UNOCHB2 UNIT OPERATIONS 2B 2019: Test 1 (MEMO)

FACULTY : Engineering and the Built Environment (FEBE)

PROGRAMME : Chemical Engineering
COURSE : UNIT OPERATIONS 2B
COURSE CODE : UNOCHB2
DATE : 23 August 2019
TEST NO. : One (MEMO)
DURATION : 1.5 hours
TOTAL MARKS : 50
FULL MARKS : 50
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INTERNAL EXAMINER(S) : N Seedat

NO. OF PAGES : 08
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HINTS AND INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE(S):
- The purpose of this assessment is to determine not only if you can write down an answer, but also
to assess whether you understand the concepts, principles and expressions involved. Set out your
solutions in a logical and concise manner with justification for the steps that you follow.

- ATTEMPT ALL QUESTIONS.

- Number each question clearly; questions may be answered in any order.

- Make sure that you read each question carefully before attempting to answer the question.

- Show all steps (and units) in calculations.

- Answers must be to FOUR significant figures

- List all assumptions

- This is a ‘closed book’ test.

- Use of a scientific (non-programmable) calculator is permitted (only one per candidate).

- Write clearly and legibly.

GOOD LUCK!

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UNOCHB2 UNIT OPERATIONS 2B 2019: Test 1 (MEMO)

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Question One [25 Marks]
Carbon dioxide gas is diffusing at a constant rate through a layer of stagnant air 2 mm thick.
Conditions are fixed so that the gas contains 44% by volume of carbon dioxide at one
boundary of the stagnant layer. The carbon dioxide diffusing to the other boundary is quickly
absorbed and the concentration is negligible at that plane. The temperature is 300 K and the
pressure atmospheric, and under these conditions the diffusivity of carbon dioxide in air is 0.22
cm2/s.
Atmospheric pressure = 1 atm; R = 82.057 cm3∙atm/gmol∙K

1.1 Draw a schematic diagram to depict the process. [4]

1.2 What type of diffusion is taking place in the process? [1]
1.3 Calculate the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide through the layer. [10]
1.4 List the four mass transfer theories. [4]
1.5 With the aid of a diagram explain the two film theory. [6]

1.1 AIR

1 2
CO2 44% 0%

2 mm [4 Marks]

1.2
Unimolecular diffusion (UMD)
[1 Mark]
1.3

For UMD; NB = 0:

[1 Mark]

𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑝𝑡
𝑁𝐴 = (𝑝̅ − 𝑝̅𝐴2 )
𝑅𝑇𝑧𝑝̅𝐵,𝑀 𝐴1

[1 Mark]

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UNOCHB2 UNIT OPERATIONS 2B 2019: Test 1 (MEMO)

𝑝̅𝐵1 − 𝑝̅𝐵2
𝑝̅𝐵,𝑀 = 𝑝̅
ln 𝑝̅𝐵1
𝐵2

[1 Mark]

𝑝̅𝐴1 = 𝑦𝐴 𝑃 = 0.44 × 1 = 0.44𝑎𝑡𝑚

[1 Mark]

𝑝̅𝐴2 = 𝑦𝐴 𝑃 = 0 × 1 = 0 𝑎𝑡𝑚
[1 Mark]

𝑝̅𝐵1 = 1 − 𝑝̅𝐴1 = 1 − 0.44 = 0.56 𝑎𝑡𝑚

[1 Mark]

𝑝̅𝐵2 = 1 − 𝑝̅𝐴2 = 1 − 0 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚

[1 Mark]

0.56 − 1
𝑝̅𝐵,𝑀 = 0.56 = 0.759
ln 1

[1 Mark]

0.22 × 1 10−5 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑁𝐴 = (0.44 − 0) = 2.59 ×
82.057 × 300 × 0.2 × 0.759 𝑐𝑚2 . 𝑠
[2 Marks]

1.4
a. film theory
b. two film theory
c. penetration theory
d. surface renewal theory
[4 Marks]
1.5

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UNOCHB2 UNIT OPERATIONS 2B 2019: Test 1 (MEMO)

Two film theory states that diffusion is a steady state process and the resistance to mass
transfer lies in two films on both sides of the interface. It is described by Ficks’ law.
[2 Marks]

[1 Mark] [1 Mark] [1 Mark] [1 Mark]

Question Two [25 marks]

The boiler of a batch still contains 10 kmol of a mixture of 55 mol% benzene and 45 mol%
chloroform and is being distilled. The liquid product remaining in the still should contain 40
mol% benzene. The relative volatility of benzene in the mixture is 3.5.

