Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
School ID: 301192

EGGSHELLS AND PERNA VERIDIS (GREEN MUSSELS) AS THE

MAIN COMPONENTS IN MAKING
CONCRETE BRICKS

A Research Project
Submitted to the Faculty of the
Department of Science and Technology
General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School
General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite

In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the strand
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

MARK JEFTE A. BRIONES

KYLA MAE R. STA. CRUZ
RODELYN A. BRIOSO
JAKE DARWIN P. MOJICA
March 2020
 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Mark Jefte A. Briones was born on March 2, 2001. He is currently living at

Barangay Francisco de Castro, Monteverde, General Mariano Alvarez , Cavite together

with his parents and siblings. He is the son of Annabelle and Eusebio B. Briones.

Jefte finished his primary education at Upon This Rock Christian Academy, GMA

Cavite on 2014. He is currently enrolled as a grade 12 student in General Mariano

Alvarez Technical High School under the Science Technology Engineering and

Mathematics (STEM) strand. He plans to either take Medical Technology or Chemical

Engineering for college education.

Jefte likes training birds, he also joined the singing chorale competition last 2018,

and won 6th place. He also graduated with best in research award during his junior high

school.

Kyla Mae R. Sta. Cruz was born on September 2, 2001. She currently lives at

Barangay Francisco de Castro, Monteverde, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite. She is the

daughter of Nora and Ronald Sta. Cruz.

Kyla Mae finished her primary and secondary education at Upon This Rock

Christian Academy, G.M.A, Cavite on 2014 and currently enrolled as an irregular grade

12 student in General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School under the Science

Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand. She wanted to pursue a degree

in nursing or doctor of dental medicine. She also wants to attend culinary arts school to

fulfill her dream of becoming a professional chef.

 Kyla is an achiever since pre-school. She graduated with a salutatorian award and

best in research award during her junior high school award.

Rodelyn A. Brioso was born on June 3, 2002 in General Mariano Alvarez,

Cavite. She is also a member of Frontrow (Health and Beauty Shop). She is the fourth

child among five children of Lolita and Elmer Brioso. She is currently living at Area I,

Poblacion 4, G.M.A., Cavite.

Rodelyn finished her primary education at San Gabriel II Elementary School in

2013. She is currently a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

student at GMATHS.

Rodelyn plans to take Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology for her college

education.

Jake Darwin Mojica was born on October 7, 2001 in General Mariano Alvarez,

Cavite. He is the fifth among the six children of Nancy and Danilo Mojica. He is

currently living at Brgy. San Gabriel, G.M.A., Cavite.

Jake finished his primary education at Bay Elementary School at Batan Aklan in

2013. He is a currently Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

student at GMATHS.

Jake plans to take Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology for his college

education. He likes to join pageant.

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks be to God for the strength, guidance,

support, and knowledge that He provided the researchers. The researchers would also like

to express their deepest appreciation to their parents who have shown their unconditional

support, understanding and comfort while conducting this project.

The researchers would like to give our deepest gratitude to all the people,

including our classmates, especially to Janna Aguilar, Mhay Delos Reyes and Erwin Kyle

Coronel, John Dominic Colico, Den Adrian Pasco, John Kenneth Serrano and Luke

James Gonzales, who helped the researchers, for sharing their knowledge, technology

devices, financial support and effort for this study.

The researchers would like to give their deepest appreciation for their advisers,

Mrs. Rowena S. Peñafiel and Ms. Cherry Rose S. Uminga for encouraging and

motivating the researchers to conduct this study that can be beneficial for the school

facilities and the environment, as well as in the community. We would like to thank the

research adviser for teaching, supporting and challenging the researchers for their ability

and skills to be improved.

MARK JEFTE A. BRIONES

KYLA MAE R. STA. CRUZ
RODELYN A. BRIOSO
JAKE DARWIN P. MOJICA

ABSTRACT
BRIONES, MARK JEFTE A., STA. CRUZ, MYLA MAE R., BRIOSO, RODELYN A., MOJICA,

JAKE DARWIN P., EGGSHELLS AND PERNA VERIDIS (GREEN MUSSELS) AS THE MAIN

CONSTITUENTS IN MAKING CONCRETE BRICKS. Research Capstone Project. Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School. March 2020.

