Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ophthalmology
Topic:
1.02
–
Review
of
the
Anatomy
and
Physiology
of
the
Eye
Lecturer:
Dr.
Litao
Date:
June
30,
2015
OUTLINE
orbital
contents
into
the
maxillary
antrum.
I.
Review
of
the
Visual
System
II.
Orbit
F. Cornea
o The
orbital
floor
is
separated
from
the
lateral
wall
by
the
A. Bones
of
the
Orbit
G. Uveal
Tract
inferior
orbital
fissure.
The
orbital
plate
of
maxilla
forms
the
B. Orbital
Walls
H. Lens
large
central
area
of
the
floor
and
is
the
region
where
blowout
C. The
Orbital
Apex
I. Aqueous
Humor
fractures
most
frequently
occur.
D. Blood
Supply
J. Anterior
Chamber
Angle
III.
Eyeball
K. Vitreous
Humor
• Medial
Wall:
ethmoid,
lacrimal,
frontal
,
maxillary
bone
A. Conjunctiva
L. Retina
o the
body
of
the
sphenoid
is
the
most
posterior
aspect
of
the
B. Tenon’s
Capsule
IV.
Extraocular
Muscles
medial
wall.
C. Episclera
V.
Ocular
Adnexae
D. Sclera
VI.
Optic
Nerve
E. Tear
Film
VII.
References
I.
REVIEW
OF
THE
VISUAL
SYSTEM
• The
following
are
all
involved
in
the
visual
acuity:
o Tear
Film
o Lens
o Cornea
o Vitreous
Humor
o Aqueous
Humor
o Retina
o Iris
and
Pupil
o Optic
Nerve
o Brain
II.
ORBIT
• The
orbit
is
compared
to
the
shape
of
the
pear,
with
the
optic
nerve
representing
its
stem.
• The
volume
of
the
adult
orbit
is
around
30
mL.
• 20%
is
occupied
by
the
eyeball;
fat
&
muscle
account
for
the
bulk
of
the
remainder.
Figure
1.
The
orbital
wall
A.
Bones
of
the
Orbit
• Frontal
bone
C.
The
Orbital
Apex
• Zygomatic
bone
• Maxillary
bone
• Palatine
bone
• Lacrimal
bone
• Ethmoidal
bone
• Sphenoid
bone
B.
Orbital
Walls
• Roof:
frontal
bone,
sphenoid
bone
o the
roof
is
composed
principally
of
the
orbital
plate
of
the
frontal
bone.
Posteriorly,
the
lesser
wing
of
the
sphenoid
bone
containing
the
optic
canal
completes
the
roof.
• Lateral
Wall:
sphenoid
bone,
zygomatic
bone
o The
lateral
wall
is
separated
from
the
roof
by
the
superior
Figure
2.
Orbital
Apex
orbital
fissure,
which
divides
the
lesser
from
the
greater
wing
of
the
sphenoid
bone.
The
anterior
portion
of
the
lateral
wall
• Entry
site
of
all
the
nerves
&
blood
vessels
to
the
eye
and
all
the
is
formed
by
the
orbit
surface
of
the
zygomatic/malar
bone
extraocular
muscles
except
the
inferior
oblique
which
is
the
strongest
part
of
the
bony
orbit.
• A
patient
with
an
injury
or
tumor
in
this
area
may
present
with
• Floor:
maxillary
bone,
zygomatic
bone
Orbital
Apex
Syndrome
or
“Frozen
Eye”
Syndrome,
wherein
the
o Most
commonly
fractured
wall,
causing
inferior
dislocation
of
eye
is
fixed
and
dilated,
with
profound
blurring
of
vision
or
even
the
eyeball.
blindness,
because
of
Cranial
Nerve
II
involvement.
o The
thin
orbital
floor
is
easily
damaged
by
direct
trauma
to
the
• Apex
Syndrome
may
be
caused
by
Optic
Meningioma
globe,
resulting
in
a
“blowout”
fracture
with
herniation
of
Page
2
of
7
B.
