Position, Proximity and Motion

Sensor

Prepared By:

BARAL SUDAN 31087

BELBASE SUNIL 31088
BHATTARAI SUMAN 31090
BHUSAL NISCHAL 31091
CHAPAGAIN HRITIK 31092
CHAUDHARY RUPESH 31093
BIBEK BARAL 31086
 INTRODUCTION
A sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem whose purpose is to
detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to
other electronics, frequently a computer processor. A sensor is always
used with other electronics.
On the basis of their functions sensors are classified into various
types, among them we will be discussing the following sensors:

1. Proximity Sensor
2. Position Sensor
3. Motion Sensor
 ❖ PROXIMITY SENSOR

★ A form of position sensor which detects an object when the object

approaches within the detection range and boundary of sensor.

★ It includes all sensor that perform non contact detection in comparison to

sensors such as limit switch, that detects the objects by physically
contacting them.
 Types of Proximity Sensor

1. Inductive
2. Capacitive
3. Optical
4. Ultrasonic
 Inductive

➢ Detect metallic objects

➢ Its working principle is based on coil and high frequency oscillator. The coil
generates the high frequency magnetic field in front of the face. The presence of
metal in a operating area causes a change in oscillation amplitude , which is
identified by threshold circuit which changes a output of a sensor.

➢ Examples: Metal detectors, car washes, host of automated industrial processes.

 Capacitive

➢ Used for non contact detection of metallic object and non metallic object
(liquid , plastic, wood)

➢ It use the variation of capacitance between the sensor and object being
detected.

➢ As object come close to the plate of capacitor , the capacitance increases and
as object move away , capacitance decreases.

➢ Computer displays, gyro sensor , ambient light sensor , digital audio players
 Optical

➢ The proximity of the object is defined by the action of travelling light moves
➢ These sensor use light sensitive elements to detect objects and are made up of an
transmitter and a receiver.
➢ The light emitted by the transmitter focuses on the objects which reflects to be
received by the receiver photodiode .The light from emitting diode is focused by
transmitter lens on the object surface .The reflected waves travel back and received
by the solid state photodiode through the receiver lens .
➢ Examples :Automobile for distance engineering , level sensing etc
 Ultrasonic

➢ It is used as alternative to optical sensors ,here the the use of light beam is
replaced by a high frequency sound wave.

➢ Sound wave are ultrasonic having frequency around 40 khz.

➢ Working:
The ultrasonic sensor sends out sound ,waits for the echo and receives it through
receiver. Then it calculate the distance by using waiting time and speed of sound.
➢ Examples :Machine tools , automatic door units etc
 ❖ POSITION SENSOR

Introduction:
Position sensors are the devices that can :
★ Detect the movement of an object
★ Determine the relative position from an established reference point
★ Detect the presence of an object

For example:

Car wash use position sensors to determine

when to start and stop cleaning process. It
detects the movement of cars in its
vicinity and starts spraying water.
 Types of Position Sensor

1. Potentiometer
2. Capacitive Position Sensors
3. Linear variable differential transformer
4. Hall effect position sensors
5. Optical position sensors
 Potentiometer

➢ It detects the distance or displacement of an object in a linear or rotary motion and

converts it into an electrical signal.

➢ It consists of a constant resistance per unit length with sliding contact which can be
moved over the length of the element. As the length varies the resistance changes.
APPLICATIONS

➢ Used in rotation of a robot's wheels to determine it distance

travelled along the ground.
➢ Used in steering wheel position detection.
 Capacitive Position Sensors

➢ Capacitive position sensors which rely on detecting a change in capacitance value

to establish the position of an object being measured.

➢ Capacitance between any two plates is given by :

C=, where is the permeability between plates, A is the area of capacitive element
and d is the distance between dielectric plates
There are two ways of detecting position of an object using capacitive sensor:

I. By altering the dielectric constant of the capacitor

Here, the body whose displacement is to be measured is connected to the dielectric material
between the plates. As the body moves, the dielectric constant between the plates(resultant
of dielectric constant due due to air and due to dielectric material), changes which in turn
changes the capacitance between plates.

