Lecture Note 8

Surface Integral

8.1. Expression of Surface

o Parametric expression (vector) of a line : r ( t ) = a + b t

o Parametric expression (vector) of a curve : r ( t ) = [ x( t ), y( t ), z( t )]
o Parametric expression (vector) of a surface : r ( u ,v ) = [x( u ,v ), y( u ,v ), z( u ,v )]
o Non parametric expression (scalar) of a surface : z = f ( x , y ) atau f ( x , y , z ) = 0 ,
but this scalar function can be transformed into vector function as follows :

x =u 
y =v 

z = f (x,y)  r (u,v) =[u,v, f (u,v)] (8-1)

r =(u,v) =[ x(u,v), y(u,v), z(u,v)]

Example :

Cylinder with non parametric expression

x2 + y2 = a2 , -1 ≤ z ≤ 1
Cylinder with parametric expression
u=φ ,v=z
x = a cos φ, y = a sin φ → x = a cos u, y = a sin u
r ( u ,v ) = [a cos u , a sin u , v ]
(a) Sphere with non parametric expression
x2 + y2 + z2 = a2
sphere with parametric expression
u = φ , 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π 
v =θ,− π ≤θ ≤ π
1 1 
2 2 
z = a sin θ 
 r ( u ,v ) = [a cos v cos u , a cos v sin u , a sin v ]
d = a cos θ 
x = d cos φ = a cos θ cos φ 

y = d sin φ = a cos θ sin φ 

Surface representation or function is important as it can be used to express a surface.

8-1
Lecture Note – Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS
8.2. Tangential plane and normal

Given is a parametric (vector) representation of a surface:

r ( u , v ) = [x ( u ,v ), y ( u ,v ), z ( u ,v )]
or
r ( u( t ),v( t )) = [ x( u( t ),v( t )), y ( u( t ),v( t )),z ( u( t ),v( t ))]
r ( t ) = r ( u( t ),v( t ))
d r ∂ r ∂u ∂ r ∂v
r' ( t ) = = . + . = ru .u'( t ) + rv .v'( t )
dt ∂u ∂t ∂v ∂t

N
n

ru rv

Fig. 8.1: Normal of plane

N = ru x rv ≠ 0
1 1 (8-2)
n= N= ru x rv
N ru x rv

Unit normal vector can be also determined by means of surface gradient:

1
n= .∇ f (8-3)
∇f

in which surface equation is expressed using scalar function below:

f ( x , y , z ) = 0 atau z = f ( x, y ) (8-4)
For example, following is the unit normal vector that is determined from surface
gradient.

f ( x, y,z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − a 2 = 0 : equation of ball skin

∇ f = [ 2x,2 y,2z ]

∇f = ( 2x ) + ( 2 y ) + ( 2z ) = 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2a
2 2 2

n =  ax , ay , az 

Following are surfaces quantification of surface based on the some of integral

formula.

8-2
Lecture Note – Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS
8.3. Surface integral with vector function integran
Surface (S) is expressed by vector function

∫∫ F .n dA = ∫∫ F( r ( u,v )) . N ( u,v ) du dv (8-5)

S R

∂r ∂r
dA ≅ x du dv = ru x rv du dv = N du dv
∂u ∂v
n dA = n N du dv = N du dv = N ( u,v )du dv
F = [ F1 ,F2 ,F3 ]
n = [ cos α ,cos β ,cos γ ] = [ l , m,n ]
N = [ N 1 ,N 2 ,N 3 ]

∫∫ F . n dA = ∫∫ [ F1 ,F2 ,F3 ] . [cos α ,cos β ,cos γ ] dA

S S
= ∫∫ [ F1 cos α + F2 cos β + F3 cos γ ] dA
s
= ∫∫ [ F1 dy dz + F2 dx dz + F3 dx dy ]
S

