IoT for Engineers

ECE3501
Digital Assignment-1
L.Anirudh
18BEC0559
Sensors and Their Applications
The phone you are holding in your hand? It has built-in sensors. Your PC, laptop, refrigerator, and
outdoor security lights also incorporate sensors in their operations. Sensors have become an integral
part of our everyday life from the devices we use at home to industrial equipment. In fact, sensors
have shaped life as we know it today.

Sensors used in the assignment:

Accelerometer
Field sensor
Humidity sensor
Moisture sensor
LPG sensor
Vibration sensor
Temperature sensor
Sound sensor
Position sensor
Proximity sensor
 1. Accelerometer:
Sensor used: ADXL335

The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum full-scale range of ±3 g.

It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications, as well as dynamic
acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration.

The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ capacitors at the
XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins.

Bandwidths can be selected to suit the application, with a range of 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y
axes, and a range of 0.5 Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis.

The ADXL335 is available in a small, low profile, 4 mm × 4 mm × 1.45 mm, 16-lead, plastic lead frame
chip scale package (LFCSP_LQ).
 Specifications

Operation
The ADXL335 is a complete 3-axis acceleration measurement system. The ADXL335 has a
measurement range of ±3 g minimum.

It contains a polysilicon surface-micromachined sensor and signal conditioning circuitry to

implement an open-loop acceleration measurement architecture. The output signals are analog
voltages that are proportional to acceleration.

The accelerometer can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications as well
as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration. The sensor is a polysilicon
surface-micromachined structure built on top of a silicon wafer.

Polysilicon springs suspend the structure over the surface of the wafer and provide a resistance
against acceleration forces.

Deflection of the structure is measured using a differential capacitor that consists of independent
fixed plates and plates attached to the moving mass. The fixed plates are driven by 180° out-of-
phase square waves.

Acceleration deflects the moving mass and unbalances the differential capacitor resulting in a
sensor output whose amplitude is proportional to acceleration. Phase-sensitive demodulation
techniques are then used to determine the magnitude and direction of the acceleration.
 Soldering profile and specs

Pin configuration

Applications in the IoT industry

Accelerometers are widely used in applications, such as condition measurement, motion tracking,
and vehicle monitoring. Most handheld smart devices, such as smart phones and tablets, employ
accelerometers for motion tracking.

• For bearings, the initial signs of wear typically create high-frequency noise that requires
wide-bandwidth, low-noise sensors for early detection of initial bearing wear, which is often
due to the impacts created by small fragments of metal.
• For shafts and motor frames, subtle changes in alignment and balance that can adversely
affect motor performance demand low-noise, extremely stable accelerometers.
• Finally, the increased vibration levels of machine tools during high-speed operations, such as
milling or cutting, can damage critical materials and reduce precision. Such cases require
wide-bandwidth, low-noise sensors that can provide real-time data for feedback and
enhanced machine control.
 2. Field sensor:

Sensor used: MC33941

The MC33941 is intended for cost-sensitive applications where non-contact sensing of objects is
desired. When connected to external electrodes, an electric field is created.

The MC33941 detects objects in this electric field.

The IC generates a low-frequency sine wave, which is adjustable by using an external resistor and is
optimized for 120 kHz.

The sine wave has very low harmonic content to reduce harmonic interference.

The MC33941 also contains support circuits for a microcontroller unit (MCU) to allow the
construction of a two-chip E-field system.
 Operation

The 33941 generates a low radio frequency sine wave with nominal 5.0 V peak-to-peak amplitude.
The frequency is set by an external resistor and is optimized for 120 kHz.

An internal multiplexer routes the signal to one of the 7 terminals under control of the ABC input
terminals. A receiver multiplexer simultaneously connected to the selected electrode and routes its
signal to a detector, which converts the sine wave to a DC level.

The DC level is filtered by an external capacitor, is multiplied and offset to increase sensitivity. All
electrode outputs are grounded internally by the device when not selected. The amplitude and
phase of the sinusoidal wave at the electrode are affected by objects in proximity.

A “capacitor” is formed between the driving electrode and the object, each forming a “plate” that
holds the electric charge. The voltage measured is an inverse function of the capacitance between
the electrode being measured, the surrounding electrodes, and other objects in the electric field
surrounding the electrode. Increasing capacitance results in decreasing voltage.