Every year, the materials that are need to build these infrastructures are also

increasing in price as it affects its quantity. Aside from its expensive price, the sources

for construction is decreasing. This study is all about the alternative source for

construction, for making the concrete bricks. This study shows the effectivity of eggshells

and perna veridis, as the main constituents for making a concrete that can be used as

bricks, fences, path walk, hollow blocks and more. The researchers made three set-ups of

the bricks with different proportion for its every components.

The concrete brick is mainly made of crushed eggshells mixed with perna veridis

(Tahong) shells. Every shells are dried then crushed and pulverized, then it is mixed with

water nd less amount of cement. After the mixing procedure, it is poured in the moldering

pan and let it dried under the sun for two days.

The bricks are tested by different tests; drop test, shock absorbance test and

flammability test. The results of this study was the produced bricks with the constant

amount of eggshells and minimum amount of green mussel shells are the sturdy among

the two set-ups.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Page
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA………………………………………………………

ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………….………….

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………..................

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………

Objectives of the Study………………………………………………...

Significance of the Study…………………………………………..

Scope and Limitation of the Study…………………………………….

Definition of Terms……………………………………………………

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………………………………..

METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………..

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………………………………………..

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…….............

Summary……………………………………………………………

Conclusion………………………………………………………….

Recommendation……………………………………………………

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………

APPENDICES……………………………………………………………….

Eggshells and Perna Veridis (Green Mussels) as the Main Constituents in Making
Concrete Bricks
A manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department of Science and Technology,
General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite, in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the strand, Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics. Prepared under the supervision of Ma. Rowena S. Penafiel and Cherry
Rose S. Uminga

INTRODUCTION

Eggs are known for its good source of protein, it is usually part of everyday

breakfast for its nutrients and its reasonable price. Eggs can easily be found everywhere,

restaurants, fast food chains, canteens or even at home. It is usually cook to make

different dish, however, its shells are sometimes thrown after but it still remain as

discarded materials. These eggshell wastes is rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which

makes it a solid waste material. Eggshells are an excellent source of natural calcium, and

it can be reused and recycled. It is commonly used for fertilizers, natural face mask and

more.

Perna veridis is also known as Asian green mussel (tahong), it is one of the most

common food in the table of every Filipino families even in seaside restaurants. Green

mussels are one of the common dish to served in the dining table. Green mussels are

growing in coastal areas especially the rocks found beside the seashore or in farms

created by human . The meat of green mussel is eaten as the shells are taken away and

become useless. This type of shell also contains calcium carbonate which is good for the

concreteness of brick.

These shell wastes are increasing in number from every food industries.

Therefore, it can harm our environment if it is being thrown away irresponsibly. This

study is all about using safer and environmental friendly shell wastes as the main
constituents of bricks. These organic and raw materials can help to save money for

making bricks by replacing many expensive and toxic chemical products. The concept of

utilizing eggshells and green mussel shells is to improve the engineering properties of

the bricks and to reduce wastes. Eggshells and perna veridis are used as main constituents

in making a concrete brick. Thus it gives more contribution to the production of less

cement bricks. The addition of mussel in concrete decreases thermal conductivity of

cement mortars and plastering.

Most people who live in urban places use expensive materials to build their

houses. Some of them spent more on the materials they need. Just like in General

Mariano Alvarez, Cavite, an urban place or it is still in its developing state. The cost of

every materials that are used is increasing annually and its resources are slowly

decreasing in number. A concrete can be used for all standard buildings both single

storey and retaining structures and bridges. In the aspect of economy, the reusing of

eggshells and green mussels can save money for production of expensive yet non-

renewable resources, for construction. In environment aspect, most of the materials that

are used for making a concrete brick are considered as waste but these are reused in this

research, which can be helpful mostly to those who cannot afford of buying expensive

materials.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to produce concrete bricks made from eggshells and green

mussels. This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. Does the ratio of eggshells and green mussels affect the concreteness of a brick?
 1.1 How many grams of the green mussel shells are needed to make the bricks?

