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Labour Productivity in Construction: July 2016
Labour Productivity in Construction: July 2016
Labour Productivity in Construction: July 2016
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Pravin Minde
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune.
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Abstract
Productivity is an important aspect of construction industry that may be used as an index for efficiency of production. Efficient
management of construction resources can lead to higher productivity which can help to achieve cost and time saving.
Construction is labour oriented industry. It heavily relies on the skills of its workforce. The labour is industry’s most valuable
asset. It is important to improve efficiency of production by improving productivity of labour. Decreasing productivity of project
has always been major concern for construction Industry.Aim of this project is to study the importance of measurement of labour
productivity in construction industry around Mumbai sector after finding the factors affecting labour productivity.Factors
affecting labour productivity were analysed using RII method. Measurement of labour productivity is done using work study
method. RII method revealed top ten ranked factors which affect labour productivity. The data collection is done by work study
method shows skilled labour as highly important factor affecting labour productivity. From the analysis of data collected it is
observed that measurement of labour productivity is helpful in saving the time of the project as well as cost of project without
hampering the quality of work.
KeyWords:Work study, skilled labour, Time saving, Cost saving, Labour productivity
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N is the total number of responses collected for the ordinal 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
scale.
For purpose of finding labour productivity erection and Result of Relative Importance Index (Table 2) shows that
binding of reinforcement of column has been selected for the total factors are ranked in between 1 to 13 out of which
present study. Skilled labour and change in site layout are top ten ranked factors affecting labour productivity are
the two factors considered for calculating changes. Work Labour Supervision, Skilled Labour, Scheduling of work,
study method was used for data collection. Work study is Training of labour, Payment, Communication between site
the systematic examination of the methods of carrying on management and labour, Climatic condition, Expectations
activities so as to improve the effective use of resources and out of labour performance, Unscheduled extra work,
set up standards of performance for activities being carried Construction method, Availability of material, Availability
out. Work study aims at examining the way in activity is of tools, Numbers of labours on site, Temperature on site,
being carried out, simplifying or modifying the method of Safety conditions on site, Meetings with labour contractor,
operation to reduce unnecessary or excess work, or wasteful Motivation to labour, Project manager’s leadership,
use of resources, and setting up a time standard for Miscommunication between site management.
performing that activity Data required from site to carry out 4.1 Site Details
the research was collected by time study method. . Time
study is a work measurement technique for recording the For research purpose we considered reinforcement binding
times of performing a certain specific job or its elements of column of building withnos. of floors: G + 19 and from
carried out under specific conditions. varying sizes of column we tooksize of Column as 600mm x
600mm x 3000mm
Table1:Time Study for Column before Any Change Applied 4.2 Effect of Changes in Site Layout
Time
Sr. No. of It was seen that steel bars and stirrups are stacked away
Description taken Remark
No. Labours from the construction and also not properly placed. The steel
(min)
Getting steel Time can bars and stirrups should be placed separately according t
1 bars and stirrups 2 25 be
at place reduced
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4 Training of labour 0.882 5
5 Payment 0.838 7
their diameter and size so that time required to finding the It was seen that labour used for preparation of column were
semiskilled. This was resulting in compromising with
bar required can be minimized.
quality of work and time consuming. With use of two skilled
labours instead of two semiskilled labours the time could be
Result: reduced and there was no need to compromise with quality
Average time taken for erection and binding of of work.
