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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

Rev. Prepared By Reviewed By Approved By

Date
No. Discipline Engineering Project
Engineer Manager Engineer / Manager
1 OCT 1995 C. REED/M. GOEL H. GERLACH M. MENZIES
2 DEC 2000 G. HASNESS D. BRZEZINSKI
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................................3

DEFINITIONS..........................................................................................................................................3

SUMMARY OF ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................4

MATERIALS............................................................................................................................................6

BASIC DESIGN DATA AND FORMULAS ..............................................................................................7

SEWER PIPES AND DITCHES ..............................................................................................................11

DRAINS AND CATCH BASINS ..............................................................................................................13

SEWER TESTING AND INSPECTION ...................................................................................................17

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 ............................................................................................................................... 5

TABLE 2 Deleted ................................................................................................................ 6

TABLE 3 ............................................................................................................................... 7

TABLE 4 ............................................................................................................................... 9

TABLE 5 ............................................................................................................................... 9

TABLE 6 ............................................................................................................................... 10

TABLE 7 ............................................................................................................................... 12

FIGURE 1 ............................................................................................................................. 14

FIGURE 2 ............................................................................................................................. 16

Revision 2 Memo
DEC\2000 Revised to incorporate project specific materials and recent rainfall data.
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

SCOPE

1.1 This specification covers mandatory requirements for the design and installation of
sewers and drainage.

1.2 Three separate sewer/drainage systems are covered by this specification:

a. Sanitary sewer system (for kitchen, toilet and similar wastes)
b. Storm water sewer system (primarily for clean storm runoff)
c. Oily water sewer system or open hydrocarbon drain system (for hydrocarbon
contaminated storm runoff).

1.3 An asterisk (*) indicates that additional information is provided by ESSO in an

addendum to this specification.

1.4 A pound sign (#) indicates that ESSO review/approval is required before design is
finalized or equipment is purchased.

DEFINITIONS

2.1 Sanitary Sewer System - The sewer system that collects raw waste from kitchens,
toilet facilities, laundry areas, lavatories, showers and floor drains in dining areas, wash
and locker rooms; a separate system into which no oil or any other waste or chemicals
may be discharged; consists of a network of underground pipes, septic tank(s) and
leach fields. For sewage collection, treatment and disposal refer to ECS 11-9-1.

2.2 Storm Water Sewer System - the sewer system that collects uncontaminated surface
runoff and uncontaminated waste water; in plant areas this system consists of open
ditches, channels and culverts and discharges to the perimeter drainage of the site; the
community storm water sewer consists of a combination of open ditches, channels,
culverts and underground piping with manholes and catch basins.

2.3 Oily Water Sewer System (open hydrocarbon drain system) - the sewer system that
collects water which may be contaminated with solvents and hydrocarbons from tankage
(diked) areas, floor drains, area drains and drain hubs (e.g. equipment drains such as
funnels); consists of a network of underground pipes, sealed manholes and an oily
water separator.

2.4 Mains - sewers collecting effluent from laterals or sublaterals.

2.5 Laterals - sewers collecting the effluent from two or more sublaterals.

2.6 Sublaterals - sewer branches collecting effluent from catch basins, discharging to
laterals.

2.7 Drains - small sewer connections 50 mm to 150 mm (NPS 2 to 6) discharging through a

sealed connection to the nearest catch basin from points such as pump bases,
equipment drips, low points of floors, funnels, etc.
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

2.8 Open channel floor or pavement drains - continuous concrete or masonry trenches
discharging to a catch basin.

2.9 Catch basins - collect surface runoff or oily process wastes in individual drainage areas
and trap sediment at the point nearest the source.

2.10 Manholes - used in sewer mains at junction points and sediment traps to provide
access for maintenance and inspection.

2.11 Seals (hydraulic/liquid) - isolate the various parts of the oily water sewer system,
preventing vapour travel and spread of fire or explosion.

