Chapter 5

Vector Calculus
Lecture 3
™Parametric Surfaces
™Surface Integrals
™St k ’ and
™Stokes’ d Di
Divergence Th
Theorems
 1. Parametric Surfaces

V
Vector-valued
l d function
f i

is called a parametric surface S Parametric

equations for S
 Example
Id if andd sketch
Identify k h the
h surface
f with
i h vector equation
i

Solution: The parametric equations for this surface are

So for any point (x,

So, (x y,
y z) on this surface
surface, we have

Vertical cross-sections parallel to the xz-plane

(y constant) are all circles with radius 2.
No restriction is placed on y=v
The surface is a circular cylinder with radius 2
whose axis is the y-axis
 Note
• In last Example we placed no restrictions on the
parameters u and v and so we obtained the entire
cylinder. If, for instance, we restrict u and v by
writing the parameter domain as
0 ≤ u ≤ π / 2,, 0 ≤ v ≤ 3
x ≥ 0, z ≥ 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3
We get a quarter-cylinder with length 3
 2. Surface Integrals
f is a function defined on a surface S given by

Divide domain D into subrectangles

Then surface S is divided into

corresponding patches
 Definition of Surface Integrals of a function

The surface
Th f integral
i l off a function
f i f over the
h surface
f S
is defined by m n

∫∫ f ( x , y , z ) dS = lim ∑∑ ij )ΔSij
f
m , n →∞
( P *

i =1 j =1
S

if this limit exists

Application:
S has d i ρ ( x, y , z )
h density
Mass of S : m = ∫∫ ρ ( x, y, z )dS
S

Center of mass of S at point ( x, y, z ) :

1 1 1
x = ∫∫ x ρ ( x, y, z )dS , y = ∫∫ y ρ ( x, y, z )dS , z = ∫∫ z ρ ( x, y, z )dS
m S m S m S
Evaluating
S f
Surface
Integrals

S : r (u , v) =< x(u , v), y (u , v), z (u , v) >, (u , v) ∈ D ⊂ \ 2

ΔSij ≈| ru × rv | Δu Δv
h ru =< xu , yu , zu >,
where rv =< xv , yv , zv >

∫∫ f ( x, y, z )dS = ∫∫ f (r(u, v)) | r × r

S D
u v | dA
Special Surfaces: Graph

If S is the graph of a function

z=g(x,y) with domain D, then
r ( x, y ) =< x, y, g ( x, y ) >
rx ( x, y ) =< 1, 0, g x ( x, y ) >
ry ( x, y ) =< 0,1, g y ( x, y ) >
i j k
rx × ry = 1 0 g x ( x, y ) =< − g x ( x, y ),
) − g y ( x, y ),1
) 1>
0 1 g y ( x, y )

| rx × ry |= g x ( x, y ) 2 + g y ( x, y ) 2 + 1

∫∫
S
f ( x, y, z )dS = ∫∫ f ( x, y, g ( x, y )) ( g x ( x, y )) 2 + ( g y ( x, y )) 2 + 1 dA
D
 Example
v 1
• Evaluate
-1 1 u

∫∫ yzdS ,
D

S
-11
S : x = uv, y = u + v, z = u − v
where (u , v) satisfies u + v ≤ 1
2 2

∫∫ f ( x, y, z )dS = ∫∫ f (r(u, v)) | r × r

S D
u v | dA
Solution
S : r =< uv, u + v, u − v > defined on D : u 2 + v 2 ≤ 1,
ru =< v,1,1 >, rv =< u ,1, −1 >
i j k
ru × rv = v 1 1 =< −2, u + v, v − u >
u 1 −1
| ru × rv |= 4 + (u + v) 2 + (v − u ) 2 = 2u 2 + 2v 2 + 4
Thus,
I = ∫∫ yzdS
dS = ∫∫ yz | ru × rv | dA = ∫∫ (u + v)(u − v) 2u 2 + 2v 2 + 4dA
S D D

= ∫∫ (u 2 − v 2 ) 2u 2 + 2v 2 + 4dA
D
 v 1

-1 1 u
I = ∫∫ (u − v ) 2u + 2v + 4dA
2 2 2 2
D
D

Change into polar coordinates:

