HISTORY 16-241

BARANGAY: 16 CENTURY PHILIPPINE -stigmatizes the cultural minorities

CULTURE AND SOCIETY who resisted the colonial
acculturation
-written by William Henry Scott, an historian
-baranggay: from the word balangay
-it was included in Blair & Robertson’s volume
23 or the Philippine Islands (along w/ -Antonio Pigafetta called it
pigafetta’s account in volume 33-34) Balangi/Balanghai

-there were no early dictionaries of Mindanao -was discovered in 1976 in Butuan

languages like the detail description of classic
-used to call the smallest political unit
visayan culture
in Tagalog society
-included the travel accounts, navigational
-all 16th century filipinos live on the
logs, letters, sermon books, catechisms,
seacoast or navigable lakes and
dictionaries, and reports of previous
streams with boats as only means of
historians
transportation
-based on Spanish accounts about the
-communities were connected by
visayans
water
-explains how we came to current culture and
-Filipino: the PH was called Las Islas Filipinas
society
in honor of King Philip II of spain
-the differences show the changes that
-natives were called indios
occurred in the PH society culture for the past
4 centuries -people of the PH were called filipinos
because they were practicing their
-the similarities of current times and pre-
own culture
colonial times give testimony to the
community of the PH culture -they were filipinos before they were
called indios
-common heritage did not survive intact due
to the colonialization -there were 1-2M inhabitants before the
Spanish advent
-filipinos who grew up during the time of the
Spanish considered themselves as different -negritos and muslims were considered as

from those who weren’t separate races

-social amnesia: forgetting the roots of PHYSICAL APPREARANCE

society
HISTORY 16-241

-men: dark-skinned, medium stare (height),
wore g-strings
-women: lighter-skinned than men, medium
stare, those who were as white as Europeans
were usually daughters of datus or dancing
slaves
-decorative dentistry: called sangka
-uses tooth filling
-visayas considered board faces with
receding foreheads and flat noses as
handsome
-usually compressed the baby’s skull
-used a tangad fastened by bandages
-the device prevented the growth of
the frontal bone and directed it
backward to recede the hairline

-once filled, the teeth were colored in

different ways

-used red lakha ant eggs and kaso

flowers to color

-regular chewing of anipay vine made

-penis pins: visayan men wore a pin through
them black or the application of tapul
their penis for greater stimulation of sex
(tar-based coating) to give the
partners
appearance of polished ebony
-tugbuk is inserted during childhood
-pusad: most impressive teeth
goldwork -circumcision: called tuli

-tattooing: Spaniards called the visayans -uncircumcised were called pisot

Pintados for their tattoos
-no particular ceremony
-usually called Batuk or Patik
-for hygienic purposes
-symbol of male valor
-pierced ears: men and women wore earrings
-test of manhood
-men had 1-2 lobes per ears (as wide
-made by skillful artists who are paid as a finger)

-tattoos had meanings and were -women usually had 3-4 to have
sacredly applied various ornaments

-skull moulding: locals had a specific standard -hair: differed per community
for beauty
-quick to go out out fashion
HISTORY 16-241

-Visayansin Homonhon had their hair -staple food were boiled and viands
down to the waist frequently fried in coconut oil

-the king of Butuan had his till his
shoulders
-men by the coast of Surigao pilled
their hairs back and tied a knot at the
back of their napes
-betel nut: preparing, exchanging, serving,
and chewing betel nut was the most
important social act among visayans
-used to establish essential
relationship between any discussion

-spanish influence led filipinos to cut -distilled tuba, intus, pangasi, and kabarawan
their hair short
TRADE AND COMMERCE
-Jewelry: made of tortoise shell, mother-of-
-ironworking: blacksmiths were called
pearl, precious stones, giant clam shells, and
panday/puthaw
gold
-woodworking: used bolo to chop wood
-part of bahandi (heirloom wealth)
buried with ranking datus -architecture: permanent wooden structures
were for datus
FOOD AND FARMING
-cottages made of light materials
-rice, millet, and root crops as staple food
were for ordinary people
-also ate sago palm and bananas
-treehouses were for in times of war
-hunted with dogs and nets
-boat building: built barotos (canoa in
-ayam: dogs spanish)