2.12 Toe walls - raised curbs which control and contain spillage and drainage of storm,
process and fire water.

2.13 Vents - used for manholes to prevent blowing of seals by pressure buildup.

2.14 Cleanout - an access point for cleaning a drain line if it becomes clogged.

2.15 Integrated plants - two or more individual process units located within a common
process block and designed to be interdependent in operation (heat exchanger
integration, lack of intermediate tankage, etc.; see Figure 2).

2.16 Plot subdivision (of process unit areas) - an area which is segregated by at least 15 m
(50 ft.) of clear access on all sides by roadways or process-to-process spacing, thereby
providing unobstructed accessibility for fire fighting operations (see Figure 2).

SUMMARY OF ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

# 3.1 Table 1 lists the specification and standards which shall be used with this specification.

3.2 If local codes or standards exist for materials with properties equivalent to those listed in
Table 1, they may be substituted subject to ESSO's approval.

3.3 The equipment and materials used shall conform to the latest editions, revisions and
addenda of the codes, standards and regulations listed in Table 1.
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

TABLE 1
R2
ESSO Chad Specification
ECS 3-30-3 Standard Piping Class Tables
ECS 11-9-1 Septic Tank and Effluent Disposal into Drainage Field
ECS 19-1-1 General Coating Procedures
ECS 19-1-1-1M Coating System U3
ASTM Standards
A48 Gray Iron Castings
A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service
C14M Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe (Metric)
C76M Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
(Metric)
C361M Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe (Metric)
C443 Joints for Circular Concrete Sewer and Culvert Pipe, with
Rubber Gaskets
C478M Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections (Metric)
D1784 Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated
Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds
D1869 Rubber Rings for Asbestos-Cement Pipe
D2241 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pressure-Rated Pipe (SDR Series)
D3034 Type PSM Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipes and Fittings
D3212 Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipe using Flexible
Elastomeric Seals
AWWA Standards
C203 Coal-Tar Protective Coatings and Linings for Steel Water
Pipelines Enamel and Tape - Hot-Applied
Manual #M11 Steel Pipe - Design and Installation
Manual #M23 PVC Pipe - Design and Installation
Portland Cement Association
Design and Construction of Concrete Sewers
R2
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

MATERIALS

4.1 Sewer piping materials shall be in accordance with ECS 3-30-3.

# 4.2 Any change from requirements listed in ECS 3-30-3 will require ESSO's approval.

R2 TABLE 2 Deleted

Plastic Pipe

R2 4.3.1 Plastic pipes, fittings and joints shall be as specified in ASTM D3034 and D2241 with
bell and spigot joint.

4.3.2 Material for plastic pipe, fittings and couplings shall be as specified in ASTM D1784,
Class 12454-B or A.

4.3.3 Material selection shall consider possible ground contamination with hydrocarbons and
other chemicals.

R2 4.3.4 RTRP shall be manufactured in accordance with AWWA C950.

R2 4.3.5 RTRP risers shall be encased in concrete.

Carbon Steel Pipe

R2 4.4.1 Carbon steel pipe shall be in accordance with ASTM A106, Grade B.

R2 4.4.2 Carbon steel pipe shall be coated and wrapped in accordance with ECS 19-1-1 and
ECS 19-1-1-1M.

Reinforced Concrete Pipe

4.5.1 Reinforced concrete pipe shall be as specified in ASTM C76M. Joints shall be flexible
gaskets unless the drawings specify Portland cement mortar.

4.5.2 Joints shall be concrete bell and spigot and shall conform to the requirements of
ASTM C443. The basic polymer for gaskets to be used in industrial sewers shall be
resistant to attack by hydrocarbons, acids, caustics or other materials carried by the
sewer, and shall conform to ASTM D1869.

Materials for Pipe, Manholes and Catch Basins

4.6.1 Selection criteria for pipe material and strength shall be as follows:
R2 a. Minimum earth cover shall be not less than 600 mm (2 ft.) below finished grade.
b. Superimposed wheel loads shall include an allowance for impact.
c. Load factor converting crushing strength of pipe to field supporting strength shall
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

be determined by the type of bedding selected.

d. Pipe crushing strength shall be determined by the three-edge-bearing method.
e. A factor of safety of 1.5 shall be used to establish safe supporting strength
(design load) of pipe.

