List of the sensors:

Ultrasonic sensor For obstacle detection

MQ-3 For alcohol detection
Accelerometer/piezoelectric For crash detection
GSM (SIM900A) To send SMS
GPS For the co-ordinates

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor Module - HC-SR04

The module sends eight 40Khz square wave pulses

and automatically detects whether it receives the
returning signal. If there is a signal returning a
high-level pulse is sent on the echo pin. The
length of this pulse is the time it took the signal
from first triggering to the return echo.
Features:
 Sensor Type: Ultrasonic

 Output: Digital Sensor

 Voltage: 5V DC

 Detection distance: 2cm-400cm (0.02M - 4.0M)

 Static current: < 2mA

 Level output: high-5V

 High precision: up to 0.3cm

https://components101.com/sensors/ultrasonic-sensor-working-pinout-datasheet
HC SR 04 with TM4C123:
https://bohobiom.com/2020/01/18/interfacing-hc-sr04-
ultrasonic-sensor-with-tm4c123/

MQ-3
MQ3 Alcohol Gas Sensor - Technical Specifications
 Detection Gas: Alcohol Gas.
 Concentration: 0.4mg/L – 4mg/L.
 Supply Voltage: <24V.
 Heater Voltage: 5.0V ± 0.2V (High), 1.5V ± 0.1V (Low)
 Load Resistance: Adjustable.
 Heater Resistance: 31Ω ± 3Ω
 Heater Consumption: <900mW.

For reference:
https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-
projects/interfacing-mq3-alcohol-sensor-with-arduino
 Accelerometer

https://microcontrollerslab.com/adxl-335-accelerometer-
interfacing/
Working Principle of ADXL 335 Accelerometer
Currently different types of accelerometers are available in
market which are used for different purposes. Some works on
the principle of MEMS(micro-electro mechanical sensor)
working. Which consists of a small mass which is etched into
silicon surface and then integrated into a small circuit. When
force is applied on this mass then it covers some displacement,
so acceleration is produced in this mass according to newton
second law of motion F=ma which is sensed by its sensor.
Similarly, if we talk about analog accelerometers then they
work on two principles such as capacitive sensing and piezo
electric sensing. Both have different advantages and
disadvantages. Similary,ADXL335 accelerometer is an analog
accelerometer therefore it works on the principle of capacitive
sensing. In capacitive sensing accelerometer, when it is moved
in any direction then its capacitance is changed. When this
capacitance is changed then its analog voltages are changed
which is sensed by its interfacing controller.

------------------------------************--------------------------------
Piezoelectric sensor
Accident detection is done by piezoelectric sensor.The
piezoelectric sensor will generate an voltage when it is
deformed.Thus when an accident occurs,the piezoelectric
sensor will generate an output voltage. Microcontroller
continuously scans the piezoelectic sensor and accordingly
checks the threshold levels. When the output of piezoelectric
exceeds a predetermined threshold value,an SMS packet
containing the drivers information,vehicle registeration
number is sent to using GSM communication.
Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain materials to produce a
voltage when subjected to mechanical stress. A piezoelectric
sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect, to
measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature,
strain, or force by converting them to an electric charge. The
rate of charge produced will be proportional to rate of change
of mechanical stress applied on it. Higher the stress, higher
will be voltage. Zinc oxide ZnO. Aluminum nitride AlN, Quartz
SiO2, etc are some of the examples of piezo-electric materials.
We can use – TZT 5V Piezoelectric Film Vibration Sensor Switch Module TTL
Level Output (Mostly this sensor for crash detection)

An analog vibration sensor based on a piezoelectric ceramic sheet is an inverse

transformation process that uses piezoelectric ceramics to generate vibration. When the
piezoelectric ceramic piece vibrates, an electrical signal is generated. Special sensor
expansion boards are used in combination, and analog ports can be weakly perceived.
Vibrating electrical signals enable interactive work related to vibration, such as electronic
drum interactions.
ADO output: The analog voltage ceramic vibration sensor is connected to the UNO
controller analog port AO according to the program. When the vibration degree is
different, observing the output value of the serial port can realize the vibration-related
interaction work. According to the greater the vibration intensity, the higher the output
voltage, the sensitivity of the vibration amplitude can be adjusted by the potentiometer.
(Low left sensitivity is low. Right turn sensitivity is high.)
This product has high sensitivity and can be adjusted to respond with a mouth blow or a
tap with a hand.
DO output: TTL level output. Output signal LED indication.
The TTL output valid signal is high. The output control current can be up to 1A. It can be
connected to a high-power LED lamp.

Parameters:

Operating voltage: 5.0V ( DC )

Interface type: AD/DO
AO: Analog signal output
DO: TTL level output
Temperature: - 10°C ~ + 70°C
Size: 20mm x 20mm
Weight: 4.5g

After detection of the accident we should send the SMS.

Instead of using two separate modules for GPS & GSM we’ll
use a single module (A9G).
Ref_Link-
https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/akarsh98/a9g-gps-gprs-
module-tutorial-ai-thinker-at-commands-19df3f