Tenon’s
Capsule
stability
of
the
tear
film
• Fibrous
membrane
covering
the
globe
from
the
limbus
to
§ Anchors
the
layers
to
the
cornea.
the
optic
nerve.
The
only
function
of
this
is
just
a
covering.
• Any
abnormality
of
the
3
layers
will
give
you
dry
eyes
syndrome:
patient
will
be
uncomfortable
due
to
dry
eyes,
some
will
complain
of
blurring
of
vision.
F.
Cornea
• Transparent
tissue
inserted
to
the
sclera
at
the
limbus
• Thicker
at
the
periphery
(0.65
mm)
than
at
the
center
(0.52
mm)
o Horizontal
diameter:
11.75
mm
o Vertical
diameter:
10.6
mm
• 5
Layers
of
the
Cornea:
o Epithelium:
5-‐6
layers
of
cells
o Bowman’s
membrane:
clear
acellular
layer
o Stroma:
90%
of
corneal
thickness;
intertwining
lamellae
of
collagen
fibrils
that
are
parallel
to
each
other
o Descemet’s
membrane:
basal
lamina
of
corneal
endothelium
Figure
6.
Tenon’s
Capsule
o Endothelium:
single
layer
of
cells
which
act
as
a
“pump”
§ The
endothelium
has
only
one
layer
of
cells,
but
this
is
C.
Episclera
responsible
for
maintaining
the
essential
deturgescence
• Thin
layer
of
fine
elastic
tissue
which
contains
blood
vessels
that
(state
of
relative
dehydration
that
is
necessary
for
nourish
the
sclera
transparency)
of
the
corneal
stroma.
• Can
be
inflamed
in
certain
autoimmune
diseases
like
SLE
and
§ At
birth,
we
have
a
given
number
of
endothelium;
does
rheumatoid
arthritis,
leading
to
episcleritis.
In
contrast
to
not
regenerate;
and
as
we
age,
it
decreases
in
number.
[1]
conjunctivitis,
the
redness
of
the
eyes
is
much
deeper.
§ Sometimes,
during
surgery,
when
there
is
too
much
manipulation
of
the
eye,
the
endothelium
becomes
D.
Sclera
compromised,
causing
corneal
edema.
So
extra
caution
is
• Fibrous
outer
layer
of
the
eye
made
up
of
collagen
observed
in
performing
intraocular
surgeries.
• Thinnest
(0.3
mm)
at
the
insertion
of
recti
muscles,
• The
cornea
gets
its
nutrition
from:
elsewhere
it
is
0.6
mm
thick
o Limbal
vessels
• In
blunt
trauma
to
the
eye,
there
is
collapse
of
the
eyeball
due
to
o Aqueous
rupture
in
the
area
of
insertion
of
the
recti
muscles
(scleral
o Tears
rupture),
where
it
is
thinnest.
• Sensory
nerves
come
from
CN
V1
• Physiology
of
the
Sclera:
• Transparency
of
the
Cornea:
o Provides
protective
shell
for
the
intraocular
contents
(like
o Uniform
structure
choroid
and
retina)
o Avascularity
o High
hydration
contributes
to
its
opaque
nature
o Deturgescence
o Very
low
metabolic
activity
• Functions
of
the
Cornea:
o Maintain
an
optically
smooth
surface
and
a
transparent
E.
Tear
Film
medium
while
protecting
the
intraocular
contents
• Secreted
by
the
lacrimal
gland
and
basic
secretors
o Highest
refractive
power
in
the
eye
(43
diopters)
• volume
of
tears
is
0.5
microliter
to
2.2
microliters/min
• This
is
why
it
is
the
one
manipulated
during
LASIK
surgery
• Contributes
to
visual
acuity
and
coats
the
cornea
for
it
to
function
• 3
Layers
o Anterior
lipid
layer
§ Derived
from
meibomian
glands,
sebaceous
glands
of
Zeiss,
and
sweat
glands
of
Moll
§ A
monomolecular
lipid
film
which
prevents
evaporation,
acts
as
a
hydrophobic
barrier,
provides
a
water
tight
seal
o Aqueous
layer
§ Derived
from
the
orbital
and
palpebral
lacrimal
glands
and
the
accessory
lacrimal
glands
of
Krause
and
Wolfring
§ Thick
middle
layer
containing
water-‐-‐soluble
substances
Figure
7.
