.
Rajeshwari (2016), under the framework of his proposed system. It consists of four primary
components: a monitoring unit deployed on the farm, a control unit put in the pump house, a server
mobile stationed near the control unit, and a remote client mobile stationed near the server mobile
station. The monitoring unit, which is installed in the field, continuously monitors critical agricultural
factors such as soil moisture, pH, temperature, and humidity and transmits the data to the mobile
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server. The server mobile, which is installed near the control unit in the pump house, analyses the
Moreover, the architecture of the proposed system consists of four major components- a
monitoring unit installed in the farm, a control unit installed in the pump house, a server mobile
placed close to the control unit, and a remote client mobile. The monitoring unit, which is placed in
the field, monitors important agricultural parameters such as soil moisture, soil pH, temperature
and humidity, and transfers the data to the server mobile. The server mobile, which is placed in the
pump house close to the control unit, processes the sensed information and makes appropriate
irrigation decisions.
Singh and Saikia (2016), introduced the design and implementation of an Arduino-Based
Smart Irrigation System. The Arduino-based communication has been created to ease the function,
application, maintenance, and price. The device is fully automated and reliable. Sensors interact
with the website communication system from a large distance in nanoseconds which makes the
user more prolific. The entire system is based on the Arduino which uses an inexpensive
microcontroller; this system can be applied to large areas for a relatively small investment.
Mahesh Reddy and Raghava Rao offer an Android-based Automatic Irrigation System
utilizing a WSN and GPRS Module (2016). The Arduino microcontroller connects with the user via
SMS. The Android automatic system is built; it continuously shows the sensor data in an android
application and on a web page, and the user can turn on/off the motor pump from any location
Gavali et al. (2016) created a Wireless Sensor-Based Smart Irrigation System for
Agriculture. Their method includes a sensor for soil moisture and temperature. Each wireless
sensor node was composed of a soil moisture probe, a temperature probe, a data-gathering
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microcontroller, and a radio transceiver. A master microcontroller, a radio transceiver, GSM, and a
pump compose the receiver unit. The ZigBee protocol is used to communicate between the
Raspberry Pi that efficiently handles the drip irrigation system's activities. Additionally, Ata et al.
(2016) developed a Web-based Automatic Irrigation System utilizing a Wireless Sensor Network
and an Embedded Linux Board. Their study's objective was to remotely control components and
irrigation system. The researcher did not use a Raspberry Pi; rather, he used an Aurdino controller
Thomas (2014) stated that border irrigation is an old irrigation system used in the western
part of a fresh, high bed or row. The depth of water flow is shallow and uniform down the bordered
area. It is a system where a large volume of water was deposit in a defined edge or bay at the top
of the field. Unlike rice/soybean rotations, flooding was used as an irrigation system for soybeans,
the borders have a shallow, uniform water flow and can be used to irrigate soybeans or other crops
when they are small; you do not have a danger submerge. Run the water until it reaches the end of
the field or closer to the end so the entire border is watered out. The soil types of many of the
field’s areas often a cracking clay that helps distribute water. The cracks give a random distribution
of the water and help disrupt the potential for channeling through the border.
relay soil moisture and temperature values. The data is delivered to a web server through a cellular
network through GPRS. Monitoring data can be accomplished via the internet via a graphical
program.
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An Android application could be used to monitor irrigation schedules. Darshna et al. (2014)
pioneered the solar-powered smart irrigation system through advancements in electronic and
electrical engineering. This method conserves electricity by minimizing reliance on grid power, and
solar energy can provide a cost-effective solution for all energy needs. It may be a viable option for
farmers amid the current energy crisis. It optimizes water use by minimizing wastage and
According to Lehman (2012) stated that probably no other advancement has been quite as
significant. While the concept of drip irrigation existed well before Israeli statehood, it was
revolutionized by Israeli water engineering. Simcha Blass, who serendipitously discovered that a
slow and balanced drip led to remarkable growth. He created tubing that slowly released water
where it was most efficient and in 1965 Kibbutz Halperin built a whole new industry. Netafin, based
on his invention. Just one recent example of how this method has impacted food supply in different
families in Senegal to reap crops three times a year instead of just once even on infertile land.
