Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593

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Building and Environment

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Improving energy efficiency through the design of the building envelope

Hatice Sozer*
Istanbul Teknik Universitesi Ayazaga Kampusu Rektorluk Binasi, 34469 Maslak-Istanbul/Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Buildings, their surroundings and related enterprises produce more CO2, generate more pollution,
Received 19 October 2009 consume more energy, and waste more natural resources than any other human enterprise or industry.
Received in revised form Moreover, considerable parts of these environmental impacts are the results of the lodging industry [1].
3 May 2010
Hotels are designed as multifunctional buildings to provide different comfort levels and services to
Accepted 6 May 2010
guests. It is often desirous to pay for exclusive amenities. Resorts are often developed in untouched and
very sensitive ecosystems with little or no consideration taken for the natural or cultural surroundings.
Keywords:
Most strategies applied in design and many of the services offered by lodging establishments require the
Building envelope design
Hotel energy performance
consumption of substantial quantities of energy, water and non-durable products.
Energy modeling The efficiency of the resource use starting from the building design to the end-users in hotel facilities is
typically low, and the resulting environmental impacts are greater than those caused by other types of
commercial buildings of similar size [2]. Decisions taken during the architectural building design play AS
important A role in reducing these environmental impacts as DOES THE management of the building.
With a goal of enhancing the overall energy performance of hotel buildings, this paper represents
_
a research-design project, located in Izmir-Turkey, based on the effect of passive solar design techniques
for designing the building envelopes to develop and demonstrate high performance.
Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction significantly reduce energy consumption. Furthermore lower

Utility expenses represent the fastest-growing operating cost for
hoteliers and have been increasing by an average of 12% per year
from 2004 to 2006. There is a significant increase in energy use,
cost, and an increase of greenhouse gas emissions through the hotel
industry [3]. There is research on how, where, and when energy is
used and the savings which are likely to occur from the standpoint
of the management of the hotel facilities. However, a significant
part of the hotel energy consumption can be reduced during the
architectural design since this has a direct impact on choosing and
sizing the mechanical system of the building which in turn affects
the energy consumption of the building during its life time.
Therefore identifying the energy consuming building components
is critical from the perspective of the building designers, building
owners and utilities to examine the possibilities of reducing
building energy consumption, not only through efficient building
systems and management, but also with building architectural
characteristics.
The purpose of this study is to show how to reduce the energy
demand by passive design. Properly designed buildings can
* Tel.: þ90 567 984 51 88.
E-mail address: hsozer@hotmail.com.
energy use reduces greenhouse gas emission (carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide) and reduces operational costs [4].
Research that has been done on hotel energy efficiency gives
a clear understanding about hotel energy consumption patterns.
The average annual energy intensity for hotels is 87 kBtuh/ft2
(274.8 kWh/m2). 61% of this is from electricity and 39% is from
natural gas and other fuels. This translates to 53.1 kBtuh/ft2
(167.74 kWh/m2) of electricity and 0.34 therms/sf (106.55 kWh/m2)
of natural gas as shown on Table 1, Figs. 1 and 2 [3].
When it is compared with other commercial buildings such as
office and retail, the annual energy intensity of hotel’s is higher. The
average annual energy intensity for office buildings is 79.8 kBtuh/
ft2 (251,57 kWh/m2) and 81.5 kBtuh/ft2 (256,93 kWh/m2) for retail
properties [3]. Therefore evaluating the hotel buildings through
energy efficient perspective has become more critical. Nevertheless
none of the research gives any information about importance of the
envelope of the hotel buildings in terms of the building energy
consumption. Examples of these researches from literature are
given below to prove that none of the research conducted so far has
considered importance of the building envelope.
In the USA, the yearly average Energy Intensity for lodging
buildings in 2007 ranged from 15 kBtuh/ft2 (48 kwh/m2) to
300 kBtuh/ft2 (947 kwh/m2). Typically, nearly 75 percent of
a hotel’s or motel’s total energy use can be attributed to space