-1
D : u = r cos t , v = r sin 1 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
i t , 0 ≤ r ≤ 1,
1 2π
I =∫ ∫ r 2
(cos
( 2
t − sin 2
t ) 2 r 2
+ 4 r dtdr
0 0
1 2π 1
= ∫ ∫ (cos(2t ))r 3 2r 2 + 4 dtdr = ∫ (sin(2t ) / 2)r 3 2r 2 + 4 ) |tt ==02π dr
0 0 0
1
= ∫ 0dr = 0
0
Oriented Surfaces: An example of one-sided strip
 Oriented Surfaces
• Consider only y orientable
(two-sided) surfaces. We
start with a surface that has
g plane
a tangent p at everyy
point (x,y,z) on S (except at
any boundary point). There
are two unit normal vectors
at (x,y,z)
• If it is possible to choose a
i normall vector n at every
unit
point so that n varies
continuously over S, then S
i called
is ll d an oriented
i surface
and the given choice of n
provides S with an
orientation.
 Normal vector

S is given by
rr((u, v) =<
< x(u, v), ) z (u, v) >, (u , v) ∈ D ⊂ \ 2
) y (u , v),
ru × rv
n=
| ru × rv | Opposite orientation: -n
n

S : z = g ( x, y ), r ( x, y ) =<
< x , y , g ( x , y ) >, ( x , y ) ∈ D
rx × ry =< − g x ( x, y ), − g y ( x, y ),1 >
rx × ry rx × ry
upward orientation: n = , downward orientation: n = −
| rx × ry | | rx × ry |
Positive Orientation
 Surface Integral of Vector Field
S: oriented surface
with unit normal vector n
S

F : continuous vector field on S

Surface integral of F over S is defined by

∫∫ F • dS = ∫∫ (F • n) dS
S S

This integral is also called the flux of F across S

 Evaluation
a uat o oof surface
su ace integrals
teg a s o
of vector
ecto fields
e ds
S is given by
r (u , v) =< x(u, v), y (u , v), z (u , v) >, (u , v) ∈ D ⊂ \ 2

ru × rv
n=
| ru × rv |

ru × rv ru × rv
∫∫S F • dS = ∫∫S (F • | ru × rv | ) dS = ∫∫D (F • | ru × rv | ) | ru × rv | dA

∫∫ F • dS = ∫∫ F • (r × r )dA
S D
u v
 Surface S is a Graph
p
S : z = g ( x, y ), r ( x, y ) =< x, y , g ( x, y ) >, ( x, y ) ∈ D
rx × ry =< − g x ( x, y )), − g y ( x, y )),1
1>
rx × ry rx × ry
upward orientation: n = , downward orientation: n = −
| rx × ry | | rx × ry |

F =< P, Q, R >
Suppose S has upward orientation, then it holds on S that
F • (rx × ry ) = − P ( x, y, g ( x, y )) g x ( x, y ) − Q( x, y, g ( x, y )) g y ( x, y ) + R( x, y, g ( x, y )))

∫∫ F • dS = ∫∫ F • (r × r )dA = ∫∫ ( − Pg
S D
x y
D
x − Qg y + R ) dA
3. Stokes’ Theorem and
Divergence Theorem
 Positive Orientation of a Boundary Curve

• Let S be an oriented surface. The orientation of S induces

the positive orientation of the boundary curve C: if you
walk in the positive direction around C with your head
pointing in the direction of n,
n then S is always on your left
left.
•
 Stokes’ Theorem
Stokes
• Let S be an oriented piecewise-smooth
piecewise smooth surface that is
bounded by a simple, closed, piecewise-smooth
boundary curve C with positive orientation. Let F be a
vector field whose components have continuous partial
derivatives on an open region in that contains S. Then

∫ F • dr = ∫∫ curl F • dS
C S
 Divergence Theorem
• Simple
p solid regions:
g regions
g that are simultaneouslyy of
types 1, 2, and 3

The Divergence Theorem : Let E be a simple solid region and

let S be the boundary surface of E, given with positive
(outward) orientation.
orientation Let F be a vector field whose component
functions have continuous partial derivatives on an open region
that contains E. Then

∫∫ F • dS = ∫∫∫ div F dV
S E