reinforcement of column without changes = 200 min/column
Result:
Average time taken for erection and binding of
Average time taken for erection and binding of
reinforcement of column without changes = 200 min/column
reinforcement of column with changes in site layout = 190
min/column
Average time taken for erection and binding of
Time saving = 10 min/column reinforcement of column with changing of labours = 155
min/column
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With time of 155 min per column and 8 hours of working
Time saving = 45 min/column day per labour number of columns completed per day = 3
column
Since effect of change is considerable after applying
changes in site layout along with changing semi-skilled
Time required to complete 32 columns =10.6≈11 days
labour with skilled labour; considering result of those
changes data is analyzed for saving in cost and time per
floor and from that for whole building. Saving in time after changes applied = 5 days
4.4 Productivity Calculation 4.7 Saving in Cost
To find out the productivity we are using activity oriented Prior to Changes:
model as
Wages paid to semi-skilled labour = Rs. 350/-
Output
Labour Productivity =
Work hour
Number of labours = 2
Before application of any changes on site number of
Number of days required to complete 32 columns before
columns completed per day are 2 which shows that 494.53
applying any changes = 16 days
kg of steel reinforcement binding used to complete in 8
working hours. From this the productivity can be calculated
as Cost of semiskilled labours per floor when changes were not
494.53
Productivity = = 61.81 kg/ work hour applied on site= 16 X350X2 = Rs. 11200/-
8
After Application of Changes:
After application of changes it was seen that columns
completed per day are 3 which shows that 741.8 kg of steel Wages paid to skilled labour = Rs. 400/-
reinforcement binding used to complete in 8 working hours.
From this the productivity can be calculated as Number of labours = 2
This shows 50% increase in reinforcement binding labour Cost of skilled labours per floor when changes were not
productivity. applied on site= 11 X400X2 = Rs. 8800/-
Increase in labour productivity also results in saving cost
and time. It can be seen in following calculations
Savings per Floor = 11200-8800 = Rs. 2400/-
4.5 Saving in Time and Cost due to Changes Applied Per
Floor 4.8 Saving in Cost for Building
Data collection using time study method showed Number of floors = G + 19 =20
considerable reduction in time after applying changes with
site layout and labours which means considerable saving in Savings per floor = Rs. 2400/-
time for the activity and which in turn means saving in cost
as well. Calculations regarding saving in time and cost are Net savings for entire building (1 tower) = 2400 x 20 =
shown below. 48000/-
4.6 Saving in Time: 5. CONCLUSION
Prior to Changes: Labour productivity is one of the least studied areas within
Number of columns of size 600 x 600 x 3000 per floor = 32 the construction industry in India. Despite of time
consuming techniques Work study and work measurement
Number of columns completed prior to changes = 2 per day are the techniques useful for data collection of labour and
improvement in labour productivity.
Number of days to complete reinforcement of column = 16 Analysis of these factors showed that top ten ranked factors
days affecting labour productivity are Labour Supervision,
Skilled Labour, Scheduling of work, Training of labour,
Payment, Communication between site management and
Time for 32 columns without applying changes = 32 X 200 labour, Climatic condition, Expectations out of labour
= 6400 mins performance, Unscheduled extra work, Construction
After Application of Changes: method, Availability of material, Availability of tools,
Numbers of labours on site, Temperature on site, Safety
Time for 32 columns after changes in site layout and conditions on site, Meetings with labour contractor,
changing labour with skilled labour = 32 X 155 = 4960 min Motivation to labour, Project manager’s leadership,
Time saving per floor = (6400-4960) = 1440 mins Miscommunication between site management.
Skilled labour is a factor which highly affects the labour
This time is equivalent to (1440/155=9.29≈ 9) 9 extra productivity; since with skilled labour work can be done in
columns. less time without compromising quality of work. Changes in
site layout affects labour productivity since proper
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arrangement of material on site can reduce time
consumption for completion of work.
Changing the semi-skilled labour with skilled labour along BIOGRAPHIES
with change in site layout helped increasing labour
productivity for reinforcement binding by 50% and it also Prachi R. Ghate , P.G.Scholar at
helped in reducing time by 5 days per floor and labour cost Department of Civil Engineering.
by Rs. 2400/- per floor which results in saving of Rs.48000/-
for entire building. Work study and work measurement are P.V.P.I.T., Pune,Maharashtra,
the techniques useful for data collection of labour and India. Her aspiration is to contribute
improvement in labour productivity. Using this technique it greatly towards Productivity issues
helped to reduce cost by 20% of labour cost per floor. in construction sector.
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