∫∫ F( r ( u,v )).N ( u,v )du dv = ∫∫  F1 N1 + F2 N 2 + F3 N 3  du dv

R R

Example :
F = 3z 2 ,6, 6 xz  {S non parametric : y = x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3}
x = u
 x = u, y = u , z = v → S parametric : r (u, v ) = u, u , v 
2 2

z =v

Boundary of integration: {0 ≤ u ≤ 2 , 0 ≤ v ≤ 3}
∂r ∂r
ru = = [1,2u, 0 ] , rv = = [0,0, 1]
∂u ∂v
i j k
N = ru x rv = 1 2u 0 = [ 2u, − 1, 0 ]
0 0 1
3 2
∫∫ F( r ( u,v )) .N ( u,v ) du dv = ∫ ∫ 3v
2
,6,6u v  .[ 2u, − 1,0 ] du dv
R 0 0
3 2 3
= ∫ ∫ ( 6u v 2 − 6 )du dv = ∫ ( 12v 2 − 6 ) dv = 72
0 0 0

8-3
Lecture Note – Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS
8.4. Surface integral with scalar function integran

Surface (S) is expressed by vector function

∫∫ g ( r ) dA = ∫∫ g ( r ( u ,v )) . N ( u ,v ) du dv (8-6)
S R

if g ( r ) = 1 , then:

A( S ) = ∫∫ dA = ∫∫ N ( u , v ) du dv = ∫∫ r u x r v du dv
S R R

Example :
Surface equation of ball skin using scalar function : x2 +y2 +z2 = a2
Surface equation of ball skin using vector function:

r ( u ,v ) = [a cos v cos u , a cos v sin u , a sin v ]

1 1
Boundary of integration: 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π, - π≤v≤ π
2 2
Area of ball skin : A (S) = ∫∫ ru x r v du dv
R

∂r
ru = = [− a cos v sin u , a cos v cos u ,0 ]
∂u
∂r
rv = = [− a sin v cos u , − a sin v cos u , a cos v ]
∂v

 i j k 

ru x rv = − a cos v sin u a cos v cos u 0 
 
 − a sin v cos u − a sin v cos u a cos v 
=  a 2 cos 2 v cos u, a 2 cos 2 v sin u, a 2 cos v sin v 
1
ru x rv = a 2 (cos 4 v cos 2 u + cos 4 v sin 2 u + cos 2 v sin 2 v ) 2 = a 2 cos v
1
π
1π
2 2π 2
A(S ) = ∫1 ∫ a
2
cos v du dv = 2π a 2 ∫ cos v dv = 4π a 2
− π 0
2
π
1
−
2

8-4
Lecture Note – Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS
8.5. Surface integral with scalar function integran
Surface (S) is expressed by scalar function
z = f (x,y)
2
 ∂f   ∂f 
2

∫∫ g ( r ) dA = ∫∫ g ( x , y , f ( x , y )) 1 +  ∂x  +  ∂y  dx dy (8-7)
S R*  
If: g ( r ) = g ( x , y , f ( x , y )) = 1 , then
2
 ∂f   ∂f 
2

∫∫ dA = ∫∫ 1 +   +   dx dy = A ( S )
 ∂x 
S  ∂y 
R*

Example :
Coal resource on a map (R) is bounded by 3 exploration drill holes (0,0);
(100,0) and (100,100). The top of seam coal can be expressed using scalar
function as: f(x,y,z) = 2x – y + z – 3 = 0. The average thickness is about 1m
and unit weight of coal is around 1.3 ton/m3.

y
(100,100)

R
(0,0) 100,0
x

Fig 8.2: Boundary of coal resource on the map

Give: coal resource using :

(1). Integration based on sub-chapter 8.3
(2). Integration based on sub-chapter 8.4
(3). Integration based on sub-chapter 8.5 and
(4). Integration based on sub-chapter 7.3

8-5
Lecture Note – Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS
 Answer :
(1). Integration based on sub-chapter 8.3
Surface equation of top seam coal: f(x,y,z) = 2x - y + z – 3 = 0, then vector F
with component [F1,F2,F3] can be built with gradient of top seam coal as
follows :