2.1 Generate the equilibrium data for the system using the constant relative volatility to
determine the relationship between x and y and populate the table below: [5]

x, benzene 0 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 0.90 1.0

y, benzene

2.2 Calculate the amount of vapour distilled and its average composition. [20]

2.1
𝛼𝑥 3.5𝑥
𝑦= =
1 + (𝛼 − 1)𝑥 1 + 2.5𝑥
[1 Mark]

x,
0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1
benzene
y,
0 0.280 0.467 0.700 0.778 0.840 0.933 0.969 1
benzene
[4 Marks]
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UNOCHB2 UNIT OPERATIONS 2B 2019: Test 1 (MEMO)

2.2

Rayleigh equation:
𝑥1
𝐿1 𝑑𝑥
ln ( ) = ∫
𝐿2 𝑥2 𝑦 − 𝑥

[1 Mark]

x,
0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1
benzene
y,
0 0.280 0.467 0.700 0.778 0.840 0.933 0.969 1
benzene
1/y-x 5.556 3.750 3.333 3.600 4.167 7.500 14.444
[4 Marks]

1 2 3

[5 Marks]
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 1 = (0.05 × 3.434) − (0.5 × 0.05 × 0.104) = 0.1691
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 2 = (0.05 × 3.6) − (0.5 × 0.05 × 0.166) = 0.17585
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 3 = (0.05 × 3.838) − (0.5 × 0.05 × 0.238) = 0.18595
[3 Marks]
Total area = 0.3408+0.35585+0.332535 = 0.5309
[1 Mark]
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UNOCHB2 UNIT OPERATIONS 2B 2019: Test 1 (MEMO)

Or trapezoidal rule:
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × (𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 𝑓(𝑥3 ))
2×𝑛
0.55 − 0.
= × (3.333 + 2 × 3.434 + 2 × 3.6 + 3.838) = 0.53101
2×3
= 0.025 × 21.2404 = 0.531
[4 Marks]
𝑥1
𝐿1 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ln ( )=∫
𝐿2 𝑥2 𝑦 − 𝑥

𝐿1
ln ( ) = 0.531
𝐿2
[1 Mark]
𝐿1
( ) = 1.70
𝐿2
10
( ) = 1.7
𝐿2
10
𝐿2 = = 5.88𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
1.7
[1 Mark]

𝐷 = 10 − 5.88 = 4.11 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

[1 Mark]

𝑥1 𝐿1 = 𝑥2 𝐿2 + (𝐿1 − 𝐿2 )𝑦𝑎𝑣
[1 Mark]
0.55 × 10 = 0.4 × 5.88 + (4.11)𝑦𝑎𝑣
𝑦𝑎𝑣 = 0.77
[2 Marks]

_________________________________________________________________________
END [Total: 50 Marks]

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UNOCHB2 UNIT OPERATIONS 2B 2019: Test 1 (MEMO)

APPENDIX A

USEFUL EQUATIONS AND FORMULAE

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑉𝑡 𝑢𝐴 𝑉
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇; = ; 𝑣= ; 𝑚̇ = 𝑢𝐴𝜌; 𝑛̇ = ;𝜌 = 𝑣 −1; 𝑉̇ =
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑚 𝑣𝑀 𝑡

t(oC) = T(K) – 273.15; t(oF) = T(R) – 459.67; t(oF) = 1.8t(oC) + 32;

𝐹 𝑚𝑔 𝜌𝑉𝑔 𝐴ℎ𝜌𝑔
𝑃𝑔 = = = = ; 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔 (𝑜𝑟 𝜌𝑔ℎ) + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑋 −𝑋 𝑋−𝑋1 𝑀1 (𝑋2 −𝑋)+𝑀2 (𝑋−𝑋1 )
Interpolation: 𝑀 = (𝑋 2−𝑋 ) 𝑀1 + (𝑋 ) 𝑀2 OR 𝑀=
2 1 2 −𝑋1 𝑋2 −𝑋1

Double Interpolation:

1
Raoult’s law: 𝑦𝑖 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 where 𝑃 = ∑𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 or 𝑃 = ∑ 𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑖 𝑖 ⁄𝑃𝑖
𝑦

