ADDITIONAL THEORY

Euler’s theory of column buckling;

Since the tension in the column is still elastic, Euler's theory of column buckling is utilized to
calculate the critical buckling load of the column. The greatest load that a column can support before
it buckles is known as the critical buckling load. When the column's length is bigger than its cross-
section, buckling failure happens. The Euler's theory is predicated on several assumptions concerning
the application point of the axial load, the material of the column, its cross-section, the stress limits,
and column failure. The existence of buckling as a cause of failure is a need for Euler's theory to be
correct.
The influence of direct stress in the column, the constant crookedness in the column, and potential
movements of the axial load application point away from the center of the column cross-section are
not considered by this theory. The critical buckling load may thus be overestimated by the theory.
Leonhard Euler developed the column buckling Euler theory in 1757.
Critical buckling load.
The maximum axial load that a column can support when it is on the verge of buckling is called the
crippling load or critical buckling load (Pcr). At this stage, the ultimate stress in the column would
less than the yield stress of the material, and the column is pinned at both ends.

𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝐸𝐼 ( 𝑃𝐼 /𝐾𝐿) ^2

Where:
Pcr: Critical buckling load
E: Modulus of elasticity
I: Moment of inertia which is equal to cross-sectional area multiply radius of gyration.
L: Length of the slender column
K: Effective length factor which is based on the support conditions of the column
RESULTS

Table 1: Results for Experiment 1 (pinned-end)

StrutNo. Length(mm) Buckling Load BucklingLoad 1/L2(m-2)
(N) Experiment (N)Theory

1 320 75 88.65 9.77

2 370 57 66.31 7.30

3 420 36 51.46 5.67

4 470 32 41.09 4.53

5 520 21 33.57 3.70

Table 2: Results for Experiment 2(pinned-fixed)

StrutNo. Length(mm) Buckling Buckling 1/L2(m-2)

Load (N) Load (N)Theory
Experiment

1 300 160 201.73 11.11

2 350 128 148.21 8.16

3 400 93 113.47 6.25

4 450 77 89.66 4.94

5 500 65 72.62 4.00

Table 3: Results for Experiment 3(fixed-end)

StrutNo. Length(mm) Buckling Buckling 1/L2(m-2)

Load (N) Load (N)Theory
Experiment

1 280 210 463.15 12.76

2 330 166 333.43 9.18

3 380 153 251.46 6.93

4 430 147 196.38 5.41

5 480 128 157.60 4.34

OBSERVATIONS

In this experiment, it divided into three parts. There are three types: pinned-end, pinned-fixed, and
fixed-end. The strut will stay straight until the end load reaches a certain amount, at which point
buckling will occur. Any increase in load will result in a catastrophic collapse, while reduction
indicates that the load supplied to the strut has been reduced as the strut length increases. The strut
will bend to the left or right when a weight is applied. Because the strut is pinned or fixed, we record
the data when it bends to the right. Each experiment has a different and higher load value than the
others. If the strut has achieved its maximum load value, the subsequent load will not rise or remain
constant.

CALCULATION

Experiment 1: Pinned-End
𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒎 , 𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 , 𝑬 = 𝟔𝟗𝑮𝑷𝒂

𝒃𝒅𝟑 𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑰= , 𝑷𝒆 = 𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝑳

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐)𝟑
𝑰= = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟐

1. L = 0.32m
𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟓𝑵
0.322

1 1
2
= = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.322

2. L = 0.37m

𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )

𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟏𝑵
0.372
 1 1
2
= = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟎𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.372

3. L = 0.42m
𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝑵
0.422

1 1
2
= = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟕𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.422
4. L = 0.47m

𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )

𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝑵
0.472

1 1
2
= = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟑𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.472

5. L = 0.52m
𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝑵
0.522

1 1
2
= = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟎𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.522
Experiment 2: Pinned-Fixed

𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒎 , 𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 , 𝑬 = 𝟔𝟗𝑮𝑷𝒂

𝒃𝒅𝟑 𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑰= , 𝑷𝒆 =
𝟏𝟐 𝑳𝟐

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐)𝟑
𝑰= = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟐

1. L = 0.30m
2𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝑵
0.302

1 1
2
= = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.302

2. L = 0.35m
2𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟐𝟏𝑵
0.352

1 1
2
= = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟔𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.352

3. L = 0.40m
2𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝑵
0.402

1 1
2
= = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.402
4. L = 0.45m
2𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟔𝟔𝑵
0.452

1 1
2
= = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.452

5. L = 0.50m
2𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝑵
0.502

1 1
2
= = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.502
Experiment 3: Fixed-End

𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒎 , 𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 , 𝑬 = 𝟔𝟗𝑮𝑷𝒂

𝒃𝒅𝟑 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑰= , 𝑷𝒆 =
𝟏𝟐 𝑳𝟐

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐)𝟑
𝑰= = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟐

1. L = 0.28m
4𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟒𝟔𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝑵
0.282

1 1
2
= = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟔𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.282

2. L = 0.33m
4𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝑵
0.332

1 1
2
= = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟖𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.332

3. L = 0.38m
4𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟐𝟓𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝑵
0.382

1 1
2
= = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟑𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.382
4. L = 0.43m
4𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟖𝑵
0.432

1 1
2
= = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟏𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.432

5. L = 0.48m
4𝜋 2 (69 × 109 )(1.333 × 10−11 )
𝑃𝑒 = = 𝟏𝟓𝟕. 𝟔𝟎𝑵
0.482

1 1
2
= = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝒎−𝟐
𝐿 0.482
DISCUSSION

Buckling load (N) vx 1/L^2 (m-2) ( pinned-fixed )

180
160
140
Buckling load

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1/L^2
 Buckling load (N) vx 1/L^2 (m-2) ( fixed-end )
250

200
Buckling load

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1/L^2

a) As the strut length decreases, there is a corresponding decrease in the buckling load,
indicating an inverse relationship. Comparing the same reference length, it has been observed
that the pinned-fixed and pinned-end conditions follow the condition with the highest
buckling load. Among these conditions, the fixed-end condition exhibits the lowest buckling
load due to the superior support provided by the fixed end to the strut, as opposed to the
pinned-end condition.

b) Understanding the collapse of a framework is of utmost importance when examining building

collapses. It is essential as it can result in cost savings by enabling efficient validation and
troubleshooting procedures. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully choose struts and end
conditions to uphold the structural integrity.
CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the experiment, we can say that the goal of setting up and carrying out an
experiment linked to buckling of struts was accomplished. Comparatively speaking, experiment three
had the largest gradient value. High gradients indicate that they are susceptible to buckling. When the
brief one, it requires the value of the load is likewise high and there is more time to buckle. At
Experiment 2, when it is pinned fixed, it is different. It is more difficult than pinned-end when the
situation is pinned-fixed. We can infer from it that a column buckling can cause a structure to fail
suddenly and dramatically. So that the column of struts may safely carry their load, careful
consideration must be paid to the load. Because we could have made a mistake when conducting the
experiment, the results from the experiment and the theoretical analysis may differ somewhat. The
issue can be that the struts have been utilised several times and need to be replaced to provide a better
outcome.

REFERENCES
1. Hibbeler, R.C. (2008). Mechanic of Materials. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education.
2. "Column Buckling | MechaniCalc". mechanicalc.com. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
3. Timoshenko, S. P. & Gere, J. M. (1961). Theory of Elastic Stability, 2 ed., McGraw-Hill.
4. Elishakoff, I. (2004). Resolution of Twentieth Century Conundrum in Elastic Stability