WHAT IS MATTER?

 Everything around us is matter. The air you inhale, the books you read and the toys you play with, literally
everything is made of MATTER.
 According to Science, MATTER is defined as everything that has weight and takes up space or has volume.
 WEIGHT- is how heavy something is.
VOLUME- is the amount of space something occupies. Example: The ball takes up small volume while the sun
occupies a large volume or takes larger space to fit in.
 Different States of Matter will fill volume in different ways depending upon how big, little, long or short the
object is.
 Matter comes in Different states. The three most common states are: SOLID, LIQUID, AND GAS.
3 States of Matter:
1. Solid – They are objects that keep their own shape and do not flow in a given temperature.
Examples: study table, sugar cubes, glass, rock, most metals, etc.**ice is solid as well but when it melts it
becomes liquid.
2. Liquid- They flow, move around a little and fill up containers you put them in like a water bottle. We can
say they occupy the space inside the containers we fill them in. But what about the weight of water?
Water has weight if you carry a water bottle with you and as you drink from the bottle, it gets lighter and
lighter.
3. Gas- Can’t be seen easily but it is there all the time. Example is the air we inhale. We can prove that gas
has weight and takes up space by doing an experiment. Take a glass and lower it vertically downward in
a vessel filled with water. You will observe that the level of water inside the glass is less than the level of
water outside of it. It is because the air within the glass is trapped and does not allow the water to rise
up. It means air has occupied the space inside the glass. When you tilt the glass aside, you will see
bubbles of air rushing out and it is replaced by water hence proving that air occupies space. Now we can
also show that air has weight. Take 2 empty balloons and tape them to the ends of a meter stick then
hang the meter stick on a string so that its perfectly balanced. Blow up one of the balloons and stick it
back to the meter stick. You will find the end of the air filled balloon will bend downwards because of air
giving it the extra weight. Hence proving the fact that air is matter as it has volume and weight.

TRIVIA: Did you know that there are more than 3 states of matter?

Aside from solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, there are also 3 further different states of matter that have
been created by man. These are PLASMA, FERMIONIC CONDENSATES, AND BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES.

ELEMENTS, MIXTURE AND COMPOUND [PROPERTIES OF MATTER]

ELEMENT- Is a substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler

MIXTURE- Is a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together not in fixed proportions and not
chemically bonded.

COMPOUND- Consists of two or more elements chemically combined.

Consider the 2 elements Iron (Fe) and Sulfur (S). We should perform 4 tests on

a) sulfur and iron separately

b) a mixture of iron and sulfur
c) a heated mixture of iron and sulfur

The four tests:

1. Appearance
2. Action of Water
3. Action of Acid
4. Action of Magnet
a) sulfur and iron separately
1. Appearance – Iron fillings are dark gray crystals whereas sulfur is a bright yellow powder
2. Action of Water- Iron sinks and sulfur floats

3. Action of Hydrochloric Acid- With Iron and hydrochloric acid, iron filings you can see bubbling, the iron
reacts with the acid to produce hydrogen gas which can be tested by holding an empty tube
over the tube of iron filings and acid after a short time we remove the upper tube and immediately put a
lighted splint to the open end of the tube. A pop is heard indicating hydrogen gas.
- With sulfur and Hydrochloric acid, there is no visible reaction.

4. Action of Magnet – If the Iron is sprinkled onto a sheet of paper and a magnet is moved underneath a
paper, you will see the iron filings follow the magnet as they are attracted to it. When the same
is done with sulfur, you will see that the sulfur is not attracted to the magnet.

* So from this 4 tests it can be seen that Iron (Metal) and Sulfur(Non-Metal) are two completely different
elements and behave differently in the four tests. Iron is a Metal Element Sulfur is a Non-Metal Element.

b) a mixture of iron and sulfur

1. Appearance – In the mixture we can see the dark gray crystals of iron and the bright yellow powder of
sulfur.
2. Action of Water – The iron in the mixture still sinks and the sulfur floats. The components of the mixture
have separated.
3. Action of Hydrochloric Acid – The iron in the mixture reacts to produce hydrogen gas as before. It gives a
positive pop test when mixed with air and the mixture is ignited. The sulfur in the mixture however gives
no visible reaction.
4. Action of Magnet – As the magnet is moved underneath the paper, you will see the iron is attracted but
the sulfur is not. Again as in the test in water the iron and sulfur can be separated illustrating the fact
that the components of the mixture can easily be separated by physical means.