Cornea
and
its
surrounding
structures
such
as
glucose,
oxygen,
lysozyme,
betalysin,
immunoglobulins,
and
complement
G.
Uveal
Tract
§ Thickest
layer
that
protects
eye
from
bacteria
and
other
• Consists
of
iris,
ciliary
body,
and
choroid
contaminants
that
causes
infection.
o Mucin
layer
A.
IRIS
§ Thin
layer
from
the
main
lacrimal
gland,
conjunctival
• Diaphragm
surrounding
a
central
aperture
called
the
pupil
goblet
cells,
glands
of
Manz,
and
crypts
of
Henle
• Layers
of
the
Iris:
§ Wets
the
corneal
epithelial
microvilli,
and
maintains
o Stroma:
contains
the
sphincter
and
dilator
muscles
that
Page
3
of
7
controls
the
pupillary
size
(constriction
and
dilation)
• Behind
the
Iris
&
connected
to
the
Ciliary
Body
by
the
Zonules
o Pigmented
posterior
layers:
give
color
to
the
eyes
(melanin)
• Has
a
semi-‐permeable
lens
capsule
(to
water
&
electrolytes)
• Functions
of
the
Iris
and
the
Pupil:
o Very
susceptible
to
swelling
which
causes
blurring
of
vision.
o Regulates
the
amount
of
light
entering
the
eye
o Among
Diabetic
patients,
lens
swells;
sorbitol
enters
the
lens.
o Increases
the
depth
of
focus
Another
reason
why
Diabetic
patients
should
control
their
o Minimizes
spherical
and
chromatic
aberrations
blood
sugar
before
being
prescribed
glasses.
o Minimizes
astigmatism
caused
by
oblique
pencils
of
light
• Consists
of
65%
water
&
35%
proteins
and
minerals
o Pupillary
Reflex
• Has
subepithelial
lamellar
fibers
that
are
continuously
produced
§ Direct
light
reflex:
Light
falling
upon
the
eye
causing
making
the
lens
larger
and
less
elastic
with
age
pupillary
constriction
o Lens
loses
elasticity
for
accommodation
because
of
production
§ Indirect
light
reflex:
Light
falling
upon
one
eye
causing
of
lamellar
fibers;
this
causes
the
need
for
glasses
in
the
pupillary
constriction
on
the
other
eye
elderly
(usually
starts
at
age
40).
• Functions
of
the
Lens:
B.
CILIARY
BODY
o Focus
light
rays
upon
the
retina
• Consists
of
two
zones:
o Transmit
80%
of
the
electromagnetic
energy
bet.
400-‐1400
nm
o Pars
plicata:
2
mm
wide
&
from
which
arise
ciliary
processes
o Total
refractive
power
is
19D
(12D
to
22D)
which
produce
the
aqueous
humor
o Transparency
is
due
to:
o Pars
plana:
4
mm
flattened
posterior
zone
§ Acellularity
§ If
there
is
a
need
to
enter
the
eye
through
surgery
(pars
§ Same
refractive
index
plana
vitrectomy)or
injection
(Anti-‐VEGF
to
prevent
neovascularization
in
patients
with
DM)
we
enter
through
I.
Aqueous
Humor
the
pars
plana.
[1]
• Produced
by
the
ciliary
process
of
the
ciliary
body.
