Chapter 9

Solids and Fluids

Chapter Outline
9.1 States of Matter (p. 282)
KEY TERMS: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, crystalline solid, amorphous solid,
plasma, dark matter, dark energy
9.2 Density and Pressure (p. 284)
KEY TERMS: density, specific gravity, average pressure (P)
Table 9.1: Densities of Some Common Substances (p. 284)
Applying Physics 9.1: Bed of Nails Trick (p. 286)
Example 9.1: Pressure and Weight of Water (p. 286)
9.3 The Deformation of Solids (p. 287)
KEY TERMS: stress, strain, elastic modulus
Young’s Modulus: Elasticity in Length (p. 287)
KEY TERMS: tensile stress, pascal (Pa), tensile strain, Young’s modulus (Y),
elastic limit, ultimate strength, breaking point
Table 9.2: Typical Values for the Elastic Modulus (p. 288)
Shear Modulus: Elasticity of Shape (p. 289)
KEY TERMS: shear stress, shear strain, shear modulus (S)
Bulk Modulus: Volume Elasticity (p. 289)
KEY TERMS: volume stress, pressure, bulk modulus (B), compressibility
Example 9.2: Built to Last (p. 290)
Table 9.2: Ultimate Strength of Materials (p. 290)
Example 9.3: Football Injuries (p. 291)
Example 9.4: Lead Ballast Overboard (p. 291)
Arches and the Ultimate Strength of Materials (p. 292)
9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth (p. 293)
KEY TERM: Pascal’s principle
Example 9.5: Oil and Water (p. 294)
Example 9.6: A Pain in the Ear (p. 295)
Example 9.7: The Car Lift (p. 296)
Applying Physics 9.2: Building the Pyramids (p. 297)
9.5 Pressure Measurements (p. 297)
KEY TERMS: absolute pressure, gauge pressure, barometer, atmosphere
Blood Pressure Measurements (p. 298)
Applying Physics 9.3: Ballpoint Pens (p. 298)
9.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle (p. 299)
KEY TERMS: Archimedes's principle, buoyant force
Example 9.8: A Red-Tag Special on Crowns (p. 302)
Example 9.9: Floating Down the River (p. 303)
Example 9.10: Floating in Two Fluids (p. 303)
9.7 Fluids in Motion (p. 304)
KEY TERMS: streamline, laminar, turbulent, viscosity, ideal fluid
Equation of Continuity (p. 305)
KEY TERM: flow rate
Example 9.11: Niagara Falls (p. 306)

31
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32 Solids and Fluids Chapter 9

Example 9.12: Watering a Garden (p. 307)

Bernoulli’s Equation (p. 307)
KEY TERMS: Bernoulli's equation, Venturi tube
Example 9.13: Shoot-Out at the Old Water Tank (p. 309)
Example 9.14: Fluid Flow in a Pipe (p. 310)
9.8 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics (p. 311)
KEY TERMS: Vascular flutter, aneurysm,
Example 9.15: Lift on an Airfoil (p. 312)
Applying Physics 9.4: Sailing Upwind (p. 312)
Applying Physics 9.5: Home Plumbing (p. 313)
9.9 Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Fluid Flow (p. 313)
KEY TERM: Surface tension
Table 9.4: Surface Tensions for Various Liquids (p. 314)
Example 9.16: Walking on Water (p. 315)
The Surface of Liquid (p. 316)
KEY TERMS: cohesive forces, adhesive forces, contact angle
Capillary Action (p. 317)
Example 9.17: Rising Water (p. 318)
Viscous Fluid Flow (p. 318)
KEY TERMS: coefficient of viscosity, poise
Poiseuille’s Law (p. 319)
Table 9.5: Viscosities of Various Fluids (p. 319)
Example 9.18: A Blood Transfusion (p. 320)
Reynolds Number (p. 320)
Example 9.19: Turbulent Flow of Blood (p. 321)
9.10 Transport Phenomena (p. 321)
Diffusion (p. 321)
KEY TERMS: Fick’s law, diffusion coefficient
Table 9.6: Diffusion Coefficients of Various Substances at 20°C (p. 322)
The Size of Cells and Osmosis (p. 322)
KEY TERM: selectively permeable
Motion Through a Viscous Medium (p. 323)
KEY TERMS: Stokes’s law, terminal speed
Sedimentation and Centrifugation (p. 324)

Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, students will investigate the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, as
well as study the factors that influence the motion of fluids.