4.6.2 Materials for manholes, catch basins and other drainage facilities shall be per Table 3.

TABLE 3

Specific
Item Material Selection
Requirements
Covers and Frames Cast Iron, ASTM A48 Class 25
Concrete Pipe ASTM C76M
Sections ASTM C478M
Concrete 20 MPa (2900 psi) compressive strength.
Cement type as required for sulfate exposure.

4.6.3 Cement-sand ratio for mortar shall be as follows:

a. For mortar joints: 1 : 2
b. All other mortar: 1:3
4.6.4 Mortar joints shall not be used for oily water sewer pipes.

BASIC DESIGN DATA AND FORMULAS

Surface Runoff Design

5.1.1 Specific meteorological data is required to achieve functional and economical designs
for rain water peak flows. Rainfall "Intensity-Frequency-Duration" curves shall form the
basis of hydraulic calculations.

# 5.1.2 Calculations for establishing the runoff values shall be carried out using established,
proven methods as approved by ESSO, such as the Rational Method, as follows:

Q = 2.78 CIA (SI Units)

Q = CIA (Imperial Units)
3
where: Q= Peak runoff rate in litre/sec (ft. /sec)
C= Runoff coefficient
A= Drainage area in hectares (acres)
I = Average rainfall intensity in mm per hour (in./hr.) for a period
equal to the time of concentration (Tc)

Note: The above formula shall be used with appropriate units.

5.1.3 The Rational Method assumptions and design parameters are as follows:
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

a. The maximum runoff resulting from a particular rainfall intensity occurs if the
duration of rainfall is equal to or greater than the time of concentration (Tc). The
time of concentration is defined as the time required for water to flow from the
most distant point of the catchment area under consideration to the point of flow
measurement.

b. The frequency of occurrence of the peak discharge is the same as that of the
rainfall intensity from which it was calculated.

c. The peak discharge per unit area decreases as the drainage area increases, and
the intensity of rainfall decreases as its duration increases.

d. The weighted coefficient of runoff remains constant for all storms on a given
watershed.

e. The method may only be applied for surface water runoff by gravity for an area
not larger than approximately 40 hectares (400 000 m2). For areas greater than
this, the total area shall be sub-divided into smaller catchment areas. For each
individual catchment area, the Rational Method may then be applied.

5.1.4 Table 4 lists some typical runoff coefficients (C) which have been selected for drainage
network design for various types of surface finishes.

# 5.1.5 Unless otherwise specified, the design rainfall shall be based on a ten-year frequency
storm. Minimum design time of concentration (Tc) shall be ten (10) minutes.

5.1.6 Rainfall intensities based on a ten-year frequency storm shall not be less than those as
shown in Table 5.
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

TABLE 4

Area Description Runoff Coefficient, C

All unpaved areas within plant areas including areas
under pipe racks 0.5
Pipe rack areas, concrete paved 0.9
Manifold and pump areas, concrete paved 0.9
Plant area/utility area (asphalt paved) 0.85
Asphalt paved areas (roads, airfield, parking lots) 0.85
Laterite roads 0.7
Dike walls with seepage prevention 0.9
Dike floor areas with seepage prevention 0.9
Tank roofs 1.0
Airfield concrete pavements 0.9
Gravelled surfaces 0.5
Laterite surfaces 0.5
Lawn and grassed areas 0.35

TABLE 5
R2
7601-10 CHAD
Ten Year Return - Storm Water Drainage
Mean Annual Rainfall = 1000 mm
24 Hour Depth = 128 mm 1 Hour Depth = 47.4 mm
Duration Intensity Depth
Minutes (mm/hr) (mm)
5 142.2 11.9
10 119.4 19.9
15 100.5 25.1
20 88.2 29.4
25 79.6 33.2
30 72.0 36.0
35 65.8 38.4
40 61.1 40.8
45 56.9 42.7
50 53.5 44.6
55 50.2 46.0
60 47.4 47.4
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

Sewer Flow Design

5.2.1 Flow velocities in ditches and head losses in sewer pipes shall be based on the Manning
Formula.
2/3 1/2
V= 1R S (SI Units)
n

V= 1.486 R2/3 S1/2 (Imperial Units)

n

where: V = Velocity of flow in m/sec (ft./sec.)

n = roughness coefficient
R = Hydraulic radius in metres (feet)
(flow area divided by wetted perimeter)

S = Slope of energy gradient m/m (ft./ ft.)

Note: The above formulas shall be used with appropriate units.

5.2.2 The values of Manning's roughness coefficient "n" shall be determined from Table 6.

TABLE 6

Manning's
Material/Condition Roughness
Coefficient "n"
Plastic pipe (PVC) 0.009
Reinforced concrete pipe 0.013
(1)
Corrugated steel pipe (CSP) 0.022
Carbon steel pipe 0.010
Earth channels, straight and uniform with no vegetation 0.020
R2 Earth channels, straight and uniform with vegetation 0.030
Concrete lined channels 0.013

Note:

1. "n" for CSP varies with the diameter, whether the invert is paved or unpaved and
the corrugation profile; use manufacturer's recommended n value.

5.2.3 Entrance and exit head losses shall be included in the design of sewer systems.

Drainage Channels
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

5.3.1 Maximum and minimum velocities in drainage channels shall be as indicated in the
geotechnical report. In the absence of this information, following minimum and
maximum water velocities shall be used:
minimum maximum
Earth channels
straight and uniform with no vegetation 0.3 m/s (1ft./s) 0.9 m/s (3 ft./s)
straight and uniform with vegetation 0.3 m/s (1ft./s) 1.5 m/s (5 ft./s)

Concrete lined channels or ditches 0.6 m/s (2ft./s) 3.0 m/s (10 ft./s)

5.3.2 Maximum side slopes of earth ditches shall be 2 horizontal to 1 vertical if soils conditions
permit.

SEWER PIPES AND DITCHES

Means of Collection

6.1.1 Buried pipe shall be used for:

a. Sanitary sewers
b. Oily water sewers
c. Storm water sewer in community

6.1.2 Open ditches are acceptable for storm water sewer systems.

6.1.3 Natural runoff is acceptable from unused plant areas.

6.1.4 Cleaning access shall be incorporated into the design of all sewers. Solid matter shall be
trapped as close to its source as possible.

Basis for Sizing

6.2.1 Sewers shall be designed to flow at 70% depth at estimated maximum flow.

6.2.2 Sewers shall be designed to be free flowing with maximum and minimum velocities as
per Table 7.
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TABLE 7

Velocity
Depth
m/s fps
Maximum 0.7 diameter 3 10
Minimum 0.3 diameter 0.8 2.5

6.2.3 Drains shall be 50 to 150 mm (NPS 2 to 6) minimum.

6.2.4 Sublaterals shall be a 100 mm (NPS 4) minimum. Within the process areas, the
minimum size of the sublateral sewer pipe shall be 150 mm (NPS 6).

6.2.5 Oily water sewers within process unit areas shall be designed as follows:
a. Design flow shall be the greater of:
• The sum of storm water and process water.
• The sum of fire water and process water.
b. Firewater quantities shall be included to the following extent:
• Sublaterals: 110 m3/hr (500 gpm) from each catch basin.
• Laterals: Cumulative flow from the catch basins served but not less than
230 m3/hr (1000 gpm).
• Process unit main: The firewater allowance shall be the largest single
quantity of firewater discharging into the main from any facility or process
3
unit, but not less than 455 m /hr (2000 gpm).

