Name: Peter Joshua F.

Gayta Date: 06/09/2021

Course/Major: BSBIOLOGY - Animal Biology Subject: General Physiology

ACTIVITY 1

1. Draw and label the parts of a microscope.

2. Draw the generalized cell structure.
 ANALYSIS I

1. What are the different parts of the Plant cell and Animal cell?

Animal cells and plant cells both contain:

 Cell membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus
 Mitochondria
 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Plasma membrane
 Golgi Apparatus

Plant cells also contain these parts, which are not found in animal cells:
 Cell wall
 Vacuole
 Chloroplasts

2. What is the function of each part?

 Cell membrane- Function to control the movement of substances into and out
of the cell.
 Cytoplasm- jelly-like substance, where chemical reactions happen
 Nucleus- Carries genetic information and controls what happens inside the
cell.
 Mitochondria- Where most respiration reactions happen
 Endoplasmic reticulum- It is mainly responsible for the transportation of
proteins and other carbohydrates to another organelle, which includes
lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, etc.
 Plasma membrane- provides protection and provides a fixed environment
inside the cell.
 Golgi apparatus- Functions as a factory in which proteins received from the
ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations
Function of the parts of the plant cell, which are not found in animal cell:
 Cell wall- made of a tough substance called cellulose, which supports the
cell
 Vacuole- Contains a liquid called cell sap, which keeps the cell firm.
 Chloroplasts- produce (glucose) photosynthesis, and to store food energy.
3. Which organelle of the cell is responsible for photosynthesis and for respiration?
- In plants, the chloroplasts is the organelle in plant cells that is responsible for
photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll which
absorbs sunlight and uses it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide gas to
produce food for the plant.
- The second, the Mitochondria is the organelle that is responsible for the cellular
respiration. They are the "powerhouse” of the cell, they are oval-shaped
organelles found in most eukaryotic cells, mitochondria’s serve to transform
molecules such as glucose into energy molecule known as ATP (adenosine
triphosphate).

4. What is the function of the large central vacuole?

- The main function of the large central vacuole in plant cells is to provide
structural support, however, it serves other functions such as protection, storage,
growth and waste disposal. This large central vacuole typically occupies at least
80 percent of the space in the cell. Water fills the vacuole to the point that they
exert pressure against the walls of the cells. This helps in maintaining the plant’s
structural integrity and enables the plant to grow larger.
 APPLICATION 1

1. Make a sketch of a plant and animal cell.

Parts and function of the Plant cell:
 Cell wall- its primary function is to protect and provide structural support to the cell. Is also
involved in protecting the cell against mechanical stress and to provide from and structure to the
cell.
 Nucleus – its vital function is to store DNA or hereditary information required for cell division,
metabolism and growth.
 Cell membrane – it is the semi-permeable membrane that is present within the cell wall. It is
composed of a thin layer of protein and fat. It also plays an important role in regulating the entry
and exit of specific substances within the cell.
 Chloroplasts – is the function that allows the plant to go through photosynthesis, or make its own
Food and energy.
 Vacuole – its function is to hold various substances and molecules, they basically act like the
Storage unit of the cell.
 Nucleolus – is the distinct structure present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Primarily, it
Participates in assembling the ribosomes, alteration of transfer RNA and sensing
Cellular stress.
 Cytoplasm – assists in metabolic activities. Cytoplasm provides shape to the cell. It fills up the
Cells thus enabling the organelles to remain in their position.
 Ribosome – are most important cell organelles composed of RNA and protein that converts
Genetic code into chains of amino acids.
 Mitochondria – primary function is to produce energy through the process of oxidative
Phosphorylation. Besides this, it is responsible for regulating the metabolic
Activity of the cell. It also promotes cell multiplication and cell growth.
Moreover, it plays an important role in apoptosis or programmed cell death.
 Amyloplast – it functions mainly in producing and storing starch within internal membrane
Compartments.
 Peroxisome – its main function is to break down long fatty acid chains through beta-oxidation
And synthesize necessary phospholipids (such as plasmologen) that are critical for
Proper brain and lung function. Furthermore, they aid certain enzymes with energy
Metabolism in many eukaryotic cells as well with cholesterol synthesis in animals.
 Golgi apparatus – is a membrane bound organelle found in most cells, it is responsible for
Packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion and therefore plays a
Key role in the secretory pathway.
Parts and Function of Animal Cell:

 Nucleus – its vital function is to store DNA or hereditary information required for cell division,
metabolism and growth.
 Nucleolus – is the distinct structure present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Primarily, it
Participates in assembling the ribosomes, alteration of transfer RNA and sensing
Cellular stress.
 Vacuole – its function is to hold various substances and molecules, they basically act like the
Storage unit of the cell.
 Ribosome – are most important cell organelles composed of RNA and protein that converts
Genetic code into chains of amino acids.
 Chromatin – primary function is to package DNA into smaller volume to fit the cell and to
Reinforce DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis and support the DNA molecule to
Permit the process of cell cycle.
 Mitochondria – primary function is to produce energy through the process of oxidative
Phosphorylation. Besides this, it is responsible for regulating the metabolic
Activity of the cell. It also promotes cell multiplication and cell growth.
Moreover, it plays an important role in apoptosis or programmed cell death.
 Lysosome – In an animal cell, the lysosome acts a basic digestive system, working to break down
Nutrients that enter the cell. The enzymes a lysosome, contains can break down
Beneficial materials, bacteria and waste materials that enter the cell, allowing the
Body to obtain nutrients and removed unneeded materials.
 Peroxisome – in addition to being involved in the oxidation and decomposition of organic
Molecules, peroxisomes are also involved in synthesizing important molecules, in
Animal cells, peroxisomes synthesize cholesterol and bile acids (product in the live).
 Microtubules - main functions of the microtubules is to facilitate the intercellular transport of
Resources/waste/secretions. Microtubules facilitate cellular transportation via the
Activity of motor proteins, proteins that bind to the polymer structure of the
Microtubule.
 Plasma membrane – its primary function is to protect the structures within the cell, give shape to
The cell and support its structure.
 Golgi apparatus – is a membrane bound organelle found in most cells, it is responsible for
Packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion and therefore plays a
Key role in the secretory pathway.