II. By altering the distance between capacitor plates

The body whose position is to be measured is connected with the movable plates. As the body
moves, spacing between the plates will change and hence the capacitance changes.
APPLICATIONS

➢ They are used in assembly of precision equipment and precision thickness

measurements.

➢ Used to analyze and optimize the rotation of spindles in cutting machine

tools like lathe and milling
 Linear variable differential transformer

➢ LVDT is an inductive non contact position sensor that detects the position of an object
from changes in the characteristics of magnetic field that is induced in the coil of
sensor.
➢ In LVDT sensor, three separate coils(one primary and two secondary) are wound on a hollow
tube.
➢ A ferromagnetic core is placed inside the hollow tube and the core is connected to the
object whose position is being measured.
➢ An excitation voltage is applied on the primary coil which induces an emf in secondary
coils of the LVDT. By measuring the voltage difference between the secondary coils, the
relative position of the core and hence the of object connected with the core is
APPLICATIONS

➢ It is used in all applications where displacements ranging from fractions

of mm to few cm have to measured like in power turbines, hydraulics and
position feedback in servo mechanisms
 Hall effect position sensors

➢ The hall effect is the production of a voltage difference across a current carrying
conductor in presence of magnetic field, perpendicular to both current and the magnetic
field.
➢ It works on the principle that when a beam of charged particle passes through a
magnetic field, forces acts on the particle and current is deflected from it path.
➢ Thus one side becomes positively charged and other becomes negatively charged. This
creates potential difference which is the measure of distance of the magnetic field
from the disc carrying current.
APPLICATIONS

➢ Used in brushless DC motors to sense the position of the rotor.

➢ Detects whether a smart phone's cover is closed or not.
 Optical position sensors

➢ In an optical position sensor change in the light characteristics (i.e., wavelength,

intensity, phase) is used to establish information about the object's position by
interpreting data in pulses or light.

Here, when a code wheel attached to a rotating shaft such as a motor rotates, an
optical pulse is generated depending on whether light emitted from a fixed light
emitting element passes through a slit the code wheel or not. Photo sensor detects the
optical pulse, convert into electrical signal and produces output
 PRINCIPLES

Optical position sensor use one of two principles:

➢ In the first type, light is transmitted from an emitter and sent over to a receiver at
the other end of a sensor.
➢ In the second type, the emitted light signal is reflected from the object being
monitored returned towards the light source.

APPLICATIONS
➢ Used inside machine tools to measure the position of the work table.
➢ For land mapping measurement.
 ❖ MOTION SENSOR
Introduction:

➢ Motion sensor is an electronic component that detects moving objects and

transforms the detection of motion into an electric signal.

➢ Device integrated with such sensor automatically performs a task or alerts a user
of motion in an area.

➢ Motion detectors form a vital component of security, automated lighting control,

home control, energy efficiency and other useful system.
 Types of Motion Sensor

1. Active sensor
2. Passive sensor
 Active sensor

➢ Active sensor works by emitting out bursts of ultrasonic sound waves after which the
sensor waits for the energy to be reflected back.

➢ Motion sensor in automatic door opener where if there is no one in particular area then
waves will return in same pattern as the were released but if some object enters the
particular area then signal gets disturbs and it sends an alarm signal in the event of
disturbance in the pattern. Disturbed pattern triggers the sensor and opens the door
 Passive Sensor

➢ Passive sensor only detect incoming energy, such as infrared light which is being
emitted by the heat of the body and any light source.
➢ Depending upon the purpose, range of IR filter can be limited to certain level.

➢ Use of photo detector which converts light in these wavelength into an electrical
current which is run through a tiny computer housed in the unit. The alarm is triggered
when the photo detector detects large or fast variations in the distribution of the
emitted infrared energy.
 APPLICATIONS

➢ They are widely used for electronic devices like mobile phones, cameras and gadgets
➢ Used for security purposes both in domestic and commercials areas like in door and cctv
cameras.
➢ Cheap and easy to implement.
➢ It saves energy by activating and deactivating devices.
➢ Used to avoid accident in traffic lights and in vehicles.
THANK YOU !!