 ∂f ∂f ∂f 
F = ∇f =  , ,  = [ 2, −1,1]
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

n=
∇f
=
[2,−1,1]
∇f 6

Area = ∫∫ F .n dA = ∫∫ [ 2, −1,1] .
[ 2,−1,1] dydx =100 x
6 ∫∫
0 0
6 dydx =

100
6 2 6
Area = ∫
0
6x =
2
x =
2
10000 = 12247.4

Re source = ( 1.3 ton / m 3 ).( 1 m ).( 12247.4 m 2 ) = 15921.7 ton

(2). Integration based on sub-chapter 8.4

Top of coal seam equation: f(x,y,z) = 2x - y + z – 3 = 0, in order to obtain the
vector N ( u,v ) , then the scalar function of top of coal seam has to be
transformed into the vector function and performed as follows :

f ( x, y,z ) = 2x − y + z − 3 → z = f ( x, y ) = −2x + y + 3
x = u, y = v, z = f ( u,v ) = −2u + v + 3
r ( u,v ) = [u,v, −2u + v + 3]
∂r ∂r
ru = = [1,0, −2] , rv = = [0,1,1]
∂u ∂v
i j k
N = ru x rv = 1 0 − 2 = [ 2, − 1,1]
0 1 1
Area = ∫∫ g ( r ) dA = ∫∫ g ( r ( u,v )) . N ( u,v ) du dv
S R

If g ( r ( u,v )) was assigned as coal unit weight, then the calculation of coal
resource can be conducted as follows :

8-6
Lecture Note – Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS
 Re source per unit thcikness of coal seam =
100 u

∫∫ ( 1.3 ). [2,−1,1] dvdu = ∫ 0 0

∫ 6 dvdu =

100
6 2 6
1.3 ∫ 6u = 1.3 u = 1.3 10000 = 15921.7 ton / m
0
2 2
Re source = ( 1 m ).( 15921.7 ton / m ) = 15921.7 ton

(3). Integration based on sub-chapter 8.5

Top of coal seam equation: f(x,y,z) = 2x - y + z – 3 = 0, then according to

integration based on subchapter 8.5:

2
 ∂f   ∂f 
2

∫∫ g ( r ) dA = ∫∫ g ( x , y , f ( x , y )) 1 +  ∂x  +  ∂y  dx dy
S R*  

f(x,y,z) = 2x - y + z – 3 = 0 → f’x = 2 , f’y = -1, ( f’x)2 = 4 , (f’y)2 = 1

100 x 100
Area = ∫∫ 1 + ( f ' x ) + ( f ' y ) dx dy =
2 2
∫∫ 6 dy dx = ∫ 6 x dx
R 0 0 0

=1 6 (10000) = 12247.4 → projected area = 1 x 100 x 100 = 5000

2 2

If unit weight of coal g (x,y, f (x,y)) = 1.3 ton/m2, then the resource per unit thickness
of coal is :
100 x
∫∫ g ( x, y, f ( x, y )) 1 + fx + fy dx dy = 1.3
2 2
∫∫ 6 dy dx =
R 0 0
(1.3).(5000). 6 = 15921.7 ton / m

If the coal thickness is 1 m, then the coal resource is 15921.7 ton

(4). Integration based on sub-chapter 7.3

Top of coal seam equation: f(x,y,z) = 2x - y + z – 3 = 0, that can be converted to the

function of ztop = f(x,y)top = -2x + y + 3. If the coal seam thickness is 1m, then the
bottom of coal seam equation is: zbot = f(x,y)bot = -2x + y + 2. Accordingly, the coal
resource was calculated using interation based on the subchapter 7.3 as follows:

8-7
Lecture Note – Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS
 Re source = ∫∫ UW .( f top ( x, y ) − f bot ( x, y )) dx dy = 1.3 ∫∫ ( 1) dx dy =
R R
100 x 100 100
1 2
∫ ( 1 ) dy dx = 1.3 ∫ ( y ) 0 dx = 1.3  2 x  = ( 1.3 ).( 5000 ) = 6500 ton
x
1.3 ∫
0 0 0 0

According to 2-D integration based on the subchapter 7.3, the coal resource only
6500 ton that is less than coal resource, which was calculated using integration based
on the subchapter 8.3; 8.4 and 8.5. In this case, the factor 6 is not present, which
represents the 3-D effect in the calculation of coal resource. This may indicate that
the integration formulas in the chapter 8 consider the surface equation 3-
dimensionally, while the integration formula in the sub-chapter 7.3 considers the
surface equation only 2-dimensionally, by which the calculation of the resource area
results in less value since the resource area is projected on the plane of XY. The
greater the dip of coal seam may result in smaller value of the coal resource as the
resource area tends to approach zero. It is similary that the area on a map is always
less than the actual area.

8-8
Lecture Note – Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS