Week 3 Arts

Folk Architecture
             In the Philippines, folk architecture is considerably different per ethnic group, where bamboo, wood, stone, coral,
rattan, grass, and other materials can be constructed. The houses can be the Bahay Kubo in a hut style that is built using
vernacular mediums; the bale hut that is known as a highland, depending on ethnic grouping, the Batanes coral houses, which
protect indigenous peoples against the harsh winds in the area, the torogan royal house graven with an intricate okir motif and
the Palaces of Macedonia. The folk architecture includes religious buildings, commonly known as spirit homes, sanctuaries
for the spirits or gods. Most of the buildings in the house are made from indigenous materials and are usually open-air. Some
of them were initially pagoda-like, a style that later became Islamic and later became extremely rare. There are also houses
with an indigenous and Hispanic motif that forms Bahay na Bato's architecture and prototypes. Many of the Bahay na Bato
buildings have been recognized as part of Vigan as World cultural heritage. Folk structures include simple, sacred sticks to
indigenous castles or fortifications, such as idjang, geologically changing artworks, such as the Rice Terraces of the
Cordilleras of the Philippines, which are called payyo. There are five rice terrace clusters, namely Nagacadan, Hungduan,
Mayoyao central, Bangaan, and Batad, declared World Heritage.

Maritime Transport
             In the Philippines, maritime transport covers boathouses, boats, and naval traditions. These are traditionally made out
of wood which is selected by elders and handicraftsmen. These structures were used as the principal vehicle of the people as
it can transport people to from island to another.

             Although ships in the archipelago have been believed to have been in use for millennia following human arrivals via
water, the earliest evidence that shipbuilding and the use of boats are still dated to have begun in 320 AD, as evidenced by the
carbon dating of the Butuan ships. Butuan ships have been identified as giant balangay remnants. Besides the Balangay, the
Philippines is home to many styles and varieties of indigenous sea vessels, such as the two-mast double-outrigger armadahan,
the Avang trading boat, the dugout canoes awang, the Balación, the big sailing boat, the bangka, the small canoe bangka
anac-anak, and the basnigan salambáw, as the small double-out rising boat.

Weaving
             A few years ago, the traditional Philippine weaving and vibrant indigenous textiles were more popularized when they
were permanently exhibited at the National Museum through Sen. Loren Legarda's efforts. The exhibition titled "Hibla ng
Lahing Pilipino: The Artistry of Philippine Textiles" highlighted Filipino culture's distinctive creativity and DNA through the
use of fabric. Filipino art and creativity are evident in many art forms, but what differentiates weave culture is the power to
bring people together as strong and resilient communities bound by living tradition and colorful textiles.

Pinilian
             The Ilocano is well known in Northwest Philippines for its hand weaving, ancient origin culture, and the critical
material is kapas or cotton. They use the pedal loom, locally known as pangablan, and several other techniques of weaving.
As a result, they can develop many textile designs. The basic flat tissue, double tone basket weaving or binakul, and multiple
shedding (binetwagan or tinumballitan) are different weaving techniques. The complex one is the brocade or pinilian
weaving, which uses sticks placed on chosen warp threads to create patterns floating on threads.

Bontoc Weave
             The textile of Bontoc reflects on the notion of centrality, which symbolizes permanence, order, and harmony, vital
elements in the lives of the people of Bontoc. Weavers show this idea using their fabric patterns, cloth symmetry, and
repeated warp design. The craft is learned through several stages by Bontoc weavers.

Piňa
             The piña fabric is considered the finest in Philippine textiles and is manufactured by arduous process from fibers of
the Bisaya red pineapple leaves. This is a very delicate and complicated method to remove the fibers. There are two types of
fibers in the trees, bastos or raw fibers and fine fiber or liniwan.

Hablon
             Hablon is Hiligaynon for "weaving" or "something woven" from the word root habol. The textures by Kiniray-a and
Hiligaynon weavers are handwoven. Ten Datus from Borneo landing on Panay Island have settled and begun an era of
development in a Panayanon legend. Datu Lubay was one of the legendary Datu. He is said to introduce the art of textiles
weaving.

Carving
             The Philippines have been inspired by numerous cultures that make our woodwork distinctive. The different types
and preferences that make us who we are today come from our ancestral roots and history.

             The Philippines are renowned for many things, and we are also undoubtedly well-educated about woodcraft.
However, there is also a wooden carving, or sculpting province from the northern part of the country to the south, that will
confuse us. For example, Paete, Laguna is so proud of her sculptures on wood. The town in the northeastern part of Laguna is
Paete, whose name is derived from a chisel or a paet. On March 15, 2005, the Carving Capital of the Philippines was declared
renowned because of its fine-crafted woodwork.