1
Modified Raoult’s law: 𝑦𝑖 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑖 𝛾𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 where 𝑃 = ∑𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝛾𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 or 𝑃 = ∑ 𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑖 𝑦𝑖 ⁄𝛾𝑖 𝑃𝑖

𝛼𝑥
Equilibrium relationship: 𝑦 = 1+(𝛼−1)𝑥

𝐿 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Rayleigh Equation: ln ( 1 ) = ∫𝑥 1 , 𝑥1 𝐿1 = 𝑥2 𝐿2 + (𝐿1 − 𝐿2 )𝑦𝑎𝑣
𝐿2 2 𝑦−𝑥

𝑑𝑐𝐴
Fick’s Law: 𝐽𝐴 = −𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝑧

𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑝𝑡 𝑝̅ 𝐵1 −𝑝̅ 𝐵2 𝐷𝐴𝐵

Mass transfer : 𝑁𝐴 = (𝑝̅𝐴1 − 𝑝̅𝐴2 ) , 𝑝̅𝐵,𝑀 = 𝑝̅ , 𝑁𝐴 = (𝑝̅𝐴1 − 𝑝̅𝐴2 )
𝑅𝑇𝑧𝑝̅ 𝐵,𝑀 ln ̅ 𝐵1 𝑅𝑇𝑧
𝑝𝐵2

𝑅𝑚 𝑥 −𝑦
Minimum reflux: = (𝑥𝑑−𝑥𝑒)
𝑅𝑚 +1 𝑑 𝑒

𝑞 𝑓 𝑥
Feed operating line: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑞−1
𝑞−1

Feed condition relationship: 𝐿𝑚 = 𝐿𝑛 + 𝑞𝐹 , 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑛 + (𝑞 − 1)𝐹

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 UNOCHB2 UNIT OPERATIONS 2B 2019: Test 1 (MEMO)

𝑦 −𝑦 Z
Number of transfer stages:
1
𝑁𝑂𝐺 = (𝑦−𝑦 ∗)
2
, N OG =
𝐿𝑀 H OG

∗)
(𝑦1 − 𝑦1 ∗ ) − (𝑦2 − 𝑦2 ∗ )
(𝑦 − 𝑦 𝐿𝑀 = (𝑦 −𝑦1 ∗ )
ln (𝑦1 ∗)
2 −𝑦2

GM
, H OG =
𝐺
Height of transfer stage: 𝐻𝑂𝐺 =
𝑘𝑦 𝑎(1−𝑦)∗ 𝐿𝑀 K G aP

∗
(1 − 𝑦1 ) − (1 − 𝑦1 ∗ )
(1 − 𝑦) 𝐿𝑀
= (1−𝑦 )
ln (1−𝑦 1∗)
1

GM (Y1 − Y2 ) A = K G aPTOT (Y − Ye ) lm A Z K G aP =
GM
H OG

Rate of Heat Transfer: 𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝑆𝜆 = 𝑆(𝐻𝑠 − ℎ𝑠 )

Tb = Ta + BPR , ΔT = Tsteam – Tb

𝑑𝑤 ℎ𝑐 𝐴∆𝑇
Drying rate: 𝑊 = = , 𝑅𝑐 = 𝑚𝑓𝑐
𝑑𝑡 𝜆
𝑤𝑖 −𝑤𝑐 𝑓𝑄 𝑓
Drying time: ttot = tc + tf , 𝑡𝑐 = 𝑄 , 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑅𝑐 𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑓𝑐 , f = w - we , f c = wc - w
𝑅𝑐 𝐴 𝑐

𝐺 𝐻𝑦2 𝑑𝐻𝑦
Tower Height: 𝑧 = 𝑀 ∫𝐻𝑦1 𝐻 −𝐻
𝑘
𝐵 𝐺 𝑎𝑃 𝑦𝑖 𝑦

Heat Balance: 𝐺(𝐻𝑦2 − 𝐻𝑦1 ) = 𝐿𝐶𝐿 (𝑇𝐿2 − 𝑇𝐿1 )

Enthalpy: 𝐻𝑦 = (1005 + 1880𝐻)𝑇°𝐶 + 2.501 + 106 ,

𝐻𝑦 = (0.24 + 0.45𝐻)(𝑇 − 32℉) + 1075.4𝐻

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UNOCHB2 UNIT OPERATIONS 2B 2019: Test 1 (MEMO)

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