The researcher learned that the farmer would detect if the soil is dry and the producer will
release water from the machine throughout the pipes. Evaporation trimmed down and up to one-
In the published journal, Palanisami (2011) stated that an irrigation tank is a small reservoir
constructed across the slope of a valley to catch and store water during the rainy season and use it
for irrigation during the dry season. Tank irrigation systems also act as an alternative to pump
projects, where energy availability, energy cost, or ground-water supplies are constraints for
pumping. The distribution of farmers receives inadequate water from tanks. This system has a
special significance to the limited and small-scale farmers who make an enormous number
primarily depending on tank irrigation as these systems are less capital-intensive and have wider
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geographical distribution than large projects, it maintains levels of groundwater, and it is a cheap
Local
Ecija, Medalla, Morales, et al (2015), developed a wireless irrigation system that involves
the development and formation of an automatic irrigation system that uses a sensor that
determines soil moisture (by soil moisture sensor), water level indicator also it's a pumping system
that aims to deliver the needed water based on the assigned soil moisture value. Their system is a
prototype design of a microcontroller based on water irrigation which detects soil if watering is
required then the water will be maintained at a constant level. If the specific area is irrigated too
much with water, there are possibilities that the plant may die due to excessive irrigation. The
proposed system uses a microcontroller a platform device called ARDUINO where sensors are
connected in its internal and external ports. Whenever there is a variation in moisture content of the
soil these sensors will determine the change and will give an interrupt signal to the microcontroller
and eventually will send the signal to the relay driver and thus the water pump is now activated.
The irrigation system also includes a water level indicator in the water tank which will indicate the
water capacity of the reservoir itself whether it is low level or high level.
Moreover, the project mentioned above is limited to a small area garden design focuses
primarily on soil moisture content as the basis for the irrigation system, no other sensor will be
implemented, maintenance of the system still requires human intervention to keep irrigation on
course, sensitive to weather condition which may interrupt the effectiveness of the soil moisture
sensor, manual refill of the water tank to store and establish the adequate amount of water enough
for irrigation also study will not cover about Fluid Mechanics.
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Related Studies
The synthesized studies had been compiled into foreign and local by the researcher as a
point of reference to the current study. This will give the reader a nutshell on how the project will
Foreign
Nolz et al (2015) integrated the sensors into a wireless monitoring network to determine
and evaluate calibration functions for the integrated sensors, and compare the measuring range
and the reaction time of both sensor types in a soil layer during drying. The integration of the
sensors into the telemetry network worked well. Data were transmitted over several kilometers and
Christos et al (2014) described the design of an adaptable decision support system and
zone-specific irrigation. Using ontology for defining the application logic emphasizes system
flexibility and adaptability and supports the application of automatic inferential and validation
mechanisms. A machine learning process is applied for inducing new rules by analyzing logged
datasets for extracting new knowledge and extending the system ontology to cope.
The development of models and strategies to control the environment of plants started
with the shooting environment, that is, with the climate. One important reason was that
From this research, we can see that there are a few factors that need to be
controlled in the environment. The factor that is to be considered is soil moisture and water
level.
Khriji et al (2014) presented a complete irrigation solution for the farmers based on WSN.
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The automated irrigation system using low-cost sensor nodes having reduced power consumption
can reduce the water waste and is cost-effective. A node is deployed using Telos B mote and
adequate sensors/actuators. Field nodes are used to detect the level of moisture and temperature
in the soil. Weather nodes monitor the climatic changes, and the nodes connected to actuators
are used to control the opening of the irrigation valve when needed.
Mahir et al (2014) proposed an efficient water usage system by pump power reduction
using a solar-powered drip irrigation system in an orchard. Soil moisture content is analyzed by
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to provide even distribution of water for the required location.
This will prevent unnecessary irrigation and reduce the water demand. This system reduces the
Patil (2014), developed the system that was integrated with sensors into a wireless
monitoring network to determine and evaluate calibration functions for the integrated sensors.
The system compares the measuring range and the reaction time of both sensor types in a soil
layer during drying. Data were transmitted over several kilometers and made available via Internet
access.
Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, involves pouring water onto the soil at
extremely low rates (2-20 litres/hour) through a network of small diameter plastic pipes equipped
with emitters or drippers. Water is applied near to the plants, wetting only the soil profile in which
the roots grow, as opposed to surface and spray irrigation, which wets the entire soil profile. Drip
irrigation water is applied more frequently (typically every 1-3 days) than other systems, which
results in a very desirable high moisture content in the soil for plants to thrive (Patil, 2014).
Drip irrigation is ideal for a wide variety of soil types. Water must be administered gently on
clay soils to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. Higher emitter discharge rates will be required
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on sandy soils to guarantee appropriate lateral wetting of the soil. For general reference table of
broadly applicable “ideal moisture levels” for the three major types of soil is presented.
system for a field of hyperacidity. The system consists of a feedback FLC that logs key field
parameters through specific sensors and a Zigbee-GPRS remote monitoring and database
platform. The system is deployed in existing drip irrigation systems without any physical
modification. FLC acquires data from these sensors and fuzzy rules are applied to produce
integration of a center pivot irrigation system with wireless underground sensor networks. The
wireless underground sensor-aided center pivot system will provide autonomous irrigation
management capabilities by monitoring the soil conditions in real-time using wireless underground
sensors. Experiments were conducted with a hydraulic drive and continuous-move center pivot
irrigation system.
Robert (2013) promoted commercial wireless sensing and control networks using valve
control hardware and software. The valve actuation system included the development of
custom node firmware, actuator hardware and firmware, an internet gateway with control, and
communication and web interface software. The system uses a single- hop radio range using
a mesh network with 34 valve actuators for controlling the valves and water meters.
Singh et al (2012) present a solution for an irrigation controller for the cultivation of
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vegetable plants based on the fuzzy logic methodology. In this system, the amount of water
given to the plants depends on its size, moisture control of soil, which is affected by the
temperature of the environment, evaporation due to wind velocity, and water budget. The system
feed water to plants in a controlled and optimal way. Solar energy conversion technology is used
Local
According to Sebastian (2015), stated that the water supply is the process of providing
water in a systematic early through installed pumps and pipelines. Before water is provided to a
specific area it undergoes approximately sanitation to ensure that the quality of water received is
made for human consumption. The Philippines water supply system dates back to 1946 after the
A manual irrigation system does not promote water conservation that results in too much
water or a too-small amount of water in the soil thus poor plant growth. Automated irrigation
systems are capable of determining and maintaining the right amount of water for the soil. Two
TEG’S were used as the soil moisture sensors (one as the control and the other in the plant area)
that produced voltage differentials proportional to the relative wetness or dryness of the compared
to control the uses of the thermoelectric generator as the soil moisture sensor that uses the
temperature difference between the air and the soil as a basis for irrigation.
Thermoelectric generator as soil moisture requires a relatively constant heat source and
have slow technology progression and have limited applications. But irrigates according to the
proper needs of the soil, thus, saving water consumption and improving water efficiency and use.
According to Dr. Roger A. Luyun Jr., UPLB’s project leader, WAISS is composed of a field
unit and computer software. The field unit comprises three pieces of equipment: a set of soil
moisture sensors, a transmitting data logger, and a 5-volt solar panel. “The sensors are installed
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underground where crops are planted and are connected to the transmitting data logger, which
Furthermore, Dr. Luyun said that in the software, “the real-time monitoring of the soil
moisture status of the farm is shown. If the moisture content is within the green area, the soil
moisture condition is at optimum. If in the yellow area, the plant experiences stress, while if the
moisture reaches the red area, the plant is under extreme stress. Negative effects may be
irreversible and productivity is highly affected. WAISS will send irrigation alerts once the moisture
reaches the yellow area. WAISS will continue to send daily irrigation alerts until the farm has been
irrigated.”
The farmer, wherever he is, can know if his farm needs irrigation. Aside from receiving
daily irrigation advisories, he can text WAISS for the STATUS of his farm and the system will
respond accordingly.
Belonio (2011), stated the windpump irrigation system is suitable either for individuals,
groups of farmers, large corporate farms, or even government experiment stations. He said that the
windpump irrigation system is environmentally friendly. No manual operation during stormy periods
and there is no risk of losing the machine even if it is installed and left in the field.
The researcher learned that the Farmers will benefit from using wind pumps for irrigation
purposes. It eliminates the use of imported fossil fuel which is generally expensive. Also, it ensures