*From these 4 tests it can be seen that the components of a mixture behave in the exact same way as they did
when they were on their own. They’ve retained their separate identities.

c) a heated mixture of iron and sulfur (we need to carefully select the amount of iron and sulfur). If the
mixture of iron and sulfur is heated briefly, and then removed from the flame, a red glaze spreads around the
mixture which turns black. Heating the mixture causes the iron and sulfur to bond chemically to form the
compound Iron(II)Sulfide. This can be shown by the equation: Fe + S  FeS

1. Appearance – It’s a black solid. Different appearance to either iron or the sulfur
2. Action of Water – It all sinks. There is no separation.
3. Action of Acid – This should be done in fume cupboard as when the hydrochloric acid is added to the
iron2 sulfide, bubbles are seen but the gas formed is hydrogen sulfide gas which is toxic.
4. Action of Magnet – As the magnet is moved underneath the paper, the iron2 Sulfide is not attracted as it
is not magnetic. So we cannot separate the heated mixture. However, as often happens in class, if the wrong
amount of iron or sulfur is used so that there is excess iron then the iron2 sulfide will be attracted to the magnet
because of too much iron
 WHAT IS AN ATOM?

 Everywhere we look around is made of tiny objects called ATOM.

 ATOMS - are the smallest unit of matter and building blocks of everything in the universe be it solid, liquid or
gas.
 In India, Maharshi Kanada, an Indian scientist sage and philosopher was walking with food in his hand. As he ate
the food, after chewing for a while it occurred to him that he could not divide the food into further parts. Thus
the idea of a matter which cannot be divided further came into existence.. He called that invisible matter “ANU”
a Sanskrit word for Atoms. Even though Sage Kanada was the first to believe to be the first one to come up with
this idea, the credit for making this concept popular and proposing the first Atomic Theory goes to a Greek
Philosopher DEMOCRITUS, who explained that everything around us is made up of tiny particles surrounded by
empty space. He even said that they vary in size and shape depending on the substances they compose. He
named these particles ATOMOS a Greek word for indivisible. As time progressed this theory went into many
changes and challenges and finally we know atoms for what it is and what are they made of.

 When you think of an atom, you probably visualize something like this . On the outer side you got
negatively charged electrons. In the center, you have the Nucleus made of Neutrons that have no charge and
Protons which have positive charge.
 Modern Science doesn’t agree with it anymore and its terms it as inaccurate. Firstly, The nucleus in the middle is
way more smaller than this so small that you won’t be able to see it. same goes with the electrons. Another
thing that is incorrect is that its believed electrons orbit around the nucleus just like planets orbit around the
stars but it turns out that electrons is really unpredictable. With electrons, we can’t really know where it is and
where it will be going. The only thing we know is that it will be found somewhere in the Electron Cloud.

---------MISLEADING --------Real picture

 TRIVIA: Atoms are mostly empty space. An atom is about 99.9999….% empty. If you remove the empty space
from the atoms of all people on the planet, the entire human population coulf fit in the volume of a sugar cube.
Also the atoms are really small that you cannot see them even with the most powerful microscope.

WHAT IS A MOLECULE?

 Molecule – The smallest particle of a pure chemical substances that still retains its composition and chemical
properties. It is a group of atoms stuck together usually through chemical bonds.
 Here we see a single hydrogen atom traveling through the cosmos. It’s made of one positively charged proton in
its nucleus and one negatively charged electron. If our lone hydrogen atom happens to pass close enough to
another lone hydrogen atom, their electrons, which are attracted like magnets to protons can pull the atoms
toward each other until they collide and stick together. The two atoms now share each other’s electrons in what
is called a COVALENT CHEMICAL BOND.