• Muscles
of
the
Ciliary
Body
• Clear
fluid
that
fills
the
Anterior
and
Posterior
Chambers
of
the
eye
o Circular
fibers:
responsible
for
accommodation
o Composition
similar
to
plasma
but
with
higher
amount
of
o Longitudinal
fibers:
insert
to
the
trabecular
meshwork
altering
ascorbate,
pyruvate
and
lactate
and
lower
amount
of
protein,
the
pore
size.
urea
and
glucose
§ The
trabecular
meshwork
is
like
a
seal
controlling
the
• Maintains
intraocular
pressure
and
provides
metabolism
to
the
opening
of
the
angle
where
the
aqueous
humor
drains,
lens
and
posterior
cornea
especially
among
glaucoma
patients
• Formed
by
both
secretion
and
diffusion
from
the
nonpigmented
o Radial
fibers
epithelium
• Volume:
230
uL
C.
CHOROID
o Anterior
Chamber:
0.20mL
• Posterior
portion
of
uveal
tract
located
bet.
the
retina
and
sclera
o Posterior
Chamber:
0.06mL
• Choriocapillaries:
internal
portion
of
choroid
which
nourishes
• Rate
of
Production:
2.5uL/min
the
outer
retina
(recall
that
the
inner
retina
is
nourished
by
central
retinal
artey)
J.
Anterior
Chamber
Angle
H.
Lens
Figure
8.
Lens
and
its
Supporting
Structures
Figure
9.
Anterior
chamber
• Biconvex,
avascular,
clear
• Junction
of
the
peripheral
cornea
and
the
roots
of
the
iris
• 4mm
thick
&
9mm
in
diameter
• Important
in
glaucoma
as
drainage
system
of
the
eye.
Page
4
of
7
• Main
Structures:
photoreceptors
o Schwalbe’s
Line:
corresponds
to
the
termination
of
the
7. Outer
nuclear
layer:
Cell
nuclei
of
photoreceptors
corneal
endothelium
8. External
limiting
membrane
o Trabecular
Meshwork:
perforated
sheets
of
collagen
and
9. Photoreceptor
layer:
Rods
and
cones;
inner
and
outer
elastic
tissue
segment
o Main
drainage
of
aqueous
humor.
10. Retinal
pigment
epithelium
o Scleral
Spur:
inward
extension
of
the
sclera
in
which
the
o Contains
the
binding
site
for
the
pro-‐albumin
that
Cilliary
Body
&
Iris
are
attached
transports
Vitamin
A
• The
chief
pathologic
feauture
of
open-‐angle
glaucoma
is
a
o Contains
the
enzymes
for
visual
cycle
degenerative
process
in
the
trabecular
meshwork,
including
deposition
of
extracellular
material
within
the
meshwork
and
beneath
the
endothelial
lining
of
Schlemm’s
canal.
• There’s
no
apposition
of
the
iris
root,
the
problem
lies
in
the
deficiency
of
function
of
the
trabecular
meshwork.
• Obstruction
of
aqueous
outflow
by
occlusion
of
the
trabecular
meshwork
by
peripheral
iris
gives
rise
to
angle
closure
glaucoma.
K.
Vitreous
Humor
• Makes
up
the
largest
volume
of
the
eye
(4.5mL)
• Clear,
avascular
and
gelatinous
• Provides
support
for
the
delicate
inner
structure
of
the
eye;
prevents
jarring;
shock
absorber
• Clear
jelly-‐like
substance
consisting
of
99%
water
and
1%
collagen
and
hyaluronic
acid
L.
Retina
• Multi-‐layered
sheet
of
neural
tissue
• 0.1mm
thick
at
the
Ora
Serrata
(anterior
termination
of
the
Figure
10.
Layers
of
the
Retina
sensory
retina;
thinnest
part;
most
common
site
of
retinal
break,
[1]
causing
retinal
detachment.