             They are simply amazing at it. From creating statues, paintings, furniture, and other items, you can think of that can
be made of wood. Many of the woodcarvers in Paete are woodcarvers from the third century, and the next century of
woodcarvers continues to learn this skill.

Performing Arts
             The Cultural Center of the Philippines is recognized as the prime destination of performance arts. It has top-quality
artists from around the world.

             Folk music Kundiman is a familiar genre of music that is unique in the Philippines. Art blends both vocabulary and
sound. This is poetry. Folk dancing is also popular in the Philippines. Such types of dances are held for several different
purposes, both formal and ceremonial. Throughout the Philippines, there are various kinds of music, Muslim and Spanish,
and lowlands and mountains inspired.

             Many dances are heavily inspired by Islam, with over a million Muslim Filipinos mainly in Mindanao. The langka-
baluang is another familiar dance performed like an angry monkey by male dancers. This is a noble and complicated dance
that is based on a Maranao legend of Mindanao. It is one of the oldest Filipino dances. Written in the 14th century, this
legend tells of the distress of a princess in the center of the forest. At the time she was in the forest, the fairies or diwatas
started a tremor, and she could be eventually rescued by a prince only by the avoidance of trees along with her slave. Even
now, the royal princesses are required to learn this dance in the Sulu Archipelago. Another custom is that of the pag-ipat, the
whole village. The presumption that an ancient ghost (tinunungan) has caused the disease and needs to be appeased is when a
family member is sick. The custom can last from one day to several days, depending on the nature of the disease and the
family's financial condition. A folk healer conducts the ritual while he has the spirit.

Literature
             The focus arts in literature in the non-traditional arts, verse, prose, essay, and literary / art analysis are typically
focused on or inspired by native people traditional arts primarily based on works of art from epics, indigenous mythologies,
and associated narratives and practices. Calligraphy on different media was used to construct literary works in several
cultures. One example is a Hanunoo Mangyan ambahan. Under colonial rule, literature was based on Spanish plays in
Portuguese and translated to English under U.S. control. Between 1593-1800, many literary arts produced in the Philippines
were religious works in Spanish, with Doctrina Christiana (1593) becoming a noble book and Pasyon's Tagalog interpretation
(1704). Works in colonial times, mostly religious and government scripts for colonialist propaganda, are written in
indigenous languages.

             Nonetheless, the literary work in the Philippines was done without colonial propaganda by local authors. Some folk
(oral) literature, as the manuscript of the ancient Ilocano epic Biag ni Lam-ang from the seventeen century, had also been
introduced to the public by Philippine writers. Ang Babay nga Huaran was written in Hiligaynon in 1878 or 1894 as the first
modern play in any Philippine language. By the 19th century, Spanish literature was developing in 1883-1903, becoming the
nationalist stage.
             The first Filipino novel, Nínay, was published in this period. During that time literary works which oppose colonial
rule, like the 1887 Noli Me Tángere and 1891 El Filibusterismo, have become well-known. In 1900 the first novel was
written in Sebwano, Maming. In the Philippines, despite Americans' occupations, the so-called Golden Age of Spanish-
language literature began in 1903-1966.

Folk Writing
             The Philippines collectively names numerous indigenous scripts suyat, all of them possessing their calligraphy forms
and styles. Specific ethnolinguistic communities used scripts for different media in the Philippines before the Spanish
colonization in the 16th and 21st centuries until the independence era. Just four of the suyat scripts survived by the end of
colonialism and continue to be used in everyday life by specific groups: the hanunó'o / hanunoo of the people of Hanuno'o
Mangyan, the buhid / build of the people of Buhid Mangyan, the Tagbanwa script, and the Palawan / pala'wan (ibalnan) of
Palawan. Under the term "Philippine Paleographs," all four scripts have been inscribed in UNESCO's 1999 World Memory
Programme.

Folk Painting and Drawing

             "Folk paintings, or traditional drawings, are works of art that typically contain representations of folk culture.
Evidence suggests that the archipelago inhabitants have been drawing and glazing their potteries for thousands of years.
Pigments used in the paintings ranged from black, yellow, reddish-purple, green, white, and blue. Various cultural groups
have decorated sculptures and other objects with a wide variety of colors. Paintings on the skin are also a typical folk art
practiced in the Philippines, especially among the yakan people." (The oldest folk drawing is a rock and gravure of the .... ,
n.d.).

