COMPUTER9 REVIEWER

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN DOING ELECTRONIC PROJECTS

➢ Never work in a circuit while power is applied.

➢ Do not connect power to a circuit until the circuit is finished and you have
carefully checked your work.
➢ If you smell anything burning, immediately disconnect the power and examine
your circuit to find out what went wrong.
➢ Keep your work area dry.
➢ Always wear safety goggles.
➢ Be careful around large capacitors; they can continue to hold voltage long after
they are disconnected from power.
➢ Be especially careful when you solder because a hot soldering iron can easily
burn you.
➢ Always work in a well-ventilated space.
➢ Have safety equipment such as fire extinguisher, a first-aid kit, and a phone
nearby.

SERVO MOTORS

• Servo motor
➢ It is basically a machine which is used to move or control a mechanism, and
its action can be either linear or rotary in nature.
➢ It allows for the precise control of acceleration, velocity, and position.
➢ It consists of a motor coupled with a sensor which gives feedback on any
position the motor is in.

INSIDE A SERVO MOTOR

• The servo motor consists of three wires that have different functions:
1. Black Wire connected to Ground;
2. White/Yellow Wire connected to Control Unit (PWM or microcontroller);
3. And a Red Wire connected to Power Supply (5V)
• The servo motor is controlled by a type of signal (data) called pulse width
modulation (PWM). This enables the servo motor to move to specific angles.
• This enables the servo motor to move to specific angles.
• This motor uses the position sensing device to figure out the rotational position of
the shaft.
• Unlike DC motor, the shaft commonly does not rotate freely around and can
only turn up to 180°
SERVO MOTORS ARE COMMONLY USED IN THE FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS:

➢ Robotics (Head, Joints, Arms, and Legs)

➢ Conveyor Belts (move clockwise, counter clockwise, and stop)
➢ Positioning (from a 0-degree angle to a 90-degree angle, or up to a 180-degree
angle)
➢ Automatic doors (open and close)

• In Industries, they are used in machine tools, packaging, factory automation,

material handling, and printing converting.
• They are also used in radio controlled airplanes to control the positioning and
movement of elevators.

SERVO MOTORS WITH SWITCHES AND POTENTIOMETERS

➢ What’s inside the servo?

➢ Under the hood of a servo motor, it has a pretty set-up of small dc motor,
potentiometer, and a circuit.
➢ The motor and gear is connected to each other that produce motion and
controls movement of the wheel
➢ As the wheel rotates, the potentiometer’s resistance also changes
➢ That means the control circuit can precisely control how much movement
the servo can do
➢ How is the servo motor controlled?
➢ Servo motor is controlled by sending PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) through a
wire
➢ A servo motor can only turn up to 90 ° in either direction for a total of 180 °
movement
➢ Its neutral position can be defined by telling where the servo has the same
amount of potential rotation in both clockwise and counter-clockwise
direction
➢ Every 20 milliseconds (ms) the servo motor expects to receive pulse, the
length of pulse will determine how far the motor will move
➢ A 1.5 ms pulse will make the motor turn to 90 ° position
➢ Shorter than 1.5 ms moves it in the counter-clockwise direction toward the 0 °
position
 ➢ And any longer than 1.5 ms will turn the servo in a clockwise direction toward
the 180 ° position

• Servo motors are often used in high technology devices especially for
automation purposes
• These motors are used for industrial robots that aim to do a specific task done
regularly in an exact manner

Here are some applications of servo motors:

1. Used to activate movements to give robotic arms its exact angle

2. Used to control robotic vehicle by controlling robot wheels (speed) and
generating plenty of torque to move, start, and stop the robot
3. Used in automatic door opening and closing