1.2 How many grams eggshells are needed to make the bricks?

1.3 What are the method of finding the perfect proportion of making the bricks?

2. What is the proportion of the bricks that are strong enough to be use as a path

walk?

2.1 What are the measurements of every materials that are used to make the

bricks?

2.2 What are the effects of the different ratios of materials to the concreteness of

the bricks?

2.3 What is the mass of the bricks in every setup?

3. What is the right procedure in making the bricks?

3.1 What are the different tests used for the concreteness of the bricks?

3.2 What is the constant material constant material and its measurement used to

make the bricks?

3.3 What is the mass of the three different setups of the bricks?

Objectives of the Study

This investigatory project aims to identify the following:

1. The ratio of eggshells and green mussels that affect the concreteness of a brick.

1.1 The measurement of the green mussel shells in grams that are needed to

make the bricks.

1.2 The measurement of the eggshells in grams that are needed to make the

bricks.
 1.3 The method of finding the perfect proportion of making the bricks.

2. The proportion of the bricks that are strong enough to be use as a path walk.

2.1 The measurements of every materials that are used to make the bricks.

2.2 the effects of the different ratios of materials to the concreteness of the .

2.3 The mass of the bricks in every setup.

3 The right procedure in making the bricks.

3.1 The different tests used for the concreteness of the bricks.

3.2 The constant material and its measurement used to make the bricks.

3.3 The mass of the three different setups of the bricks.

 Conceptual Framework

The researchers conducted an experiment on how an eggshell and green mussel

can be a main constituent in making concrete bricks. Here is the conceptual framework to

illustrate input, processes, and output of the study conducted (Figure 1).

Input Process Output

 To identify the efficacy  Collection of materials  To know the

of the product that is to needed in making concrete effectiveness of a
be used as a pathway. brick. brick made out of
 To determine the  Mixing the materials, green mussel and
components that will be preparing a mold, and eggshells.
needed in making a drying up the materials.

brick.  Conducting test like drop

 To determine how a test, shock absorbance

brick made out of green test, and flammability test

mussel and eggshell will and gathering the result of

benefit the community. the data.

 (Figure 1.

Hypotheses

The following are the hypotheses formulated for the study:

Null Hypotheses

The null hypothesis is the eggshells and green mussels (perna viridis) is found to be

less effective and less efficient in making concrete bricks. The two compounds did not

mix well with a the mixture. It contains lesser cement that acts as a adhesive this made

the rupturing of bricks easier.

Alternative Hypotheses

The alternative hypothesis is the eggshell and green mussel (perna viridis) is found

to be effective compounds in making durable and more sustainable concrete bricks.

When the amount of eggshells and green mussels are higher than cement.

Significance of the study

This study entitled “Eggshells and Perna Veridis (Green Mussels) as the Main

Constituents in Making Concrete Bricks” focuses on using environmental friendly and

less expensive materials to produce bricks for pathways. Furthermore, the results of this

study will be beneficial for the following groups, department or individuals.

The students can initiate on how to reused and recycled food shells they intake

everyday, to lessen the number of recycled wastes being thrown everyday.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) can collect food

shells like green mussel shells and eggshells in every food industries. They can
implement new programs and can spread the ideas of using organic materials that serves

as an alternative materials for costly materials to use for the making of the bricks.

The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) can use the bricks that

are made from shell foods to different highways, roads, pathways and more. They can

help every community or even the government to manage the budget by using these low

cost materials.

Scope and Delimitation

Green mussels shells, eggshells and cement are the components of the bricks. Each

of the shell components of the bricks are first dried under the sun and crushed before the

mixing of all the constituents. The mixture of the the ingredients with water is being

poured after to the molder container an dried under the sun for days to become a brick.