Specifications
 Features

• Supports up to 7 Electrodes
• Shield Driver for Driving Remote Electrodes Through Coaxial
• High-Purity Sine Wave Generator Tuneable with External Resistor
• Response Time Tuneable with External Capacitor
• +5V Regulator to Power External Circuit
• Can support up to 28 touch pad sensors (2-way multiplexing)
• Extended Temperature Range -40° to 110°C
• Pb-Free and RoHS compliant

Pin configuration

Applications

• Appliance Control Panels and Touch Sensors Linear and Rotational Sliders
• Spill Over Flow Sensing Measurement
• Refrigeration Frost Sensing
• Touch Screens
• Garage Door Safety Sensing
• PC Peripherals
• Patient Monitoring
• Liquid Level Sensing
 3. Humidity sensor:

Sensor used: HS1100

Based on a unique capacitive cell, these relative humidity sensors are designed for high volume, cost
sensitive applications such as office automation, automotive cabin air control, home appliances, and
industrial process control systems. They are also useful in all applications where humidity
compensation is needed.

• Full interchangeability with no calibration required in standard conditions

• Instantaneous desaturation after long periods in saturation phase
• Compatible with automatized assembly processes, including wave soldering, reflow and
water immersion
• High reliability and long term stability
• Patented solid polymer structure
• Suitable for linear voltage or frequency output circuitry
• Fast response time
• Individual marking for compliance to stringent traceability requirements

Pin configuration
 Specifications

Working

This circuit is the typical astable design for 555. The HS1100/HS1101, used as variable capacitor, is
connected to the TRIG and THRES pin.

Pin 7 is used as a short circuit pin for resistor R4. The HS1100/HS1101 equivalent capacitor is
charged through R2 and R4 to the threshold voltage (approximately 0.67Vcc) and discharged
through R2 only to the trigger level (approximately 0.33Vcc) since R4 is shorten to ground by pin 7.

R1 unbalances the internal temperature compensation scheme of the 555 in order to introduce a
temperature coefficient that matches the HS1100/HS1101 temperature coefficient.

In all cases, R1 should be a 1% resistor with a maximum of 100ppm coefficient temperature like all
other R-C timer resistors. Since 555 internal temperature compensation changes from one
trademark to one other, R1 value should be adapted to the specific chip.

All resistors work together to provide the desired output.

Applications

The capacitive sensor is used for various applications for measuring humidity in HVAC systems,
Printers, Fax machines, Weather stations, automobiles, food processing, refrigerators, etc. Due to
their low cost and small size, resistive sensors are used in residential, industrial and domestic
applications. Thermal Conductive sensors are commonly used in pharmaceutical plants, food
dehydration, drying machines, etc. Humidity measurement doesn’t measure humidity directly. They
depend on the measurement of quantities such as temperature, pressure, mass, resistivity to
calculate humidity. Digital sensors measure the change in resistivity and conductivity values to
calculate the humidity. These sensors output the digital values which makes them easy to interface
and use with microcontrollers such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi boards. These sensors proved to be a
very useful tool for the safety of sensitive electronic equipment which is less tolerable to the
environmental changes.
 4. Moisture sensor

Sensor used: SEN0114

This moisture sensor can read the amount of moisture present in the soil surrounding it.

It's a low tech sensor, but ideal for monitoring an urban garden, or your pet plant's water level. This
is a must have tool for a connected garden! This sensor uses the two probes to pass current through
the soil, and then it reads that resistance to get the moisture level.

More water makes the soil conduct electricity more easily (less resistance), while dry soil conducts
electricity poorly (more resistance). It will be helpful to remind you to water your indoor plants or to
monitor the soil moisture in your garden.

The sensor has two electrodes that measure the moisture level in the soil, irrespective of the
atmosphere.

Specifications

Power supply: 3.3v or 5v

Output voltage signal: 0~4.2v

Current: 35mA

Pin definition: Analog output(Blue wire) GND(Black wire) Power(Red wire)

Size: 60x20x5mm

Value range: 0 ~300 : dry soil 300~700 : humid soil 700~950 : in water
Usage with Arduino Uno
The above code is executed in Arduino resulting in the following output

Applications

Oil moisture sensors aid good irrigation management. Good irrigation management gives better
crops, uses fewer inputs, and increases profitability. Soil moisture sensors help irrigators to
understand what is happening in the root zone of a crop.