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

➢ It is a component that has a resistance that changes when the light intensity
that fall on it changes
➢ Type of resistor whose resistance varies depending on the amount of light
that it receives. This type of resistor is commonly used in street lights.
➢ Made up of semi-conductor material such as Cadmium Sulphide that
changes its electrical resistance from several thousand ohms in the dark to
only a few hundred ohms in the dark to only a few hundred ohms in the dark
to only a few hundred ohms when light falls upon it
➢ Materials used as the semi-conductor substrate like lead sulphide (PbS), lead
selenide (PbSe), indium antimonide (InSb), are able to detect light in the
infrared range but the most commonly used of all photo resistive light sensors
is cadmium sulphide (Cds) which is used in producing LDR
➢ It is used to produce those type of photo resistive cells due to its spectral
response that almost matches of the human eye, it has a peak sensitivity
wavelength of about 560nm to 600nm in the visible spectral range

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

➢ It is a device that is used for displays in notebook and other smaller computers
➢ It runs electricity through liquid crystals to create an optical display
 ➢ These are widely used as displays for calculators, computer screens, and
television screens
➢ Compare to other technologies like CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) and LED (Light
Emitting Diode), LCDs consume much less power because it blocks the light
rather than emitting it
➢ It is made up of either passive or active matrix display grid
➢ Passive Matrix LCD has a grid conductor with pixels that is located in each
intersection of the grid
➢ To control the light of any pixels, the current will then pass across two conductors
on the grid
➢ While on the active matrix LCD there is a transistor located at each pixel
intersection which requires less current to control luminance

TILT SWITCH

➢ This sensor detects the orientation or inclination of an object

➢ Made of nonconductive tubing and uses a mercury droplet within the tube to
open or close a circuit
➢ These are used as signalling devices that can turn an electrical device on or off
➢ Sometimes it is called “mercury switches” because they are usually made by a
cavity of cylindrical shape container that has a conductive free mass inside,
such as a blob of mercury or rolling ball
➢ One end of the cavity has a pole which is a conductive element
➢ When the tilt switch is oriented that the end is downwards, the ball rolls to the
pole and short it making this known as “switch throw”
➢ Mercury is used because it is dense enough that it do not bounce hence it do
not cause additional vibrations

APPLICATIONS OF LDR:

1. Lighting Switch
2. Camera Shutter Control

APPLICATION OF LCD:

1. Computers
2. TV
 3. Mobile phones

APPLICATIONS OF TILT SWITCH:

1. Wireless Xbox Controller

2. Aircraft Flight Control
3. Cameras

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

➢ A device that can measure the distance of a robot against another object by
using sound waves
➢ The sensor sends out sound waves at a specific frequency and receives the
wave reflected by another object
➢ Electronic device that measure the distance of a target object by emitting
ultrasonic sound waves and converts the reflected sound into an electrical signal
➢ Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the transmitter (which emits the
sound using piezoelectric crystals) and the receiver (which encounters the sound
after it has travelled to and from the target)
➢ The formula for this calculation is D = 1/2T x C (where D is Distance, T is time, and
C is speed of sound ~ 343 meters/second)
➢ Ultrasonic sensors are used primarily as proximity sensors
➢ Can be found in automobile cell parking technology, and anti-collision safety
systems. Also used in robotic obstacle detection systems as well as
manufacturing technology
➢ Ultrasonic sensors are not as susceptible to interference of smoke, gas, and other
airborne particles
➢ Also used as level sensors to detect, monitor, and regulate liquid level in closed
containers
➢ Has enabled the medical industry to produce images of internal organs, identify
tumors, and ensure the health of babies in the womb
➢ Ultrasonic range finders use sound waves to bounce off objects in front of them,
much like bats using echolocation to sense their environment
➢ The proximity sensor sends out a signal and measures how long it takes to return
➢ The arduino program receives this information and calculates the distance
between the sensor and the object
➢ The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses SONAR to determine the distance of an
object just like the bats do

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

• Power supply - +5V DC

 • Quiescent Current (stable state) - <2mA
• Working Current – 15mA
• Effectual Angle - <15 °
• Ranging Distance – 2cm – 400cm / 1” – 13ft
• Resolution – 0.3 cm
• Measuring Angle – 30 degree

How does it work?