The researchers conducted three setups of concrete bricks with different proportions to

perform different tests for its flammability with the use of gas stove, shock resistance or

drop test with different measure of heights, shock resistance where the researchers are

going to put an object on the top of every bricks, measuring its weight and the last test is

the insulating capabilities of the bricks by the use of voltmeter.

The main purpose of this investigatory project is to test how the eggshells and

green mussel shells will produce a more concrete bricks that will use as an alternative

environmental friendly bricks for pathways especially in General Mariano Alvarez

Technical High School. These bricks are less expensive than the usual bricks because of

its components.
Definition of Terms

Each of the unfamiliar words are given a meaning to understand well.

Additive - a substance added to something in small quantities to improve or preserve it.

Bricks -a small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay, used in

building.

Calcium Carbonate- Calcium carbonate also is used as an antacid to relieve heartburn,

acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It is available with or without a prescription.

Concreteness-s is an aspect of communication that means being specific, definite, and

vivid rather than vague and general.

Flammability- it is the ability to support combustion especially: a high capacity for

combustion.

Insulator -a substance which does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound. It is a

substance or device which does not readily conduct electricity.

Plastering- Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of

walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster"

usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly

refers to external applications.

Perna Veridis- Perna viridis, known as the Asian green mussel, is an economically

important mussel, a bivalve belonging to the family Mytilidae. It is harvested for food but

is also known to harbor toxins and cause damage to submerged structures such as

drainage pipes. 
Ratio- the quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one

value contains or is contained within the other.

Shock resistant - strong or resilient enough to sustain minor impacts without damage to

the internal mechanism.

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Experiment of Calcium Carbonate Composition of Eggshells

Calcium Carbonate or CaCO3 contribute to the properties of a raw material such as

seashells, rocks and egg shells which it makes it hard and strong when it is reused to

make another substance. It will react with two other products especially with

hydrochloric acid to yield carbon dioxide gas. This experiment which is conducted by

college students was designed by reacting egg shells with 2M HCI to compare it to the

calcium composition of white chicken eggshells to brown egg shells.

The average of a good quality eggshell contains an estimated 2.2 grams of calcium

and it is in the form of calcium carbonate. When the eggshells are already dried, the 94%

part of a dry eggshell is calcium carbonate and has a mass of about 5.5 grams. These

amount can be vary depending on the sources of the eggshells. The remaining parts of the

eggshells are consist of phosphorus and magnesium, with a little amount of sodium,

potassium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper.

The colour of the eggs such as the organic brown eggs and white eggs are the result

of the different breeding process. Which cannot be determined easily the difference of

their calcium carbonate content. The taste of the white and brown eggs are just the same,

so as the quality and nutrients though it is not the same in their sizes and in the market

price because brown eggs are from large hens. Even though the sizes of the eggs are

varied and not the same, the calcium is spread widely all over on its measure surface area

depending on the size during the formation of the egg. The tendency is the brown eggs
break easily unlike the white one, attributed to this "thinning out" of calcium carbonate

content.

Essays, college students from UK (2018) stated that calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

could contribute to properties of raw materials such as sea shells and eggshells which

could make it hard and strong when reused to make another substance. In relation to the

study the researchers would also gather eggshells and use it as a replacement for cement

in concrete bricks. The researchers will reuse shells to lessen the waste in the society.

From Garbage to Biomaterials: An Overview on Egg Shell Based Hydroxyapatite

Biocompatible materials which are also known as biomaterials are used in medical

surgery which is processed from different agricultural wastes. This is a kind of strategy

for every agricultural community to make wastes in their area to be more valuable for

such uses. Eggshell based on hydroxyapatite said to be more concrete and less expensive

for it is made by agricultural wastes which can be found easily.