0360-1323/$ e see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.05.004
2582 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593
Table 1
Annual energy consumption per square foot [3].
Consumption per square foot Energy use intensity
(Billing units) (kBtu/sf)
Electric 15.6 kWh/sf 53.2
Natural Gas 0.34 therm/sf 33.8
Total 87.0
heating, water heating, lighting, and cooling combined [5]. The
remaining 25% is for process, elevators, and kitchen.
These differ from the data on the energy performance of hotels
in Ottawa, Canada. The yearly averaged energy intensity of
218 kBtuh/ft2 (688.7 kwh/m2) was reported, based on the survey
results of 19 out of 44 hotels in the Ottawa area in 1991. The
percentage breakdown of different energy types was also different
from that of the US lodging buildings for which electricity, gas and
steam account for 28.9%, 26.4% and 44.7% respectively. Space
heating consumes 35%, while water heating, cooling and lighting
constitute 15%, 33% and 8% respectively [6].
In the UK, several case studies on energy performance in hotel
buildings have been reported. For example; in 1988 the yearly
averaged energy consumption per floor area for hotels in London
was 226.3 kBtuh/ft2 (715 kwh/m2), with approximately 74% of this
from gas consumption [7].
In Hong Kong, there have been earlier studies of electrical
energy requirement for hotels, with average electricity consump-
tion intensities of 81.6 kBtuh/ft2 (257.8 kwh/m2) [8] and
115.9 kBtuh/ft2 (366 kwh/m2) [9] being reported. However, these
studies in Hong Kong have focused on the electrical energy use
only.
There are also some studies on Mediterranean type climate
hotels. Energy consumption at 158 Hellenic hotels’ averaged
86.4 kBtuh/ft2 (273 kwh/m2) [10]. The annual average total energy
consumption of the Tunisian hotel sector ranged between 54.1 and
117.8 kBtuh/ft2 (170.9e372 kwh/m2.) [11]. The Antalya region hotels
in Turkey were analyzed and energy consumption was measured
between 40.8 and 204.6 kBtuh/ft2 (129e646.3 kwh/m2) [12].
This research paper will take the above mentioned research
findings further to emphasize the importance of the energy effi-
ciency of the building envelop. It is critical to realize that
improvement of the energy efficiency in the big scale buildings
cannot be only by application of advanced mechanical systems and
advanced technologies, but also by the design decisions that affect
operation and management. These decisions have to be taken at the
beginning of the building design process when its impact on energy
efficiency would be most significant as this paper emphasizes. This
is a multidisciplinary problem and requires integrated work that
involves engineering, architecture, environmental management,
design, and public policy. Every new structure that is constructed
without sustainable principles is a lost opportunity for the life time
of that building. Design decisions determine how a building will
perform throughout its operational life from a resource
Fig. 1. Energy consumption by fuel type.
Fig. 2. Total energy consumption by end use adapted from E source, 2006.
consumption and waste generation standpoint. It impacts annual
operating costs.
Energy consumed for space conditioning especially for cooling is
the primary concern in Mediterranean countries. During the past
decade, the use of mechanical air conditioners in southern Euro-
pean countries has increased dramatically [13] not only for the
lodging but also other building industries. This is primarily due to
an increase in the living standards and the cost of air conditioner
units. There is a clear trend of increasing sales with gross national
product in EU member states [13]. The impact on the electric
energy consumption has been alarming. Peak electric energy loads
have started to occur during summers in most southern regions in
Europe [14].
This research shows the advantage of natural energy flow to
reduce heating and cooling load even when it is used at an existing
large scale building such as a hotel, that is passively designed.
Reduction in energy consumption is given by percentage. In this
specific case study, emphasis was made on not only for cooling but
also for heating load because the hotel is used the most during the
summer tourist season but it is also open during the winter.
2. Modeling the hotel building for energy consumptions
e-QUEST (based on the DOE2.2 program by USDOE) energy
analysis program was used to model the hotel building, located at
Izmir, Turkey. This city is the third most populous city and the
country’s popular tourist area, located along the Aegean Sea. It has
the geographic coordinates of 38 250 N latitude, 27 080 E longitude
[15]. Izmir is characterized by long, hot summers and mild, rainy
winters, a typical hot Mediterranean climate. The climate allows for
a long tourism season with sunshine for 300 days of the year.
Summers are dry; the summer months (June through September)
are characterized by scarcity of water, and average daytime

temperatures of 82.4 F (28  C) or higher [16]. Winter, on the other
hand, is mild with occasional snow and average rainfall. In fact, 77%
of the total precipitation occurs in the winter months from
November through March. The average maximum temperatures

during the winter months vary between 48 and 55 F (8.8 and

13 C) [16] as shown on Figs. 3 and 4.
Since 8760 h of weather data suitable for use with the DOE2
energy program was not available for Izmir, the weather for
Palermo, Italy was used as the nearest equivalent. January and July
temperature profiles and dry-wet bulb temps shown on shown on
Figs. 3e5.
 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593 2583

Fig. 3. January and July temperature profiles for Palermo-Italy (equivalent Izmir-Turkey).