 Golgi Vesicle – referred to as the “traffic police” of the cell. They play a key role in sorting many
Of the cells proteins and membrane constituents and in directing them to their
Proper destinations.
 Microfilaments – In association with myosin, microfilaments help to generate, the forces used in
Cellular contraction and basic cell movements. Also, its important function is to
Help divide the cell during mitosis (cell division). Microfilaments aid the
Process of cytokinesis, which is when the cell “pinches off” and physically
Separates into two daughter cells.
 Intermediate filament -` its function is to provide mechanical support for the plasma membrane
Where it comes into contact with other cells or with extracellular matrix.
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – is important in the synthesis of lipids, such as cholesterol and
Phospholipids, which form all the membranes of the organism.
In addition, it is important for the synthesis and secretion of
Steroid hormones from cholesterol and other lipid precursors.
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – its major function is the synthesis of proteins, and also it
Produces certain lysosomal enzymes with mannose 6-phosphate.
Manufacture of membrane proteins or integral membrane
Proteins that stay embedded in the membranes as vesicles exit
And bind to new membranes.

ACTIVITY 2
1. Draw and label the structure of a plant cell wall.

PLANT CELL WALL

 ANALYSIS 2

1. Based on your drawing, what are the layers found in the cell wall of plant cell?
Ans. A plant cell wall is arranged in layers and contains cellulose, microfibrils,
hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and soluble protein. These components are
organized into three major layers: the primary cell wall, the middle lamella, and
the secondary cell wall. The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane and
provides the cell tensile strength and protection.

2. What is the function of cell wall?

Ans. The main function of the cell wall is to provide structural strength and
support, and also permeable surface for molecules to pass in and out of the cell.

3. Is cell wall also present in other cell types of cells?

Ans. As mentioned, the cell wall are found both prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
although not all cells have cell walls, some have slimy coats or elongated
structures that push and pull them through their environment. Some cells have a
thick layer surrounding their cell. This layer is called the capsule and is found in
bacteria cells.

APPLICATION 2
1. What are the different sections compose the cell wall?
Ans. The cell wall is multi-layered and consists of up to three sections. From the upper
Outermost layer of the cell wall, these layers are identified as the middle lamella,
Primary cell wall, and secondary cell wall.
2. Describe the makeup of each of the cell wall.
Ans. In cell wall, there are three sections, namely the middle lamella, the primary cell
wall and the Secondary cell wall.

 Middle lamella: this outer cell wall layer contains polysaccharides called pectins. Pectins
aid in cell adhesion by helping the cell walls of adjacent cells to bind to one another.

 Primary Cell wall: this layer is formed between the middle lamella and plasma membrane
in growing plant cells. It is primarily composed of cellulose microfibrils contained within
a gel-liked matrix of hemicellulose fibers and pectin polysaccharides.

 Secondary Cell wall: this layer is formed between the primary cell and plasma membrane
in some plant cells. Once the primary cell wall has stopped dividing and growing, it may
thicken to form a secondary cell wall. This rigid layer strengthens and supports the cell. In
addition to cellulose and hemicellulose, some secondary cell walls contains lignin.
3. Discuss the different functions of the cell wall.
Ans. In cell wall, it has a multitude of functions upon which plant life depends. Such \
Functions include:
 Providing the living cell with mechanical protection and chemically buffered
environment
 Providing a porous medium for the circulation and distribution of water, minerals,
and other small nutrient molecules,
 Providing rigid building blocks from which stable structures of highest order,
such as leaves and stems, can be produced, and
 Providing a storage site of regulatory molecules that sense that presence of
pathogenic microbes and control the development of tissues.

ACTIVITY 3

1. Draw the structure of the cell membrane and label it’s parts.
 ANALYSIS 3

1. Based on your drawing, describe the structure of the cell membrane.

Ans. The cell membrane is primarily composed of a mix proteins and lipids. Depending on the
membrane’s location and role in the body, lipids can make up anywhere from 20 to 80 percent
of the membrane, with the remainder being proteins. While lipids help to give membranes their
flexibility, proteins monitor and maintain the cells chemical climate and assist in the transfer of
molecules across the membrane.

2. What are the different components?

Ans. There are 6 components that make up the cell membrane:
 Lipids - are mainly in the form of phospholipid, cholesterol, and glycolipid.
 Proteins -are the second most abundant component in the cell membrane after lipids
and composed of about 60% of the membrane.
 Carbohydrates –helps in the identification of one cell from another cell.

3. What do you think is its major function?

Ans. The major function of the cell membrane is to provide support and maintaining the shape
of the cell and helps in regulating cell growth through the balance of endocytosis and exocytosis.