Eggshells are considered as useless agricultural wastes because of it being discarded

after use and it is said to contribute to pollution. Hydroxyapatite is a major component

of the bone and most likely to found in teeth, it can be produced by the eggshell wastes. It

can be a good strengthening material to repair the bones and tissues in the body. This

hydroxyapatite can help to reduce the pollution effect that can generate by the eggshell

wastes and it can make those eggshells to be more valuable product for all-purpose. The

process or technique used in this project is an environmental friendly. As the eggshell

wastes are taking longer, it can produce the hydroxyapatite and nano hydroxyapatite
which can be used as biomaterials which can reduce the cost of expensive treatment in

bone repair and it can cause only a little amount of impact on the environment and a large

impact in reducing wastes in community waste management. In relevance to this study

the researchers will also use eggshell to reduce the waste in the community and to use it

as a biomaterial for brick making.

Utilization of Shell Wastes for Locally-Based Cement Mortar and Bricks

Production: It’s Impact to the Community

Noel Hugo D. Binag, (2018) Shell wastes which are usually found from seafood

have been popular for its recyclable use. Its characteristics remodel the characteristics of

a limestone which can be a good alternative and has similarities to the characteristics of a

raw cement materials that are used in many form of construction. If these shells are

processed into ash cement or pulverized seashells and mixed with raw cement, it can be

blended with Portland cement for concrete works like bricks, walls, blocks, etc.

The use of the green mussel shells that undergone an ash cement can minimize the

use of forests used as sources for the Portland cement. With the help of the mortar as

block binder and for the production of the concrete bricks, it provides the aptness of the

raw and organic materials, its effect and production to the community. These bricks can

be used as a substitute for expensive bricks which its sources are limited and cannot be

easily find nor collected.

In each community which is using the marine shell-based cement or bricks for their

construction said to provide a mix ration of 5%, 10%, and 15% of marine shells such as

mussel or oyster shell ash cement and 85% Portland cement. This bricks give new impact
to the environment, economy, as well the communities. It can also improve the quality of

every part in peoples’ living conditions such as their houses, infrastructures, buildings,

walls or fences and more thus it creates responsible leaders in every community leading

them to use these raw materials wisely.

Binag (2018) conducted a study on how a marine shell waste e recycled to use as

a substitute for Portland cement. Due to its characteristics Binag decided to replace

Portland cement with marine shells. Just like what would the researchers will do, the

researchers will collect marine shell specifically green mussel shells to test if it will be

able to stand with eggshells as we will test its physical, chemical, mechanical properties,

specially its workability and compressive strength.

Mussel shell ‘ideal’ in Hollow Block

Alternative raw materials for producing lighter and stronger hollow blocks. The idea

used in business came from “Team Power Builders” of the University of the Philippines

in the Visayas-Tacloban College (UPVTC). This idea actually won business proposal that

was conducted for writing competition entitle “Project Pagsulong.”. Their proposal was

called as “green construction”. The term is made from the ideas of Maria Katrina Alfante,

Geneline Apuya, and Mark Anthony Capinan of “Team Power Builders”, this proposal

aimed that excess mussel shells can be made into renewed and profitable products.

Later on, it adapt the name “power mussels,” Power Mussels are the prototype

product for about 650 psi level. Thus, the green mussel’s shells affect the bearing

equipment needed mostly for construction. It is also intended for ecological and

economical used for every community.

 One of the member of the Team Power Builders stated that their project was made

to seek the proper way of utilizing and disposing tahong shells. It shows how to reuse or

to manage discarded shell wastes. This project can help every farmer in this generation

up to the future to minimize their losses when red tide happen. Every excess shells still

can be profitable because it can be used as raw materials for construction. The target of

the said project were the farmers in Jiabong, Samar which they can benefit from the

mussel as part of their primary livelihood.

Alfante, Capuya and Capinan (2012) raised a business proposal called “green

construction” where they will use green mussel shell for the use in construction and other

profitable products. Their team also their team also stated that the project was made to

seek the proper way of utilizing and disposing “tahong” shells which will also made by

the researchers. In comparison to the study that we are conducting the researchers would

also communicate to the local officials to put a designated bins for shell wastes and

because of it the production of the product would not be limited.