-mangangayam: hunters

-inayam: those who predict of the

dog is good for hunting

-fished inshore (close to the shore)

-used nets, traps, and corrals at the

mouth of the river

-seafood were the main source of protein

-pottery: made clary jars and sculptures of
-raised pigs and chickens
gods
-cooked with clay kalan stove
HISTORY 16-241
-goldworking: for jewelries and sculptures
-weaving: for making cloth
-threads/strands of material are
passed over and under each other
-had abaca cloth, gapas (cotton), and
pinayusan as textiles
-domestic trade: usually traded meat, crops,
corals, cotton, minerals, and salt
-international trade: woven items, textiles,
precious rocks, corals
RELIGION
-believed in nature spirits, moon cycles, stars
and constellations, and river gods
-valued gods and goddesses (Diwata), deities,
and ancestral spirits
-believed in supernatural creatures like
aswang, tiktik, yawa, binaliw, omens and
divination
LITERATURE AND ENTERTAINMENT
-the only speciments of the alphabet were in
the signature of Bernardino Dimabasa and
Maria Mutia
-all Spanish accounts wrote that filipinos did
not use any alphabet for literary compositions
or record-keeping
-filipinos used the alphabet for letters
and messages only (kabungaw and
bubung ginbuna)
-epics were thought to originate in the stories
of indo-european tribal bards regaling a band
of warriors around a campfire with tales that
glorified the approved standards of male
conduct (datung sumanga & bugbong
humasanun)
-had folklore like the first man and woman,
why the bat is called stupid, the tortoise and
the monkey, parapat, bingi of lawan, pusong
of magtaon
-used instruments like small lute, bamboo
zither, nose flute, red jew’s harp
-people were singing except if there are sick
or sleeping
-all visayan feasts sponsored by datus were
accompanied by dancing and gong playing
(except funerals)
-played sungka and sabong
NATURE SCIENCE
-banwa: mountain, countryside, terrain,
climate, and homeland
-Fr. Colin thought that the filipinos lived by
riverbanks because they loved bathing
-spanish were always amazed by their
attention to personal cleanliness
-upper visayans wanted to have
pleasing body odor
-ailments: visayans usually experienced skin
diseases like nugas, buyook, alatay, and
alipunga
HISTORY 16-241

-usually treated with massages,

sweating, medicines, counter sorcery,
-won tattoos beside the datu in battle
or propitiation of supernatural beings
-open marriage negotiations for their
-timekeeping: visayans divided daylight hours
sons
into 12 or more specific hours according to
the position of the sun -men of consequence in the
community
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
-they could lend or borrow money,
-datu: ruler of both political and social class
enter business partnerships, and
-married people within their rank acquire slaves of their own

-took secondary wives -commoners or middle class

-authority came from lineage -oripun: status depended on birthright,

inheritance or acquired debt, commuted
-power depended on his wealth,
penal sentence, or by victimization by the
number of slaves and subjects, and
more powerful
reputation for physical strength
-foreign captives or acquired from
-expected to govern their people,
human sacrifice
settle their disputes, protect them
from enemies, and lead them in battle -bore children of the same class

-they received labor and tribute from -tinubos oripon: redeemed ones
their people could be transferred

-privilege enabled them to specialize WEAPONS AND WAR

their activities, perfect skills, and
-used swords and daggers
accumulate wealth
-bladed weapons were normal in the visayan
-timawa: Spanish dictionaries define these as
male costume
freeman
-visayan life was sufficiently warlike
-offsprings or descendants of the
datu’s secondary wives or slave -gubat: warfare

concubines

-paid tribute or transferred their

allegiance to another datu
HISTORY 16-241