6.2.6 Sewers from tankage (diked) areas shall be as follows:

a. Storm water falling within diked areas shall be graded with the provision of
swales and channels and collected in catch basins. Storm water shall be
retained within these areas until it can be discharged in a controlled manner.
The discharge flow shall be controlled by manually operated valves that are
normally closed and located outside of the diked areas.
b. The piping and valving arrangement shall be designed so that the collected
storm water can either be drained into the storm sewer system (if the storm
water in the diked areas is not contaminated) or be drained to the oily water
sewer system.
c. The combined flow of the process area oily water and the oily water discharged
from within the diked areas shall not exceed the capacity of the oily water
separator.
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

d. The pipe size for the discharge flow shall not be less than 200 mm (NPS 8).

6.2.7 Minimum size sanitary sewer lines shall be 100 mm (NPS 4).

DRAINS AND CATCH BASINS

# 7.1 Open channel floor or pavement drains shall be covered with grating. Proposals to use
such drains shall be approved by ESSO.

7.2 In the oily water sewer, drains connected to catch basins or drain headers collecting
from individual drains, shall be sealed by submerging the drains at least 150 mm (6 in.)
below the water level in the catch basin. The length of closed header run between any
drain and a catch basin shall not exceed 22.5 m (75 ft.).

7.3 Floor drains shall not be installed in control rooms or electrical substations. They may be
used in other buildings in floors where they will collect oily waste water and shall be
connected to a catch basin.

7.4 Sample rooms, laboratory sinks and similar drains containing oils, but free of
corrosive/hazardous chemicals, may discharge to the oily water sewer system.

7.5 Catch basins for oily water sewers shall be as follows:

a. Catch basins shall not be located beneath equipment, pipeways, stairways or
ladders.
b. Catch basin shall not be connected to other catch basins.
c. Process unit areas shall be subdivided into individual drainage areas containing
a maximum of 280 m2 (3000 sq. ft.) for paved areas or 465 m2 (5000 sq. ft.) for
unpaved areas. At least one catch basin shall be provided for each drainage
area. The maximum open travel distance of liquid to a catch basin shall be no
more than 15 m (50 ft.). Final grading or paving shall slope to the catch basin at
not less than 1:100. Figure 1 illustrates a typical process unit area drainage
arrangement.

7.6 Final grading and paving around all buildings shall direct liquids away from the buildings
at a minimum slope of 1%.

7.7 A gas tight hydraulic seal, accessible for cleaning, shall be located at the outlet of each
catch basin in the oily water sewer. The depth of the seal shall be a minimum of
150 mm (6 in.) with a 300 mm (12 in.) debris pocket located below the seal.

7.8 Catch basins shall be sized to permit hand cleaning. Construction may be of cast-in-
place or prefabricated concrete.

7.9 Catch basin covers shall be of the beehive type for all unpaved areas or for areas where
considerable silt or debris may be expected, such as in tank farms. Flat slotted covers
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

and grate type covers shall be used in streets or other traffic areas.

7.10 Catch basin covers shall be installed flush with the low points of grading or paving.

FIGURE 1
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MANHOLES

8.1 Manholes shall be located per the following (see also Figure 2):
a. Within process unit areas at the intersection of a lateral and a main.
b. At junctions of the main plant sewer with process unit mains and with mains or
laterals from facilities outside of process unit areas.
c. At dead ends of mains.
d. At change in direction and/or slope.
e. Manhole locations shall not exceed intervals of 90 m (300 ft.) for sewers less
than 600 mm (24 in.) diameter, or intervals of 150 m (500 ft.) for sewers 600 mm
(24 in.) diameter and larger.