Fig. 4. January and July temperature profiles (High, Average, Low) for Izmir-Turkey.

3. The building model
For the evaluation, a hypothetical model was created. A typical
21 story light weight structured hotel building (based on an
existing hotel which was constructed in 1992 in Izmir) has been
created to evaluate its energy efficiency, as shown on Figs. 6e8.
During the 90’s there weren’t any regulation on energy perfor-
mance of buildings in Turkey. The Ministry of Public Works and
Settlement (MPWS) is responsible body for the regulatory frame-
work of the building sector. Regulation on Energy Performance of
Buildings became effective on December 2008 [17]. However, there
is still a need for a methodology to evaluate the energy perfor-
mance of the building and also there are some gaps especially for
big scale buildings.
4. Energy analysis
Energy efficiency runs were made with e-QUEST, a forms and
graphics input modeling interface to the DOE2.2 energy analysis
program [18] developed by U.S. Department of Energy. e-QUEST is

Fig. 5. Weather (Test Reference Year TRY) Palermo-Italy (Izmir-Turkey Equivalent).

2584 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593

Fig. 6. Building plan view.

designed for architects to use, particularly early in design, when

crucial decisions about form and orientation are made. It analyses Fig. 8. Computer energy model of hypothetical hotel.
the reaction of a building’s skin and geometry in response to
internal loads and external climate conditions for each of the
8760 h in a year. These loads include solar heat gains; heat gains
from occupants, electric lights, and equipment; and heat gained or
lost through infiltration or by conduction through the walls, roof,
and glazing [18].
Since the purpose of this study was passive design, the same
mechanical systems and plants were used for all three cases to
cancel out its impact. It is important to select mechanical appli-
ances and equipment that are energy efficient. Neither the
appearance nor the planning details are of critical concern for this
study, but the building energy performance modeling is different
from an architectural perspective. For example, in energy simula-
tion, window operability and its shade are more important for the
Fig. 9. Energy consumption by fuel type.
analysis than the shape of the aperture. The energy analysis needs
information about structural materials that they may affect the
thermal mass of the building. So, for instance, an architectural
natural gas and 73% is from electricity (Fig. 9) and 37% of this
choice between wood and concrete should be made early in the
electricity consumption comes from summer space conditioning
design phase. Energy modeling is also concerned with color and
which includes space cooling and ventilation (Fig. 10). Considerable
interior finishes that affect internal reflectance and daylight
part of this consumption can be reduced by the application of the
performance, while exterior finishes can affect solar gain [19].
passive design techniques only if these are considered at the
Basically, energy is consumed in buildings for heating & cooling,
beginning of the architectural building design process. It reduces
hot water, lighting & services and equipment. The annual energy
the total energy consumption of the building and as a result,
intensity for this project is 67 kBtu/ft2 (211 kwh/m2). Of the total
minimizes the need for mechanical systems by design.
energy consumption, 27% of building energy consumption is from

5. Applied passive solar design techniques

Passive solar design of the building also partially determines the

types of materials used in the building [4]. This includes type of
structural materials, insulations and glazing. However, older