To be used effectively, soil moisture sensors must be:

• used in an irrigation shift that delivers water evenly

• installed correctly and placed in an area which is representative of the crop being grown
• used in combination with other irrigation management information (soil moisture sensors
only measure a tiny area of an irrigation shift):
o evaporation-based scheduling
o soil moisture monitoring
o grower observation.
 5. LPG sensor

Sensor used: MQ6

The MQ-6 module is used in gas leakage detecting equipment in family and industry, This
module has high sensitivity to LPG, iso-butane, propane and LNG. It can also be used to detect
the presence of alcohol, cooking fumes, and cigarette smoke.The module gives out the
concentration of the gases as a analog voltage equivalent to the concentration of the gases. The
module also has an onboard comparator for comparing against an adjustable preset value and
giving out a digital high or low. It can be easily interfaced with your Arduino or Raspberry Pi.

Specifications
 Construction

Structure & Sensitivity

Structure and configuration of MQ-6 gas sensor is shown as Fig. 1 (Configuration A or B), sensor
composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and
heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless-steel net. The heater provides necessary
work conditions for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-6 have 6 pin ,4 of them are
used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current.

Resistance value of MQ-6 is difference to various kinds and various concentration gases. So, When
using this components, sensitivity adjustment is very necessary. we recommend that you calibrate
the detector for 1000ppm of LPG concentration in air and use value of Load resistance ( RL) about
20KΩ(10KΩ to 47KΩ). When accurately measuring, the proper alarm point for the gas detector
should be determined after considering the temperature and humidity influence.

Applications

• Detect or measure Gases like LPG, and butane

• Air quality monitor
• Gas leak alarm
• Safety standard maintenance
• Maintaining environment standards in hospitals
• 6. Vibration sensor:

Sensor used: SW420

This module features an adjustable potentiometer, a vibration sensor, and a LM393 comparator chip
to give an adjustable digital output based on the amount of vibration.

The potentiometer can be adjusted to both increase and decrease the sensitivity to the desired
amount.

The module outputs a logic level high (VCC) when it is triggered and a low (GND) when it isn’t.
Additionally, there is an onboard LED that turns on when the module is triggered.

Features

• The default state of the switch is close

• Digital output Supply voltage:3.3V-5V
• On-board indicator LED to show the results
• On-board LM393 chip
• SW-420 based sensor, normally closed type vibration sensor
• Dimension of the board: 3.2cm x 1.4cm

Pin configuration
 Board schematic

Applications

The industries which use the vibration sensor mainly include food & beverage, mining,
metalworking, gas & oil, paper, wind power, power generation, etc.
Thus, this is all about vibration sensor. From the above information, finally, we can conclude that
vibration is a difficult measurement which includes different parameters. Based on the goals of
vibration measurement, the measurement technologies have benefits and drawbacks. These sensors
are mainly used for measuring, analysing, displaying, proximity, acceleration, displacement, etc

• Vibration detecting
• Burglary protection system
• Object Movement detecting
• Triggering effect reported theft alarm
• Smart car
• Earthquake alarm
7. Temperature sensor:

Sensor used: LM35

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over
linear temperature sensors calibrated in ˚ Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.

The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of
±1⁄4˚C at room temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚C temperature range.

Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output
impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control
circuitry especially easy.

It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA
from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1˚C in still air.

Pin configuration
 Specifications

Connection diagrams
 Electrical Characteristics

Features

• Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)

• Linear + 10.0 mV/˚C scale factor
• 0.5˚C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25˚C)
• Rated for full −55˚ to +150˚C range
• Suitable for remote applications
• Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
• Operates from 4 to 30 volts
• Less than 60 µA current drain
• Low self-heating, 0.08˚C in still air
• Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4˚C typical
• Low impedance output, 0.1 Ω for 1 mA load

Applications

• It's used for measuring the temperature of a particular environment.

• It provides thermal shut down for a circuit or component used in a specific project.
• It can be used for battery temperature measurement. ...
• It can be used in HVAC applications as a temperature measurement device.
8. Sound sensor:
Sensor used :LM393

The LM193-N series consists of two independent precision voltage comparators with an offset
voltage specification as low as 2.0 mV max for two comparators which were designed specifically to
operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power
supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of
the power supply voltage. These comparators also have a unique characteristic in that the input
common-mode voltage range includes ground, even though operated from a single power supply
voltage.
Specifications

• Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V DC

• LM393 comparator with threshold preset
• PCB Size: 3.4cm * 1.6cm
• Induction distance: 0.5 Meter
• Operating current: 4~5 mA
• Microphone Sensitivity (1kHz): 52 to 48 dB
• Easy to use with Microcontrollers or even with normal Digital/Analog IC
• Small, cheap and easily available

Pin configuration
 Specifications

Applications

Apart from building various electronic projects with Arduino (covered in the later section) and more,
sound sensors are used in many other day to day applications including:

• Consumer electronics such as phones, computers, music systems

• Security and Monitoring systems such as burglar alarms, door alarm, etc.
• Home automation such as lighting your house by detecting whistle/clap instead of physically turning
the light switch
• Ambient sound recognition and sound level recognition.
9. position sensor:
Sensor used: KXMP AMR

Position sensors play an increasingly important role in many industrial, robotic and medical
applications. Advanced applications in harsh environments need sensors that perform well, even
when exposed to oil, dirt and dust.
The TE Connectivity KMXP position sensor is the right choice to meet those needs thanks to its
Magneto Resistive technology and available form factors.
The KMXP sensor provides greater precision than commonly used Hall sensors and is designed to
provide reliable and accurate measurements in harsh environments including high temperatures.
The sensor measuring principle is based on the anisotropic magneto resistance effect (AMR effect).
The sensors are offered in two different DFN packages for multiple orientation options.
These packages can be easily integrated to almost any automated assembly process.

Pin configuration

The KMXP sensors consist of two magneto resistive Wheatstone bridges, whose resistors are placed
in a such way that the characteristic magnetic field distribution of a magnetic scale with matching
pole pitch produces a sine and a cosine signal output when the sensor is moved along the scale.
Application diagram

Specifications
 Block diagram

Applications
• teering angle and gear position
• Clutch/throttle actuation and pedal position
• Suspension - on cars with our ELPM, and on motorbikes with ELPM-POP
• Machine builder – position feedback (textile machines and welding machines)
• Structural testing
• Nuclear plants
• Automotive testing
• icket Barriers on the London Underground - position sensors determine when the gates
open and close
• Special Effects on Films - things aren’t always what they seem and very often position
sensors make this happen
• Segways - our Partner Novotechnik supplied sensors which are used on Segways
• Ramp Positioning - Our sensors were used on the Dover ferry port to ensure the ramp was at
the correct position of loading and offloading.
• Bridge movement - the London Peninsula bridge has a movement requirement to allow
boats to pass underneath - our sensors ensure that the bridge is held at the correct
position.
• Elevator lifts - there are different types of position sensors on an elevator lift, they typically
use encoders for position feedback.
10. Proximity sensor:

Sensor used : LMP91300

The LMP91300 is a complete analog front end (AFE) optimized for use in industrial inductive
proximity sensors. The LMP91300 directly converts the Rp of the external LC tank into a digital value.

Post-manufacturing configuration and calibration is fully supported. The temperature dependence of

the sensor is digitally compensated, using an external temperature sensor. The LMP91300 provides
programmable thresholds, compensation programmable temperature oscillation frequency
programmable range. I Due to its programmability, the LMP91300 can be used with a wide variety of
external inductors and its detection thresholds can be adjusted to the desired detection distances.

An internal voltage regulator allows the device to operate with a supply from 6.5V to 40V. The
output can be programmed to drive an external transistor in either NPN or PNP mode.

Pin diagram
Block diagram

Specifications
 Applications

Proximity sensors have number of applications. The very basic is the detection of objects. This
application of proximity is hugely use. For example, in cell phones the proximity sensors are the
essential parts. In different projects of engineering different proximity sensors are used for various
functionalities. Proximity sensors are also use in parking lots, sheet break sensing and conveyor
systems.

▪ The main application of the Proximity Sensor is to detect the presence of

any object without any physical contact.

▪ The second important application is to detect and measure any changes in

the surrounding environment.

▪ Proximity Sensor used in the home automation system, such as to turn on

the light automatically when any person present in the room.

▪ Proximity Sensor is also used for object counting purposes in moving the
conveyor belt.

▪ Proximity Sensor is used to speed measurement, the direction of rotation

measurement of Electrical Motors.

▪ Proximity Sensor is used for speed measurement and distance measurement

purpose of vehicles.

▪ Proximity Sensors are used in Rolling Mills, Machine Tools, all automation
systems.

▪ Proximity Sensors are used in Mobile Phones, for which we get the screen
rotation facilities, car racing game experience, touchscreen, light off
automatically during the phone calls, etc.

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