8.2 Hydraulically sealed manholes shall be provided in the oily water sewer system as per
the following (see also Figure 2):
a. All mains or laterals from integrated plants, individual process areas, storage
areas or other facilities outside process unit areas such as loading stations,
pump houses, etc., shall pass through sealed and vented manholes when tying
into the main plant sewer.
b. An integrated plant or large process unit area shall be subdivided into individual
areas of 3700 to 5600 m2 (40 000 to 60 000 sq. ft.) each separated by a sealed
manhole.
c. An individual process unit or part of a process unit located within an integrated
plant, but designed to operate separately from the complete process, shall have
a separate sewer with a sealed manhole that ties directly into the main plant
sewer.
d. The last manhole in a main plant sewer before entering the separator, shall be
sealed to prevent a separator fire from travelling back through the main.
e. The depth of all seals shall be 150 mm (6 in.) minimum.
f. Sealed manholes are not required in the storm water sewer or the sanitary
sewer.
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FIGURE 2

8.3 Manholes in the oily water sewer system shall be vented as per the following:
a. All sealed sections of sewer systems shall be vented to prevent blowing of seals
by pressure buildup.
b. Vents shall be provided on both sides of the seal in manholes equipped with
baffle type seals.
c. Where manhole seals are established by submerging inlet connections, a vent
shall be provided on the sealed manhole and on the next manhole upstream.
d. The highest manhole or highest point in each individually sealed section of the
sewer system shall be vented.
e. Vent piping shall be 150 mm (NPS 6) minimum size.
f. Vent pipe location and discharge elevation shall be governed by the following:
• Vents shall discharge at least 3 m (10 ft.) above grade when in a safe and
open area.
• Vents shall extend above any equipment or pipeways located within a
horizontal distance of 8 m (25 ft.).
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Note: This may require an underground extension to a safe location and then
attaching the vent to a pipe support or other structure.
• Vents shall extend at least 3 m (10 ft.) above any platform located within a
horizontal distance of 8 m (25 ft.).
• Vents shall not be located within a horizontal distance of 30 m (100 ft.) from a
furnace or other source of ignition. When vents are elevated 15 m (50 ft.)
above grade, they may be located 15 m (50 ft.) horizontally from a source of
ignition.
g. Vents shall be identified as such with a sign or stencil lettering 1.5 m (5 ft.) above
grade reading: "Caution, vent may contain combustible vapours" and painted
yellow to aid visual identification.
h. Vent pipes shall be cut horizontally to discharge upward.
i. Vent pipes shall be protected against accidental damage by mobile equipment.
j. Vent lines shall be self-draining.

Construction of Manholes

8.4.1 Manholes shall be sized to permit entrance for cleaning. Construction may be of cast-
in-place or prefabricated concrete.

8.4.2 Manhole top slabs shall be designed so that they can be removed to permit cleaning of
the manhole. In addition, the slab shall be fitted with a 500 mm (20 in.) minimum
diameter cast iron solid cover and frame for personnel access, and sealed to prevent
the escape of vapors. Hot poured asphalt is an acceptable sealer for this purpose.

8.4.3 Manholes shall be installed so that manhole covers are set flush with the pavement in
paved areas, and approximately 150 mm (6 in.) above grade in unpaved areas.

8.4.4 A minimum 30 mm (1 1/4 in.) drop shall be provided between inlet and outlet invert
elevations of manholes.

CLEANOUTS

9.1 Cleanouts shall be located so that rodding can be performed in the direction of flow and
shall be provided at the following locations.
a. Dead ends of laterals
b. Where a drain line, sublateral or lateral makes a 90° horizontal turn in direction,
except where turn is within 3 m (10 ft.) of its downstream termination at a catch
basin or manhole.
SEWER TESTING AND INSPECTION
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SPECIFICATION Rev. 2 DEC 2000

10.1 Sewer lines and appurtenances shall be hydro-tested per the following:
# a. Line tests shall be performed when a section of line is completed but before
backfilling. Fill the line with water and establish a head above the top of the line
equal to grade level. Visually inspect joints for leakage. Repairs shall be made to
the satisfaction of ESSO.
# b. System tests shall be performed after completion and backfilling of the sewer and
appurtenances. Fill the line with water and establish a head above the top of the
pipe equal to the level of the top of the lowest man-hole or catch basin in the
system. Allow suitable time for water absorption and then refill to the required test
head and measure leakage loss over a timed test period. Repairs shall be made to
the satisfaction of ESSO.