)
and
0.56mm
thick
at
the
posterior
• Physiologic
Layers:
pole
o Ganglion
Layer
• Parts
of
the
Retina:
o Bipolar
Layer
o Macula
o Photoreceptor
cells
§ Center
of
the
posterior
retina
§ Rods
serve
scotopic
vision
(low
illumination),
§ Seen
clinically
as
3mm
yellowish
pigmentation
to
concentrated
in
the
periphery;
black
and
white
vision
xantophyll
pigments
§ Cones
serve
photopic
vision
(medium
and
high
§ Site
of
detailed
fine
central
vision
illumination)
and
color
vision,
concentrated
in
the
fovea
o Fovea
centralis,
scattered
also
in
the
periphery
§ Center
of
Macula
§ Seen
as
a
depression
and
called
the
“foveal
reflex”
• Blood
Supply
of
the
Retina
2
§ Fovea
Centralis
contains
150,000
cones/mm
o Choriocapillaries:
supply
the
outer
third
of
retina
from
outer
§ Vision
decreases
rapidly
at
the
paramacular
area
(20/400
plexiform
layer
to
RPE
at
2
or
3
mm
distance)
o Central
retinal
artery:
supplies
the
inner
2/3
of
the
retina
o Foveola
§ Center
of
the
Fovea
• Photochemistry
of
Vision
§ Thinnest
part
of
the
retina
o Visual
transduction
is
the
process
by
which
light
absorbed
by
§ Photoreceptors
are
all
cones
the
photoreceptors
is
converted
to
electrical
energy.
o The
visible
electromagnetic
spectrum
(400
to
700
nm)
once
it
• 10
Layers
of
the
Retina:
is
absorbed
by
the
RPE
of
the
photoreceptor
cells,
will
1. Internal
limiting
membrane
generate
a
photochemical
reaction
that
initiates
a
graded
2. Nerve
fiber
layer:
Ganglion
cell
axons
going
to
optic
nerve
electrical
potential
o Nerve
fiber
analyzer
–
analyzes
the
nerve
fiber
layer;
o This
potential
is
amplified
and
modulated
in
the
retina
and
will
useful
in
glaucoma
(in
glaucoma,
there
is
decrease
in
be
propagated
to
the
brain
through
the
optic
nerve.
Ganglion
Cell
Layer
because
of
destruction
of
the
optic
[1]
nerve).
o Visible
Light
3. Ganglion
cell
layer
§ Red
light
(570
nm)
4. Inner
plexiform
layer:
Connections
of
ganglion
cells
with
§ Green
light
(535
nm)
the
amacrine
and
bipolar
cells
§ Blue
light
(440
nm)
5. Inner
nuclear
layer:
Cell
bodies
of
amacrine,
bipolar,
and
horizontal
cells
6. Outer
plexiform
layer:
Connections
of
these
cells
to
the
Page
5
of
7
VISIBLE
ELECTRO
RPE
OF
THE
GRADED
• Eyelids
MAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
absorbed
by
PHOTO-‐ generate
a
ELECTRICAL
o Layers
RECEPTOR
POTENTIAL
§ Skin
(400-‐700NM)
CELLS
§ Orbicularis
Oculi–
CN
VII
Initiating
a
§ Areolar
tissue
§ Tarsal
plates
§ Palpebral
conjunctiva
BRAIN
PHOTO-‐ • Lid
Retractors
(OPTIC
propagated
RETINA
amplified
CHEMICAL
NERVE)
to
the
&
modulated
in
REACTION
o Muscles
that
open
the
eyelids
the
§ Upper
Lid
• Levator
palpebrae
superioris
Figure
11.
Visible
LIght
Pathway
• Muller’s
muscle
§ Lower
Lid
• Machines
that
measure
electrical
potential:
• Inferior
rectus
muscle
o Electro-‐oculography
(EOG):
used
to
evaluate
the
condition
of
• Inferior
tarsal
muscle
the
RPE
and
photoreceptors
• Lacrimal
Complex
o Electroretinography
(ERG):
used
to
evaluate
the
condition
of
o Lacrimal
gland
the
outer
layers
of
the
retina
(photoreceptors,
bipolar
cells,
o Accessory
lacrimal
glands
of
Krause
and
Wolfring
Muller
cells)
o Canaliculi
§ Retinitis
pigmentosa
(rod
deficiency)
will
show
flat
ERG
o Lacrimal
Sac
due
to
loss
of
photoreceptors.