Waste Shells Cement Composites

Seashells waste can be a hazard according to the usage of every people. It is also a

part of growing economic and environmental hazard. The purpose of the project was to

prove that sea shells as recyclable materials used for concrete and to determine how it

perform when being compared to a standard mixture of concrete. The testing used in the

shell concrete based was consisted of estimated eight mix designs. Each design contained

a mixture of powdered sea shells. The sea shells concrete based was measured for about

10% or 25% sand, and 5% cement powder depending the mix design.
 Vinegar treatment is used in the four of the mixes or procedures for the shells to

classify the effects of the major components of the concrete, thus each components

contribute to the weight of the concrete, it is needed to measure the resistance of the

concrete. Each mixes is called a set up and every one of those were all compared one by

one through a series of tests. It is consists of four individual tests including the 3-point

bend test, compressive test, split tensile test and shrinkage test. Every samples on each set

up were also examined through the use electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The

researchers would also recycle sea shell wastes in developing a brick. After making the

brick the researchers will also compare it to a normal cement mixture and measure its

strength.

A review on sea shell ash as a replacement

Mohammad et al., in 2017, conducted a study on various sea shells such as cockle,

clam, oyster, mollusc, periwinkle, snail, and green mussel ashes partial cement. This

study proved to the replacement of the chemical-based products for structural uses and to

create sustainable environment. The idea of the project is used to reduce problems of

global warming. Their study shows that the replacement of cement in concrete by various

sea shell may create tremendous saving of energy and also leads to important

environmental benefits. In comparison to the study conducted the researchers will also

use sea shells (green mussel) to partially replace to make a product out of eggshell and

green mussel shell. The researchers also want to lessen the shell wastes in the

community.
Green mussel shell as an additive to cement Bricks.

Dela cruz et al., in2018, conducted a study on using green mussel (perna veridis) as

its scientific name) as an additive in making more durable and sustainable cement bricks

since it is throwing away and turning into waste. Green mussel shells can directly

undergo to a process which it can be an additive to the cement bricks mixture. Green

mussel shells are known for its strong properties that enables them to break uneasily. In

relation to the study the researchers will also use green mussel shell as a replacement in

concrete for green mussel shell is known for its strong properties.

Feasibility of mussel shell in making hollow blocks.

Arceo, Lim, Mabasa, Marquez, and Sonza (2013) conducted a study that develops

the hollow blocks by means of adding mussel shells to the base composition of hollow

blocks to withstand greater compressive strength and also to serve as a substitute for

regular, commercial hollowed blocks that are expensive in the market. This hollow

blocks can help the economy to reduce the sources of structural work. Adding powdered

mussel shells can lessen the amount of cement needed and can contribute to the

concreteness of the hollow blocks, as well as adding to its weight. In connection to the

product made by the researchers. The researchers also added powder or cracked mussel

shells to lessen the amount of cement for the mussel shell could add concreteness to the

brick.
Recycling of Seashell Wastes in Concrete

There are some many ways on how to reduce or to use the sources properly. The

production of the materials used for constructions depend on virgin and raw materials.

Industrial companies have made machines to make things easier especially in

construction and most industrial companies exceed efforts to produce products mostly

found in wastes as alternatives in concrete.

The fishery industry are most likely to collect sea shells such as oyster shells,

mussel shells, scallop shells and more. In different regions, those sea shells are limited

yet in some regions seashells are available in huge quantities. Shell wastes are usually

dumped in the landfilled without any recyclable or reused value.

This project has proven concerning about the proper use of seashell wastes as

partial replacement for conventional materials like cement-based products. Every sea

shells have different properties contributing to the properties of the seashell-based

concretes. Overall, each shells have the similarities with the limestone due to its high

calcium oxide content.

It requires a proper treatment such as heating at high temperature and crushing

each shells to achieve the final and appropriate fineness for better quality of the concrete.