 COVALENT CHEMICAL BOND – The sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

 What were once two individual hydrogen atoms have now formed a single hydrogen molecule. This bond is not
permanent. With enough heat or due to interactions with other molecules the hydrogen atoms will readily
separate once more.
 Different types of atoms can form different numbers of chemical bonds. A hydrogen atom can only form 1
covalent bond at a time. If a third hydrogen atom were to collide with a hydrogen molecule, it would simply
bounce off or if it hits hard enough, or in just the right place it can trade spots with one of the existing atoms.
 An Oxygen atom can typically form 2 bonds.
 A carbon atom can make 4 bonds.
 An Argon atom won’t usually bond with anything.
 Even though possible bond numbers per atom are small, huge molecules can form if bonds happen to be
properly arranged. For example, even though hydrogen can only form one bond a standard water molecule is
always made of 3 atoms. This is possible because oxygen which can form 2 bonds forms just one bond with each
hydrogen atom

 A single molecule of the sugar known as glucose is made of 24 atoms, a special arrangement of carbons,
hydrogen, and oxygen.

 A typical fatty acid in the human body may vary in length. This one here is made of 38 atoms

 And finally a single protein, depending on the type can contain over half-a-million atoms (all covalently bound
together)

 The molecular models here are what we call Space-Filling Models.. They show us roughly what the outside of
each atoms electron cloud looks likeand different types of atoms have been assigned different colors. When we
look at real molecules with a scanning tunneling microscope, they look similar to these space-filling models, but
the atoms are not color coded and their edges are fuzzy. That blur is partly due to the microscopes limitations
and partly because atoms actually do have soft boundaries. When looking at complex molecules Space-filling
models and especially actual images of real molecules can be a bit confusing to look at, which atoms are bound
together, which atoms are just close to one another. for this reason, chemists sometimes use what are called
ball and stick models. The skeleton of a molecu;le instead of showing each atoms outside surface.

 In 2009, Dr. Leo Gross and his team at IBM, discovered a way to take actual skeletal pictures of molecules. This is
an actual scan or a real molecule. Amizingly, Atomic Theory was allowing scientists to draw molecules with
surprising accuracy over 100 years before this image was finally taken. That’s quite a testament to what good
scientific theory can do.

 When atoms come together to form a molecule, the molecule vibrates between its bonds ina regular pattern
You can think of the bond as a bouncing spring. This is because the protons and the nucleus of each atom repel
one another. while the shared electrons ineach bond pull the atom back together. The vibrations we find in
molecules are the result of a perpetual tug-of-war between these two forces. If you add more energy to a
molecule with heat or light. The amplitude, the length of each vibration will increase without changing how
frequently each vibration completes its cycle. This means the bouncing spring stretches further and the atoms
move faster. if you add enough energy the bond will eventually break.
 Scientists are fascinated by molecular movements and want to understand them better . These vibrations have a
huge number of potential applications in chemistry, medicine, electronics and computer engineering.
 Watchmakers for example use the unchanging speed of molecular vibrations to build watches that keep nearly
perfect time.
  In a quartz crystal, bond vibrations between its atoms resonate causing the entire crystal when cut to the right
size and shape to oscillate microscopically at 32,768 times/second. Inside each quartz watch is a tiny crystal
along with electronics that can count the crystals vibrations. This then tells the second hand precisely when to
move.
 In April 2019, in the journal Nature, Joonhee Lee and his colleagues from The Center For Chemistry at the Space-
Time Limit have published the first images taken of molecular vibrations at the atomic scale. Though the images
may seem a bit strange to you and I, They show researchers exactly how this molecule bends and pulses
between its bond. Scientists can use images like these to build accurate models predicting exactly how different
molecules will behave under various conditions.

 With this new precision knowledge, engineers are working on solar panels that generate far more energy,
computer chips that do not overheat and reserchers are planning to use this imaging technology to better
understand our own DNA.
 Even in the field is thoroughly studied this chemistry. The old saying is still true “Somewhere, something
incredible is waiting to be known.”

MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS: CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER

 Everything that you see around you is called matter. MATTER is made up of tiny particles. For example: how
many sugar particles are present in a single sugar grain?
 There are two competing theories regarding matter:
1. Matters Continuous
2. Matters are made up tiny Particles

*For example, when you put a spoon of sugar in a glass of water and stir it the sugar grains disappear and the water
becomes sweet. The water breaks the sugar into tiny particles. So tiny that it is not visible to the naked eye. So the
theory that is correct is that matter is made up of tiny particles.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER

1. Particles of Matter are very very small -

Experiment: Dissolve potassium permanganate crystals in 100ml water. You will see a very deep color of purple.
You can see that if a small quantity of KMnO 4 can also color large volume of water. This means that these
crystals must be containing millions of particles can get spread on dissolving and color the water. So the particles
of KMnO4 must be very, very small. Rather than dissolving a small amount of KMnO 4 in a very large amount of
water, we are going use the purple water. Take a small quantity of KMnO 4 solution and dilute with more water.
It’s the same effect as adding a small amount of KMnO 4 to a large amount of water. Do the same process again
and you will come up with pink solution. Dilute it again and you will get a lighter pink solution. This process of
taking a small part of the colored solution and repeating diluting it makes the color go from dark to light.

**This experiment show that if we take a small quantity of KMnO 4 and put it in a large volume of wateryou’re
going to end up with a light pink color.
**Conclusion: These tiny crystals of KmnO4 must be containing millions of particles. Which in dissolving in water,
they can spread through the large volume of water and give it a light pink color. So the particles of matter must
be very, very small.
 **The answer in the question how many sugar particles in a small sugar grain is that it contains quintillion sugar
molecules.

2. Particles of Matter have spaces between them -

Experiment: Immerse the spoon in the glass of water and carefully observe the level of water. The water level
rises a bit. The rise in water level is going to be much clearer if you use a larger object. Put the sugar grains in
water and observe what happens to the level of water. Dissolve the sugar in water. When you stop stirring,
there is no rise in the level of water. Why? It’s because these sugar grains break up into tiny sugar particles when
dissolved in water. And these sugar particles go and occupy the spaces between the water molecules. That’s
why the level of water does not show rise. So it proves that particles of matter have spaces between them.
Imagine we zoom in into the glass of water a million time. How is it going to look? It’ll probably look something
like white balls representing water molecules and when we put the sugar grains into the water each and every
sugar grain is going to look like gigantic ball compared to water molecules. It’ll break into tiny pieces and occupy
the space of water molecules.

3. Particles of Matter are continuously moving – This means that the particles are continuous motion and on their
own so you don’t need to set them in motion.
Experiment 1: Light the incense stick. Observe the smoke spreading on its own. There is no fan or wind in the
room. Very soon the smell will spread across the whole room. This is because the particles are moving on their
own.
Experiment 2: Drop Potassium Permanganate crystals into water and will not stir it but let it dissolve on its own.
You will see the purple color spreading on its own.

**This experiments prove that particles of matter is continuously moving.

**The process of mixing up of particles of different types is called DIFFUSION.
**The type of energy possessed by these moving particles is called KINETIC ENERGY.
4. Particles of Matter attract each other-
Experiment: Try to break a metal spoon, or a table. You probably cannot. So the particles of matter are attracting
each other very strongly.
But there are some other examples where the force of attraction is weak. Like in the piece of chalk, you can
easily break it; you can cut the water in a bowl; or cut through the air. In these cases, the force of attraction
between the particles is much weaker compared to the metal spoon and the table.
**These examples show that the strength of the force of attraction is different in different substances.

STATES OF MATTER
 1. SOLIDS – An example of a solid is a computer. The properties of solids depend on how the particles in solids are
packed. In a solid, the particles are closely packed in fixed positions and cannot move anywhere. Solids are rigid,
cannot be squashed to compress, fixed shape and a fixed volume. They cannot flow.

2. LIQUIDS – An example of a liquid is water. The properties of liquids depend on how the particles in liquid are
packed. In a liquid the particles are closely packed but not as closely packed as solids. The particles in liquid can
move around each other. Liquids are not rigid but because the particles are packed like solids, they cannot be
squashed to compress. They do not have a fixed shape but have a fixed volume. Liquids can flow

3. Gas – An example of a gas is Helium. It is less dense than air and unreactive. The properties of gas depends on
how the particles in gases are packed. Unlike solids and liquids, the particles in gases are not closely packed,
They are far apart. As a result, gases are not rigid and can be squashed to compress. They do not have a fixed
shape, no fixed volume They fill the whole space they are in.

** There is a Fourth State of Matter :