The
ERG
can
no
longer
o Nasolacrimal
duct
record
any
electrical
potential
because
at
the
outset,
there
is
a
deficiency
already.
(no
night
vision;
flat
ERG)
• Valve
of
Hasner:
if
occluded,
such
as
in
Congenital
Nasolacrimal
§ Visual
Evoked
Response
(VER):
used
to
evaluate
the
Duct
Obstruction,
may
cause
excessive/unusual
tearing
of
the
response
of
the
macula
and
the
optic
nerve
eyes;
if
not
opened,
obstruction
will
be
permanent
and
the
baby
• Optic
neuritis/Optic
nerve
atrophy:
show
flat
VER
&
a
normal
ERG
[1]
will
tear
for
the
rest
of
his
life (Pwede
na
mag-‐artista!).
IV.
EXTRAOCULAR
MUSCLES
VI.
OPTIC
NERVE
Table
1.
EOMS
and
its
DUCTIONS
and
Nerve
Innervation
• Intraocular
portion:
optic
nerve
head;
1.5
mm
in
diameter
(the
Medial
Rectus
(MR)
Adduction
CN
III
one
seen
in
fundoscopy.
Lateral
Rectus
(LR)
Abduction
CN
VI
Elevation
CN
III
• Orbital
portion:
25-‐20
mm
long;
3
mm
in
diameter
(very
long;
Superior
Rectus
(SR)
(Intorsion,
Adduction)
vision
is
not
impaired
as
long
as
the
optic
nerve
is
not
damaged)
Depression
CN
III
Inferior
Rectus
(IR)
(Extorsion,
Adduction)
• Intracanalicular
portion:
4-‐9
mm
long
(often
damaged
in
accidents
Intorsion
CN
IV
and
may
cause
blindness:
transacted
optic
nerve.
Superior
Oblique
(SO)
(Depression,
Abduction)
• Intracranial
portion:
10
mm
long
(optic
chiasm
part)
Extorsion
CN
III
Inferior
Oblique
(IO)
(Elevation,
Abduction)
• Fibers
of
the
Optic
Nerve
o Visual
fibers:
80%
• Vergence:
simultaneous
movement
of
the
eye
directed
to
an
• Pupillary
fibers:
20%
object
in
the
mid-‐body
plane
VII.
REFERENCES
• Version:
simultaneous
movement
of
the
eyes
o Example:
Turning
eyes
to
the
right,
the
right
LR
muscle
is
1. Dr.
Litao’s
Lecture
yoked
to
the
left
MR
muscle.
2. Vaughan
&
Asbury’s
General
Ophthalmology
V.
OCULAR
ADNEXAE
VIII.
PRACTICE
TIME
1.
The
goblet-‐cell
producing
mucus
layer
of
the
tear
film
comes
from
A.
Cornea
B.
Conjunctiva
C.
Sclera
D.
Lacrimal
gland
2.
The
layer
of
the
tear
film
that
contains
glucose,
immunoglobulins
and
oxygen:
A.
Lipid
layer
B.
Aqueous
layer
C.
Mucin
layer
Figure
12.
Ocular
Adnexae
D.
All
of
the
above
Page
6
of
7
3.
The
anterior
lipid
layer
of
the
tear
film
is
produced
by
14.
Which
is
considered
as
a
part
of
the
anterior
uvea?
A.
Meibomian
glands
A.
Retina
and
vitreous
B.
Palpebral
lacrimal
gland
B.
Iris
and
ciliary
body
C.
Goblet
cells
C.
Ciliary
body
and
choroid
D.
Glands
of
Krause
and
wolfring
D.
Cornea
and
sclera
4.
The
cornea
is
transparent
because:
15.
The
thickest
layer
of
the
cornea:
A.
Uniform
structure
A.
Epithelium
B.
Avascularity
B.
Bowman’s
membrane
C.
Deturgescence
C.
Stroma
D.
All
of
the
above
D.