Research shows that in the past seashell wastes are used as replacement for cement yet

research about its durability is not enough. It was influenced of the seashell powder as

cement replacement material. To reduce the work and strength of the constructors, it is

advised that using sea shell wastes could still be a partial aggregate as replacement level

up to 20% for workability and strength of concrete for mostly structural purposes. In
comparison to the study that had been conducted. The researchers would also mussel

shell as an alternative of the cement in brick making. The researchers will also segregate

and will put bins for the shell wastes.

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design to be used in the study. This investigation

is under the true experimental design, specifically bivariate correlational study, for the

reason that the researchers manipulated the independent variables (green mussel and

cement) to observe its effect on the dependent variable (strength of bricks) with the

controlled group (eggshell and water).

This study used experimental design because the researchers conducted three set-

ups having varying formulation. This research also used descriptive methods to describe

the observations regarding the three set-ups.

Procedure:

Collection of materials. The researchers collected and gathered eggshells and

green mussels from the market. Drying of materials. The researchers dried up the

eggshells and green mussels under the sun. Crushing of materials. The researchers

crushed the eggshells and green mussels using mortar and pestle. Weighing of materials.

The weighed the total amount of each material using a weighing scale. Mixing the

materials. The researchers mixed the eggshells and green mussel along with cement and

water. Molding the mixed materials. The researchers prepared a boxed shaped
Styrofoam to mold the mixture into bricks. Drying up the materials. The researchers

dried up the bricks under the sun for two (2) days.

Procedure:

1. Collection of egg shells, perna veridis and

cement

2. Drying of eggshells and green mussels

3. Crushing the eggshells and the green mussels

4. Creation of molders

4. Weighing the eggshells, green mussels and

cement.

5. Mixing all of the crushed and dried eggshells

and green musselsm then add the cement then the

water

6. Put the mixture into the molds and let it dry

under the sun.

 The researchers will prepare 220g of eggshell, 100g of green mussels, 200g of

cement and 100mL of water for the first set-up. The second set-up will contain 220g of

eggshell, 150g of green mussels, 150g of cement and 100mL of water. And the third set-

up will contain 220g of eggshell, 180g of green mussels, 100g of cement and 100mL of

water.

Width (inches) Height (inches) Length (Inches)

Set up 1 3 Inches 1 Inch 5 Inches

Set up 2 3 Inches 1 Inch 5 Inches

Set up 3 3 Inches 1 Inch 5 Inches

The produced bricks from the three set-ups will be subjected to three different

tests: drop test, shock absorbance test, and flame test. For the drop test, all set-ups will be

dropped on a two-meter height to measure how robust the materials are. For the shock

absorbance test, a 75 kg load will be set on top of every brick material for one minute to

determine the capacity of these materials. And for the flame test, all set-ups will be

exposed on flame for a minute on controlled heat.

 These tests will be conducted to ensure the accuracy of the results to the

hypothesis presented. The alternative hypothesis is the eggshell and green mussel (perna

viridis) is found to be effective compounds in making durable and more sustainable

concrete bricks. When the amount of eggshells and green mussels are higher than cement.

Setup 1 Setup 2 Setup 3

Weight (grams) 520 grams 520 grams 500 grams

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The researchers conducted different tests which are fire resistance to measure the

flammability, shock resistance to measure the shock resistivity, and weight test to

measure the brittleness of the created bricks. The data collected from each test was shown

in the Tables 3, 4, and 5.

Weight Test

The purpose of the test is to measure how brittle and how the created bricks react

after it place by an object. The researchers placed an object weighing 70kg on the three

(3) setups for ten (10) seconds. The bricks were rated based on the cracks after the test.

The test yielded the following data:

Scale:

3 – No damage

2 – Partially break

1 – Totally break

Setup 1 had no damage and no cracks but had a little fallout. Setup 2 had damage at the

bottom and had fallouts. Setup 3 had cracks at the center and had fallouts (Table 3).

Table 3: Weight test for the Created Bricks from Eggshells and Perna Veridis

Setups Weight placed Rate

(kilograms)
 Setup 1 70 3

Setup 2 70 2

Setup 3 70 2

Flammability Test

The purpose of this test is to measure how the created bricks reacted when

burned. The bricks were subjected to blue flame of a gas stove fire () horizontally for 1

minute. This test also measures the compactness of the bricks when exposed to heat.

Setup 1 had no damage, no fallouts yet the color changed from gray into golden brown.

Setup 2 had damage at the edge part and turned the color into brown. Setup 3 had most

likely burn the shells on the outer layer and changed the color into brown (table 4).

Table 4: Flammability test for the Created Bricks from Eggshells and Perna Veridis

Setups Heat Applied Estimated time for flame

(minutes)

1 1

2 1

3 1

Drop Test

The purpose of the test is to measure how brittle and how the created bricks react

after it hit the ground. The researchers dropped the bricks on a certain height of 1 meter

and they rated it based on the weight deducted upon the test. The test yielded the

following data:
 Scale:

3 – No damage
2 – Partially break
1 – Totally break

The researchers conducted a drop test on each setup at the height of 1 meter. The

setup 1 had no damage and only deducted a weight of 12 grams. Setup 2 had damage at

the bottom and upper part, and had fallouts too. The setup 2 also decreased a weight of 35

grams and was partially break. The setup 3 broke totally when it was dropped at the

height of 1 meter, and decreased a weight of 67 grams (table 5).

Table 5: Drop Test for the Created Bricks from Eggshells and Perna Veridis

Setup Height Initial weight Weight after the Weight Rate

(meter) (grams) drop deducted

(grams) (grams)

1 1 496 484 12 3

2 1 491 456 35 2

3 1 482 415 67 1
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

In this study the researchers formulated a brick that is made out of green mussel and

eggshells which is effective and could withstand with a normal brick. In the research, the

researchers prepared three (3) setups to provide a chance to compare and investigate

which proper ratio of eggshells, green mussels and cement are best enough to hold tests

which are flammability test, drop test, and shock absorbance test. At the end of the test

the researchers proved that a brick made out of green mussel shell and eggshell can be

like a normal concrete brick.

Conclusion

The researchers conclude that recyclable eggshells and green mussels are good

components in making concrete bricks because of its calcium carbonate. All of the bricks

undergoes 3 stages to test its strength, solidity and concreteness. Therefore, the concrete

bricks that were tested shows an excellent result for shock absorbance capability, fire

resistance, and 2-meter drop capability. The concrete bricks made from eggshells and

green mussels promotes a low-cost but quality product that is multi-purpose. Overall, the

properties of the concrete bricks made for uses such as pathways and walls.

Recommendation
 The construction in every infrastructures and path walks can be more productive

and less consuming of expensive materials if the future developers add these following

recommendations:

1. Instead of using so much cement which cost higher in every kilograms, crushed

eggshells and green mussels can be its alternative or substitute.

2. By collecting eggshells and green mussels shells waste can help every people to

use more environment al friendly materials for purposes. In every 100 Kg of

collected shells can produce at least 450 3x11 bricks.

3. 220g of eggshells, 100g of green mussels and 200g of cement can make 1 3x11

bricks.
 REFERENCES

Noel Hugo D. Binag (2017). Utilization of Shell Wastes for Locally-Based Cement
Mortar and Bricks Production: Its impact to the community. Department of Civil
Engineering and Industrial Technology, Rizal Technological University-
Mandaluyong City, Philippines

Idris et al. (2014). From Garbage to Biomaterials: An Overview on Egg Shell Based
Hydroxyapatite. (Volume 6) Gombe State University.

Alfante, Capuya and Capinan (2013). Mussel shell ‘ideal’ in hollow block making:
MUSSEL (tahong) shells can be utilized as a raw material in the production of stronger
and lighter hollow blocks. Bacolod.

Mohammad et al., (2017). A review on sea shell ash as a replacement: study on various
sea shells such as cockle, clam, oyster, mollusc, periwinkle, snail, and green mussel
ashes partial cement.