9.1 Identify the characteristics of the four different states of matter. Discuss dark
matter and dark energy.
9.2 Define density and pressure, and compare the densities of common substances.
9.3 Define stress and strain. Relate the appropriate ratios of stress to strain with
Young’s modulus and the shear and bulk moduli.
9.4 Define Pascal’s principle and solve problems involving fluids under hydrostatic
pressure.
9.5 Contrast absolute pressure and gauge pressure. Explain how these concepts
allow for the measurement of blood pressure.
9.6 Define Archimedes’s principle and calculate the buoyant force exerted on an
object immersed in a fluid.
9.7 State the properties of an ideal fluid. Use the equation of continuity and
Bernoulli’s equation to solve fluid system problems.

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Chapter 9 Solids and Fluids 33

9.8 Explain the fluid dynamics behind airplane lift, sailing, blood flow, and
plumbing design.
9.9 Define surface tension, capillary action, and viscous fluid flow, citing examples.
9.10 Use fluid flow to explain diffusion, osmosis, motion through a viscous medium,
sedimentation, and centrifugation. Describe terminal speed through a viscous
medium.

Lesson Plan for AP* Physics 1

AP* Physics 1 Curriculum Framework Components: Chapter 9

None.

The content from Chapter 9 is outside any specific components of the AP Physics 1
Curriculum Framework.

Suggested Time for AP Physics 1

None.

Lesson Plan for AP* Physics 2

AP* Physics 2 Curriculum Framework Components: Chapter 9

LO 1.E.1.1 [SPs 4.2 and 6.4]

LO 1.E.1.2 [SPs 4.1 and 6.4]
LO 3.C.4.2 [SP 6.2]
LO 5.B.10.1 [SP 2.2]
LO 5.B.10.2 [SP 2.2]
LO 5.B.10.3 [SP 2.2]
LO 5.B.10.4 [SP 6.2]
LO 5.F.1.1 [SPs 2.1, 2.2, and 7.2]

Suggested Time for AP Physics 2

10 traditional classes or 5 blocks. Devote time in this fluids chapter investigating

hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, fluid flow continuity, and Bernoulli’s equation.
Sections 9.3 (The Deformation of Solids) and 9.9 (Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and
Viscous Fluid Flow) may be omitted, as they are not included in the Curriculum
Framework. Section 9.10 has good biological applications but should be omitted or
saved for after the AP exam unless the class is ahead and extremely interested.

Assessment
Quick Quizzes:
9.1 (p. 284)
9.2 (p. 294)
9.3 (p. 298)

*AP and Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination
Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

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34 Solids and Fluids Chapter 9

9.4 (p. 298)

9.5 (p. 301)
9.6 (p. 301)
9.7 (p. 309)

Quick Quiz answers: Text p. A.33 (answers with explanations, IM p. 305)

Warm-Up Exercises: Text p. 326 (odd-numbered answers, Text p. A.33; answers with
explanations, IM pp. 306–308)

Conceptual Questions: Text pp. 326–327 (odd-numbered answers, Text p. A.33; even-
numbered answers, IM pp. 308–309)

Problems: Text pp. 327–335 (odd-numbered answers, Text pp. A.33–A.34; even-numbered
answers, IM pp. 309–312; solutions, IM pp. 312–348)

Test Bank: Chapter 9 available on the Instructor's Companion Website

Study Tips
Tip 9.1 Force and Pressure
Equation 9.7 makes a clear distinction between force and pressure. Another important
distinction is that force is a vector and pressure is a scalar. There is no direction associated
with pressure, but the direction of the force associated with the pressure is
perpendicular to the surface of interest.

Tip 9.2 Buoyant Force Is Exerted by the Fluid

The buoyant force on an object is exerted by the fluid and is the same, regardless of the
density of the object. Objects more dense than the fluid sink; objects less dense rise.

Tip 9.3 Continuity Equations

The rate of flow of fluid into a system equals the rate of flow out of the system. The
incoming fluid occupies a certain volume and can enter the system only if the fluid
already inside goes out, thereby making room.

Tip 9.4 Bernoulli’s Principle for Gases

Equation 9.16 isn’t strictly true for gases because they aren’t incompressible. The
qualitative behavior is the same, however: As the speed of the gas increases, its pressure
decreases.

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