Endothelium
5.
The
layer
that
keeps
the
cornea
in
relative
state
of
deturgescence:
16.
The
cornea
gets
its
nutrition
from:
A.
Epithelium
A.
Limbal
vessels
B.
Descemet’s
membrane
B.
Aqueous
humor
C.
Bowman’s
membrane
C.
Tears
D.
Endothelium
D.
All
of
the
above
6.
The
lens
and
the
posterior
cornea
get
its
metabolism
from
17.
The
sensory
nerve
of
the
cornea
comes
from:
A.
Aqueous
humor
A.
CN
V1
(lacrimal)
B.
Vitreous
body
B.
CN
V2
(frontal)
C.
Tear
film
C.
CN
V3
(nasociliary)
D.
Choroid
D.
CN
VII
7.
What
makes
up
the
largest
volume
of
the
eye?
18.
The
horizontal
diameter
of
the
cornea
is
about:
A.
anterior
aqueous
humor
A.
10.6mm
B.
posterior
aqueous
humor
B.
11.75mm
C.
vitreous
humor
C.
13.0mm
D.
anterior
chamber
angle
D.
13.5mm
8.
The
average
volume
of
orbit
is
19.
The
transparency
of
the
cornea
is
due
to
its:
A.
20cc
A.
Uniform
structure
B.
25cc
B.
Avascularity
C.
30cc
C.
Deturgescence
D.
35cc
D.
All
of
the
above
9.
Which
bones
does
not
contribute
to
orbit
20.
The
single
layer
of
cells
which
the
cornea
is
in
a
state
of
dryness
is:
A.
Lacrimal
bone
A.
Epithelium
B.
Ethmoid
bone
B.
Bowman’s
membrane
C.
Nasal
bone
C.
Descemet’s
membrane
D.
Palatine
bone
D.
Endothelium
10.
Which
is
the
strongest
wall
of
the
orbit?
21.
The
main
purpose
of
the
anterior
tear
film
layer
is
to:
A.
Orbital
roof
A.
produce
of
antibodies
B.
Orbital
floor
B.
promote
adhesion
of
the
tear
film
to
the
microvilli
to
the
surface
of
the
C.
Medial
wall
cornea
D.
Lateral
wall
C.
prevent
the
evaporation
of
the
aqueous
layer
of
the
tear
film
D.
act
as
the
primary
refractive
media
of
the
eye
11.
What
kind
of
light
reflex
is
affected
in
optic
nerve
problem?
A.
consensual
light
reflex
B.
direct
light
reflex
22.
The
mucin
secretion
of
the
goblet
cells
by
the
conjunctiva
forms
the:
C.
indirect
light
reflex
A.
Anterior
layer
of
the
tears
D.
all
of
the
above
B.
Middle
layer
of
the
tears
C.
Inner
layer
of
the
tears
12.
Which
of
the
following
is
NOT
part
of
the
layers
of
the
eye?
D.
Sub-‐epithelial
layer
of
the
tears
A.
Fibrous
layer
B.
Membranous
layer
23.
The
tear
film
composition
from
the
anterior
to
posterior
layer
is
arranged
C.
Vascular
layer
anatomically
and
functionally
as
follows:
D.
Neural
layer
A.
hydrophilic-‐hydrophobic-‐hydrophilic
B.
hydrophobic-‐hydrophilic-‐hydrophobic
13.
Among
the
fibrous
layers
of
the
eye,
which
of
the
following
is
opaque,
C.
hydrophilic-‐hydrophilic-‐hydrophobic
composed
of
white
fibrous
tissue,
made
up
of
different
types
of
collagen
and
D.
hydrophobic-‐hydrophobic-‐hydrophilic
is
almost
acellular?
A.
Sclera
B.
Cornea
“Learn to trust the journey even when you
C.
Uvea
D.
Retina
don’t understand it.”
B
B
A
D
D/
A
C
C
C
D/
B
B
A
B
C/
D
A
B
D
D
/C
C
B
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7
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7