Fig. 7. Building elevation. Fig. 10. Total energy consumption by end use.
 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593
Fig. 11. Results of the e-QUEST run on building energy performance for first case.
buildings or improperly designed buildings over-consume as
a result of poor building envelope performance (i.e. poorly insu-
lated walls or windows).
Passive design methods include (a) the building envelope (b)
shading from attached overhangs or balconies, (c) shading from
adjacent structures, (d) natural ventilation (operable windows), (e)
solar heating in winter, (f) building orientation (g) day-lighting.
Passive solar design strategies (a) through (e) were incorporated
into the proposed model. Orientation of the proposed model is
fixed by the hotel site in Izmir and day-lighting has little impact on
residential buildings that are occupied mainly at night and auto-
matic day-lighting control is not suitable.
However, orientation of the hotel buildings is important
because, besides solar access, it is also: interacts with:
 Views
 Privacy between guest room and neighbors.
 Functional and social relationships within the building. Simple
floor plans provide easy accessibility of different activities in
the hotel and also reduced square footage of floor helps
improve the efficiency.
In regions with hot summers and temperate climate, shading
strategy is very effective in order to balance daytime room
temperature; corollary shading elements are very important
energy saving elements [20].
Table 2
Envelope construction e baseline & proposed.
2585
The orientation of the side of the building towards the south
helps to ease the control of solar access by simple fixed shading
systems such as awnings [21]. In this design, the existing building
has a simple rectangular layout and the longer sides of the
building face north and south. This helps in being able to use fixed
overhangs on south-facing glass to control direct beam solar
radiation.
Strategies that were applied and comparison made accordingly
are;
1. Addition or improvement of the exterior wall insulation and
improvement of the glazing system
2. Reduction of the percentage of exterior windows on the exte-
rior façades
3. Addition of the shading elements
6. Three cases to evaluate energy consumptions
Using the same building footprint and structure, three cases
were created for comparison.
First case; Original; representing the typical Izmir hotel
1. Single glass
2. Uninsulated roofs and walls.
2586 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593

Fig. 12. Results of the e-QUEST run on building energy performance for second case.

Second case; Baseline base on ASHRAE ST90.1:2004 e Energy
Standard For Building Except Low-rise Residential Buildings [22].
1. Improvement of the exterior wall insulation and improvement
of the glazing system
2. Reduction of the percentage of exterior windows on the exte-
rior façades (50% glazing)
Third case; Proposed design
1. Improvement of the exterior wall insulation and improvement
of the glazing system over ASHRAE ST90.1:2004
2. Reduction of the percentage of exterior windows on the exte-
rior façades (40% glazing)
3. Shading elements
6.1. First case (Original)
First case represents typical Izmir hotels. Exterior walls and
roofs have no insulation and windows have single clear glass. This is
typically the case especially in the warm climates in Turkey. If there
is no significant need for heat in winter months insulation is not
considered. Also, mostly for the view consideration, glass
percentages of the building facade can reach up to 60%.
6.1.1. Building envelope construction
Above Grade Walls Construction: Metal Frame, 2  6, 24 in. o.c.
(on-center)
No Insulation, Wall-U ¼ 0.7 Btu/ft2h F (3.97 W/m2 K)
Glass Category: Single Clear.
U ¼ 1.04 Btu/ft2h F (5.91 W/m2 K) SHGC ¼ 0.86 VT ¼ 0.9.

In all three cases, building energy performance was performed 6.1.2. Lobby, guess room, restaurant
for electricity and gas to compare cooling and heating loads of the For the view consideration except spandrels and columns,
entire building. facades were modeled as glass windows. The percentage of glass in

Fig. 13. Results of the e-QUEST run on building energy performance for third case.
 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593 2587

Fig. 14. Floor plan with balconies.

the building is up to 45% including frame on North, South, East and

West.
Results of the e-QUEST run on building energy performance for
first case is shown on Fig. 11.

6.2. Second case

THE Second e-QUEST model was developed according to ASH-

RAE ST90.1:2004 e Energy Standard For Building Except Low-rise
Residential Buildings which describes minimum requirements for
the energy efficient design of buildings except low-rise residential
buildings [22].
Following modifications were made for modeling;

 Insulation was applied on walls and roof to prevent heat gain or

loss between interior and exterior. This was the top priority
because considerable energy savings can be obtained by using
proper insulation material in buildings [20] Exterior wall
insulation materials included polystyrene and batt.
 All windows were double glazed for energy efficiency because Fig. 16. Energy modeling of surroundings.
double glazed windows in an exposed area can reduce heat loss
compared to a single glazed window. Improving glazing types
from single pane to the others resulted in steep decrease in solar radiation by means of different design strategies, it
both the heating and cooling demand of the buildings in this produces one of the best performance in temperate climate
region. If a light weight building is protected against daytime [21]. See the envelope construction for second case on Table 2.
 Window sizes were reduced and wall area was increased to
level that doesn’t block the view but helps to prevent from
solar heat gain. Percent glass was based on ASHRAE Std 90 for
40%.