➢ The ultrasound transmitter (trig pin) emits a high frequency sound (40 kHz)
➢ The sound travels through the air
➢ If it finds an object, it bounces back to the module
➢ The ultrasound receiver (echo pin) receives the reflected sound (echo)

Formula:

Distance to an object = ((speed of sound in the air)*time)/2

Speed of sound in the air at 20°C

(68°F) = 343m/s

Pinout of the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor

• VCC (Powers the sensor - 5V)

• Trig (Trigger Input Pin)
• Echo (Echo Output Pin)
• GND (Common GND)

How Ultrasonic Sensors work?

➢ Work by sending out a sound wave at the frequency above the range of human
hearing
➢ Transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to receive and send the
ultrasonic sound
➢ Use a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo
➢ Determines the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the
sending and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse
➢ It sends an ultrasonic pulse out at 40kHz which travels to the air and if there is an
obstacle or objects it will bounce back to the sensor
➢ By calculating the travel time and the speed of sound, the distance can be
calculated
 ➢ Great solution for the detection of clear objects, for liquid level measurements,
applications that use infra-red sensor for instance, struggle with this particular use
case because of target translucence
➢ Detect objects regardless of the color, surface or material, unless the material is
very soft, like wool as it would absorb sound

Common Obstructions Include:

➢ When using multiple sensors in an application, it is important to connect them in

a way that will allow you to avoid issues like cross-talk or any other interference
➢ Keep the face of ultrasonic transducer clear of any obstructions
• Dirt
• Snow
• Ice
• Other condensation
➢ In this case, we offer our self-cleaning sensor. Intended specifically for
applications requiring the resistance of condensation in high moisture
environment. The self-cleaning function is designed to run continuously in order
for the self-cleaning feature to be active. Its intent is to clear the transducer’s
face of moisture to operate normally.

THE FOLLOWING LIST SHOWS TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS ENABLEB BY THE DETECTION

SYSTEM

1. Transparent object detectable

- Ultrasonic waves can still reflect off a glass or liquid surface and return to the
sensor head
2. Resistant to mist and dirt
- Even there is dust and dirt, detection of waves are not affected
3. Complex shaped objects detectable
- Ultrasonic sensor can still detect the presence of mesh trays or springs

WHY / WHEN TO USE ULTRASONIC SENSORS?

1. Ideally suited to accurate, automatic distance measurement in normal and

difficult environments
2. Particularly suitable for environments where optical sensors are unusable such as
smoke, dust, and similar
3. Very accurate, stable, and can be used over large ranges
ULTRASONIC SENSORS CAN MEASURE THE FF. PARAMETERS WITHOUT CONTACTING THE MEDIUM
TO BE MEASURED:

➢ Distance
➢ Level
➢ Diameter
➢ Presence
➢ Position

ULTRASONIC SENSORS ARE USED IN:

➢ Measuring distances
➢ Triggering alarms
➢ Potential collision detection

SOUND SENSOR

➢ Is basically a simple microphone

➢ It detects and measures sound waves that travel through the air
➢ One type of module used to notice the sound
➢ Generally, this module is used to detect the intensity of the sound
➢ The applications of this module include switch, security, as well as monitoring
➢ The accuracy of this sensor can be changed for the ease of usage
➢ This sensor employs a microphone to provide input to buffer, peak detector, and
an amplifier
➢ This sensor notices a sound, and processes an o/p voltage signal to a
microcontroller. After that, it executes required processing

SOUND SENSOR PIN CONFIGURATION

• Pin 1 (VCC): 3.3V DC to 5V DC

• Pin 2 (GND): Ground Pin
• Pin 3 (DO): Output

SPECIFICATIONS

❖ The range of operating voltage is 3.3/5 V

❖ The operating current is 4~5 mA
❖ The voltage gain 26 dB (V = 6V. F = 1kHz)
❖ The sensitivity of the microphone (1 kHz) is 52 to 48 dB
❖ The impedance of the microphone is 2.2k Ohm
❖ The frequency of microphone is 16 to 20 kHz
❖ The signal to noise ratio is 54 dB
APPLICATIONS

❖ Security system for Office or Home

❖ Spy Circuit
❖ Home Automation
❖ Robotics
❖ Smart phones
❖ Ambient sound recognition
❖ Audio amplifier
❖ Sound level recognition (not capable to obtain precise db value)