CEMENT

than that of cement (3.15). Thus, replacement by mass results in a con -

siderably greater volume of cementitious material. If equal early strength
is required and pozzolan is to be used, e.g. because of alkali—aggregate
reactivity (see page 267), then addition of pozzolan rather than partial
replacement is necessary.

Other Portland cements

Numerous cements have been developed for special uses, in particular
masonry cement, hydrophobic cement and anti-bacterial cement. These
cements are beyond the scope of this book and the reader is referred to
the Bibliography for further information.
Inert fillers in Portland cements have been used in many countries for
some time, but only recently permitted in the UK. BS EN 197-1 limits the
filler content to 5 per cent, but allows the use of limestone up to 35 per
cent to make Portland limestone cement.

Expansive (or expanding) cements

For many purposes, it would be advantageous to use a cement which does
not change its volume due to drying shrinkage (and thus to avoid crack -
ing) or, in special cases, even expands on hardening. Concrete containing
such a cement expands in the first few days of its life, and a form of pre -
stress is obtained by restraining this expansion with steel reinforcement:
steel is put in tension and concrete in compression. Restraint by external
means is also possible. It should be noted that the use of expanding cement
cannot produce `shrinkless' concrete, as shrinkage occurs after moist cur ing
has ceased, but the magnitude of expansion can be adjusted so that the
expansion and subsequent shrinkage are equal and opposite.
Expansive cements consist of a mixture of Portland cement, expanding
agent and stabiliser. The expanding agent is obtained by burning a mix -
ture of gypsum, bauxite and chalk, which form calcium sulfate and
calcium aluminate (mainly C 3A 3 ). In the presence of water, these com-
pounds react to form calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate (ettringite), with
an accompanying expansion of the cement paste. The stabilizer, which is
blast-furnace slag, slowly takes up the excess calcium sulfate and brings
expansion to an end.
Three main types of expansive cement can be produced, namely, Types
K, M and S but only Type K is commercially available in the United
States. ASTM C 845-04 classifies expansive cements, collectively referred
to as Type E-1, according to the expansive agent used with Portland
cement and calcium sulfate. In each case, the agent is a source of reactive
aluminate which combines with the sulfates in the Portland cement to form
expansive ettringite. Special expansive cements containing high alumina
cement can be used for situations requiring extremely high expansion.

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