Results of the e-QUEST run on building energy performance for

first case is shown on Fig. 12.

Table 3
Indoor design criteria.

Indoor design criteria Ashrae Std 90 & proposed

Floor Floor % Flr Occp Ventil Lights Eqpt

Type area (sf) area sf/P cfm/P W/sf W/sf
UG- 136,800 30 900 15 0.5 0.5
Prkg
Mech 30,400 7 900 15 1.0 0.5
Lobby 60,800 13 150 15 1.9 0.5
Rooms 216,000 47 250 30 1.2 0.3
Dining 19,200 4 150 20 1.8 1.5
Core 115,200 25 300 15 0.5 0.5
Bldg 463,200 100 (Floor Areas exclude Core)
Area
Fig. 15. Energy modeling of the hotel building with balconies.
2588 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593

Table 4
Wall dimensions e all cases.

Table 5
Window dimensions for baseline (ASHRAE Std 90) e 40.1e50% Glass.

6.3. Third case (proposed)  Roof and wall construction is shown on Table 2. They were
entered into e-QUEST as layers and the U-values for roof and
Third case represents the proposed e-QUEST model. Wall and wall were calculated by e-QUEST. Results of the e-QUEST run on
roof construction were the same as baseline Case-2. building energy performance for third case is shown on Fig. 13.

 The glass efficiency was improved. Glass Category; Double
Low-E (¼0.04); Clear ¼ in, 1/2in Air. Clear glass was used
for the lobby. Glass types were selected from the DOE2
library.
 Window percentage was minimized to 30% to retain the view
but help avoid excessive heat.
7. Adding shading elements
Since Izmir has long and hot summers, it is very important to shade
the building to lower cooling load. Shading interacts with orientation,
views, privacy between neighbors, landscape design, surrounding
vegetation, building and also ventilation [4]. Shading elements are

Table 6
Window dimensions for proposed e ASHRAE Std 90: 30.1e40% Glass.
 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593
Table 7
DOE22 BEPS Report e Case-1: Original building (No Insulation and Single Glass).
Table 8
DOE22 BEPS Report e Case-2: Baseline (ASHRAE Std 90.1e2004).
the primary design measure for heat gain protection of indoors
building spaces. The use of various shading devices in reducing
the incident solar radiation can significantly reduce the cooling load
and improve the indoor thermal and visual comfort conditions.
External shading is overall more effective because the main amount
of incident solar radiation is blocked outside the building and it can
be scattered completely away from the building [23].
e-QUEST analysis is being done to determine an optimal balance
between heat gain and cooling load using careful design of shading.
Table 9
DOE22 BEPS Report e Case-3: Proposed building.
2589
Two different shading effects were evaluated in this design. THE
FIRST is the evaluation of the building shading element such as
balcony and window awning as shown in Figs. 14 and 15. The
second is the evaluation of shading by surrounding buildings as
shown in Fig. 16.
Application of balconies provides to some extent a buffer
zone between surroundings and sleeping/living area in guest
rooms. It creates privacy while preventing the direct sun.
Balconies were added to guest room layouts. The awnings were
2590 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593

Fig. 17. Results of the e-QUEST run on building energy performance with shading.

Fig. 18. Energy saving by design strategies.

added to the rest of the building where balconies are not
applicable.
Shade depths for both balconies and awnings were 4 ft (1.2 m)
for North, South, East and West. To compare the cases for envelope
only window blinds were assumed open for all three cases. Guest
rooms are the main elements of the hotel buildings and have
almost 80% of the overall building square footage. Any energy
saving of the guest room will affect the overall saving significantly.
before. Table 4 shows wall dimensions Table 5 shows window
dimensions for baseline (ASHRAE Std 90) and Table 6 shows
window dimensions for proposed design.
10. DOE2 results (BEPS report)
DOE2 reports of building energy performance for first, second
and third cases are shown on Table 7e9.

8. Indoor design criteria 10.1. Case-4 shading effect from surroundings

The same indoor design criteria was used for all three cases in
order to compare the envelope efficiencies and performance as
shown on Table 3.
9. Building model dimensional data
The same building was used to compare the three cases. For the
proposed case-3 the percentage of glass was reduced as mentioned
Although the surroundings cannot be credited with cooling and
shading effect on a building according to Std.90, it has to be
considered since most buildings in downtown urban centers never
see the sun. In this study the loss of free solar radiation heating in
winter resulted in less energy savings. So those who do not account
for adjacent buildings could be underestimating the heating load
(which can result in inaccurate findings) and over estimating the
cooling load.