Tattooing
             "Tattooing was initiated thousands of years ago by our Austronesian ancestors and became traditional icons in many
ethnic groups. While this tradition has been in place for centuries, the texts were written in the 16th century, when the brave
Pintados of Central and Eastern Visayas were the most tattooed. Among the Bicolanos of the Camarines and Tagalogs of
Marinduque, similar tattooed communities were recorded. In Mindanao, tattooed people include the Manobo, which is called
pang-o-túb by its tattoo tradition. But probably the most common tattooed people in the Philippines are the Luzon highlands,
where they have historically tattooed since colonization, collectively called the Igorot" (The oldest folk drawing is a rock and
gravure of the .... , n.d.).

Physical Ornamentation
             "Ornamentation is a decoration that enhances or embellishes an object, architecture, and even the human body.
Ornamentation may also be used in sculpture; used by carving in bricks, metals, and wood; shaping plaster or soil, or
painting as applied ornamentation on surfaces." (The oldest folk drawing is a rock and gravure of the .... , n.d.).

Tangkil
             An ornament with the upper arm and made from the tusks of boar. With a weave and a tie of rattan. Men wear a pair
during ceremonies and rituals, for instance, during the rice begnas ritual. Now that material is regarded as an heirloom.
Therefore, materials for their production are no longer available. Today, however, this ornament is popularly used and
reproduced at cultural festivals.

Kattagang
             The woven pasil is a Kalinga headgear made with frozen fabrics. The object's nature and color are specific to the
cultures of Kalinga. Personal decoration of the person that also used to store personal items like tobacco. It was worn on its
head further and secured across its forehead with a band. It is beneficial as people walk to or attend gatherings in the nearby
villages. In Kalinga villages, related designs can be found. Certain elders still wear it on holidays or occasions.

Suklong
             Suklong is the woven headgear of fabrics that are tinted. Personal decoration of the person that also used to store
personal items like tobacco. It's worn on the head and secured by a cord around the neck. In the Bontoc–Kankaney sector,
several other designs are available. Some elders also wear Suklong at fiestas and occasions in Bontoc and neighboring
villages.
Appaki Necklace
             This is a collar made from Appaki plant seeds. This is widely used in the villages of the Cordillera. It has strings that
are longer than the Ifugao Duke and usually part of the shirt. Some cultures are already producing this collar and selling it in
curio shops or cultural festivals every year. Contemporary necklaces and bags with appaki seed are also made.

Arm Beads
             This is an arm ornament worn by Tingguian women of Abra's ethnic group. It is made of glass and pottery.

Dukaw or Chukaw
             The dukaw or chukaw is an anthropomorphic or human-like bronze figure tied to a tiny wood. It's part of a dung-
dung, worn on a female head during the celebration of her marriage, called Uya-uy. It was seen mainly by the Kadangyan
elite of Ifugao.

Boaya Necklace
             Necklace consisting of tusks of boar and runo in the center. Men wear it alongside tangkil during ceremonies and
rituals such as the ceremony of begnas to process rice. On the runo ends visible inlaid patterns. On each of the tusks, Rattan
basketry fabric is made. This is worn during ceremonies by priests and warriors

Textile or Fiber Art

             The Lamitan, Basilan natural landscape inspires the designs of the Yakan tribe. They are made of "pineapple and
abaca fibers filled in herbal extracts," with a geometric pattern and vivid shades. The whole of their process takes one week to
weave a single meter of the fabric, which is labor-intensive.

             Lake Sebu, T'boli, South Cotabato also manufacture abaca fabrics. They believe that their designs and patterns have
been passed down to them by their ancestors through dreams. They are well-known for their Tanak clothing. They use such
clothing during significant occasions, such as conception, marriage, and death. The hilets or belts with little brass bells are
thought to be the ones to keep away evil spirits. The men accentuate their traditional blouses to tell the story of their
relationship with nature and the spirits.

Pottery
             Modern pot-producing will use clay found along the Sibalom River in some parts of the Philippines. The clay was
installed, and wooden paddles had to be used; the clay had to be kept out of sunshine. In the past 3500 years, the native
Philippines have created pottery. These pottery jars were used to carry the dead man. Anthropomorphic or human-like
designs decorated other pottery used to hold the remains of the deceased. These anthropomorphic pots date from 5 BC. to 225
A.D. and had pot coverings in the form of human heads. Pottery from the Philippines also had other applications. Pottery was
used for water pots, plates, cups, and many other applications when the Philippines was in the Neolithic period.

Kalinga Pottery
             Clay vessels of Kalinga are classified into three types: rice cooking (ittoyom), vegetable/meat cooking (oppaya), and
water storage (immosso) pots. According to Skibo, the rice cooking pots are typically bigger, slimmer, and have a smaller
opening than vegetable/meat dishes. On the other side, the total height of water pots and the neck's thickness are lower.
Others can be available in three different sizes: large, medium, and small, except for water storage tanks of the same scale.