Table 10
Comparison on cases.

Space heating MBTU Space cooling MBTU Total site energy Reduction on space Reduction on space Reduction on total site
(Natural gas) (Electricity) MBTU heating % cooling % energy %
Baseline 8493.8 6881.2 39102.1
ST90 1913.6 3020.2 25830.7 77.5 56 34
Proposed Design 1167.6 2773.6 23430.8 36.25 60 40.1
1392.6 2597.3 23661.3 33.6 62.3 39.5
 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593 2591

Results of the e-QUEST run on Building Energy Performance

with shading shown on Fig. 17.

10.2. Comparison of the cases

This study shows the importance of building envelope design

for the energy efficiency even for a big scale building such as

Building Models in e-QUEST

0 e Original Building 2 e Proposed Building 3 e With Adjacent Bldgs
1 e ASHRAE Std 90.1

Fig. 19. e-QUEST models of the three cases.

Fig. 20. Site Energy Use and Percent Saved by ECO.

Fig. 21. Percent Electric and Gas Energy saved by ECO.

Table 11
Energy Use by Component for each ECO and DOE2 BEPS Report e ECO Comparison Summary.
2592 H. Sozer / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2581e2593
Table 12
Design criteria for each ECO.
hotel. The cases were compared based on insulation, glazing and
shading. The study illustrated the following achievements- 86%
reduction for heating, 60% reduction for cooling and 40%
reduction on total site energy (Fig. 18 and Table 10). However,
these reductions can only be obtained if these strategies are
applied during the design development phase of the building.
The compared three cases are shown on Fig. 19. Results of site
energy use and percentage saved by Energy Conservation
Options (ECO) for site, electric and gas are shown on Figs. 20 and
21. Table 11 shows the energy use by component for each ECO
and DOE2 BEPS Report. Table 12 represent the design criteria for
each ECO.
11. Conclusion
The purpose of this study is to emphasis the importance of
application of the passive building design techniques even for big
scale building such as high-rise hotel based on energy efficiency.
Hotel buildings specifically are designed to provide an optimum
indoor environment depending on their level of leisure. The
indoor environment of a building must provide proper thermal
conditions to facilitate use of the space. This study shows that
precise design of building envelope can significantly help achieve
the heating and cooling objectives and improve energy
efficiencies.
The building envelope determines the energy exchange
between outdoor environment and indoor spaces and hence
governs the overall energy performance of the building. The
objective is to limit thermal losses during winter and thermal gains
during summer. This study also proves that appropriate thermal
insulation, glazing type and shading elements can reduce the heat
conducted through the building envelope.
Some of the quantitative results from the study include (a)
Buildings in Turkey until the 1990s were found to be energy inef-
ficient because the envelope is inefficient; (b) There is a 35%
difference between the original building (66.5 kbtuh/sf/yr) and
baseline (43.9 kbtuh/sf/yr) based on ASHRAE Std 90 (fixed
windows); (c) There is a 9% difference between the baseline and
proposed (39.8 kbtuh/sf/yr); (d) There is a 40% difference between
the proposed (39.8 kbtuh/sf/yr) and the original building
(66.5 kbtuh/sf/yr).
Overall, the proposed building uses 40.1% less energy than
a conventional hotel in Turkey. This also means the reduction IN the
size of the mechanical system.
(a) Buildings were constructed during 1990s in Turkey are energy
inefficient because there weren’t any strict regulation on
energy performance of buildings. Regulation on Energy
Performance of Buildings became effective on December 2008.
(b) There is a 37% difference on heating and cooling loads together
between the original building (66.5 kbtuh/sf/yr) and baseline
(43.9 kbtuh/sf/yr) based on ASHRAE Std 90 (fixed windows);
(c) There is a 40% difference (on heating and cooling loads
together) between the proposed (39.8 kbtuh/sf/yr) and original
building (66.5 kbtuh/sf/yr).
Overall, the proposed building uses 40% less energy on heating
and cooling loads than most conventional hotels in Turkey. This
also translates into a reduction in the size of the mechanical
system.
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